What is the correct definition of a gene pol(isgx *z ygqg8ox :1f 1;ok+yol?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele a6pmh9w;w au(i:ms1 g frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similab zac/,g1wwb k, -vi8srity and difference between natural sewvic1gba /kb,,-8 sw zlection and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Bi8k wt1 ks.i7al,uj;ltston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the pepperedi 7 jl.tu,kk1lswa8t; moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidh*x1. tuvs/uwence that can be used to support the theory of evolutiv 1*h/xw u.utson?

  Which statement(s) about (7y 5 n9/o pqiy,drdmhnatural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of pu9g/yok9z etrp 23otm 7nctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relatiov:q0/f /rb1x 5nbgc ryy4q8te+aec g3nship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the ave4// 0g1ca8 +nq :ervftryb5q yx3cegbrage lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following couldu50: 95cdmeysls3jn wy i-w*b lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an exaw2dufanmcu/)74 h g ./ng7bsemple when discussing indus .s/2h7 7mgcufnbgu e)d4n /awtrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutio -wu i eu6hbk0n-gf*t8n?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks has increuo+7b k /,:0ii.uid/i 4j g 0se0g iuqfnyp(teased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. uu0ijog:0 pi+ i7fgt.(/, 0 sbi4eeu/yidkq nWhat could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes ofs jll.jy5; 2h t6ynab ,ynp:k6 changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selective breehf:ny h 0fzw72sgj; 5vding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how t yc.e/*4 bd * gl ymnnvsz-8(a6dzua3dhe effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that badlg 36zc8b */da.uz-( nvsen* ydmy4acteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominaev( ,hjq(6yf int manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are hh(( j evi6q,yfomozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female p2.*f 0t5z ok7syzu:w-a5d- h wxlgxe African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born withou7fz 2p gsxw0zox-yh* d.we-u t 5lka5:t tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand e78ujf nfw*zi )zg24j l25yt7unfo s/bar and dark coloured oysters blend better ol8n*7f uftu4yzz25fig2w /s en)7 jj into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous strath) 0z4qvn;ae+yvp6g 7k7y sucture?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown beotfy.nf 9vl 3*low, which one is likely to be analogo9 on.yflvf3 t*us?

  Which are examples of direction.9/*vp y 3wkc kd :s-x x,8nhwjmxi4eoal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of * vg* hm1l2eozmn9 df4dw*ut9natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Wvy )vw o:h5.e-lir p-g(.:lcbi yre+l hich characteristic of thebl.welp i- (.-ely+hi)g :o5yc r:vvr leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectaf56qh+ 9 :x/oky lyvior from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance awltc- kd3+ias4 b24zto herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound t+3az-w44tbl a2kiscd oxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefot 1tz:,dm v4;0 xmqhfoot of horses from the oldest ancestorf h dq:;1 mmtz,tvxo04 (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in varia3//qsddiv /rq tion?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches whic+v4 k;d5jiisx69oylr ppsc 31h share a common ances c1;+pd3 4ix9jipklr 65v ysostor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not d*tj6sj(u 6zo )gzqh; an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural nf06la 4 ;ggdgselection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. sdlaxuf4o)47y -a - rxWhich of the followafx4l4dysr-7o ) axu -ing best describes the term evolutionary fitness?