What is the correct def42u, 6yp gyr2 5laiuhlsrf;1 minition of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within a populatqzw8p8 5hi wn,ion?

  Which of the following0z qz*vu, b+ k4d4uvor identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selective br uq0z dbok4v+rz u,4*veeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppeqe5j f-s (j2vbo 2pxzs*(o nf+red moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What (p+z(n2ojb vfx ef5*qj-sso2 effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence 1an0,6l vg2v x,mxfvt6z i6dtthat can be used to support the theory of xfzvv at01,6t2v6ni6,gd m lxevolution?

  Which statement(s) about un7 q9 i.yzq 8emo4m9.xcwk/mnatural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated equilihb2 u,0wcjv j17s3i pjbrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length ath 5-z4cwv6yof Masai giraffes (G6tcah 4 -zwvy5. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic resiszrwrtfx am2e3p;07s . tance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when discusvf1.gm34 cm ihsing industrial melanis4igf.hm1 m3 vcm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidence for evolutijxj6iuzqhx217z ;pa mxk hd 2:011zluon?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of fine, hjvo: ;et:wusbx ,/cjjyn5- wn/w0ches with large beaks has increased relabh;vx//j0o: ecuey5 wt,j nw -:w,jnstive to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible afm j: c/gx xnd :1avuj go04/;eb;(wvcauses of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) o)cpxv,35 aziy f selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibiotaq uh*8 w7b5tz3gg9vrics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had d3gzq8v a*g9bw7hr5tueveloped. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant mann*/*vm:*bf i* 0jpztzjn/ dhhcer. The graph shows the proportions of peopct/0 jhjzvb*/pd n*mh:fz*i*le who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) bh-ezod6r y: wvdkyfg1(( v3/qorn without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does naturkyqyr (:vd fe3zwvo (/h1gd6- al selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar ag.ta5lehy /c )nd dark coloured oysters blend better a5y.gte h)/lc into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best dn1a3ri33nsr zescribes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below,mfw8 y.f0g le 4)9gidp which one is likely to be analogof.i8 90)d4lmepwyf gg us?

  Which are examples of) n a2/hdpdckya 5p0v9 directional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural qd6zibz(+ cn-wc9+kc selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical ra5ym+sn cry9vyu q;xb0lzav+i9h7 -w0 inforests. Which characteristiru bi s7- ynv9+;+v95wy qhz max0cl0yc of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for suckitg9r/kw y50k ;;y nmkrng nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop in3j uq8 zv, ,uaxdl1cmn/, fklf52nop 8to a population of plants that secrete1unfpl/,c,fmn ju82v,o kzxad8 53ql a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefohi,zd+y8 vvwak.:e :wot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modernh:8 :wv. y +iweak,vzd day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result inr5 v k8snofa 944x0j,7vylqod variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share alv, hm: i,pz8g common ancestor and arm: ,v, ihzpl8ge found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exampleb9fb4: *tci xl*wd edh+8lk/y of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in 7aca3g4k;xvf natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe awh gdf7+8n3midaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evolutiona78m+idw nghf3 ry fitness?