What is the correct definition of a gene phd0 xm v;0vg1lool?

  Which would not cause changes to the alty3:ifieg*7 nrfq4 -gn ym5a* ox,k.olele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifiesh+g c/m6kvw8ri1j0 h n a similarity and difference between natural selection and selechrc8mi /w+0vhk1n6g j tive breeding?

  As pollution levels rise, the tree .p z/;kg5dbtz.ru;cv8::r*ou/lb1i fd fio fs that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on8:d; .z d ogk;f:uzcf/firbptuv*b.l1i/5 or the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examu078b h kl;seq zct/e(ples of evidence that can be used to support the theory of evoh(slctbue8;/7 q0e k zlution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selection up c06l3+sw6rucrdck-ri7a 7is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is trudqw8)nk j +xs 2xbsfru.a -o60e of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between th;7zabk7tc5uu g:b pj jua60h2 e adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average k:0z uh7ub2b ;jg c6ta pj57ualifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the develo9m kqe+-caf-6mn5am fpment of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an examlbjjm+8w52 8g; w/n-m h.. nybanor clple when discussing industrial melanismbb- jl 2hm8n ;cy mna/+.w ljn5w.8org.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual diver+ )agdvz-n xc+zm-7c+smf0 uh gence provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaks hazvi9/bt uzm65c0w *cb7 c1yzs ue r:y0s increased relative :y1 zb0 *c7vb5/ zzectsc9 u0umi6 rywto the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causezm /zf kwk4;w3s of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/ar kyqibrur(ti k71b:0s0)zpx*e example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing 8c5c sym vsi z6(m:u7.nqan4d bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was co 8nnv acmyi7u d:5mzqs(s6.4cnducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant manner. ml or) 9ij2bj ji-8co-The graph show c jro)-li89mb2jj io-s the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Afeclp v)q6ign y c.)99frican elephants (Loxodonta africana) born wi69i c)qn )yvge9lc.fpthout tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar an2y ;adt. mv gjg3fobco 5c 9+,xtd59ayd dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an e o+y,c9a2dg t3.d5jgbt y xofm9;vc5a xample of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structur 9d zj9uoz(rwr(fkk1jkpy 8 .tq+;i8ne?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is aso 6 1 o2b;vco7exkqf:xh7 +klikely to be anaoh 17ok xovb x:sck+ae27f; 6qlogous?

  Which are examples of directior*) o9 (bidu cz6nuf3znal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of na* 65u lp ;wesyy)kb-latural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforestxeq,f udr/tnyix6 + 8 ,i ,xtnn*6g6yws. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful an6/iruy,+fgd,66 * tn8q ,xxyxnwiet daptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted i fdlem8holv5/k)5 s:for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance ,6 z3oyi05j 4stgen sqto herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compounte, is o3jgq0y z6s54nd toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefoot o1t+o rsneh7 ;of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to moder 7rt +oo1es;hnn day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result it 1h )1 -omgrnqngof);jjg(bb2 2 env,n variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a udpchy 8zo +q(n(q0hg1+d n b5common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are p 0 8o5 cqh(u(+dyd1nb+ hgnzqshown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exa5t3uoof3g ( b; vd0qtkmple of speciation?

1.Describe how mutation ueh--r6gqi)kc19ep zv g95rts can result in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations.nltv*m+ju,5ra 4)b a j :a3ldw Which of the following best descraam,l5 la) t uw3dn v*:b+4rjjibes the term evolutionary fitness?