What is the correct definition of a gene b* d:9lbcws/y pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele fcm+q w+u2ld8yfp-3d wrequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarifnu/.98 ddyu)2g aovm ty and difference between natural selection and selective bree/gafouyd8u)nd 9 .v2mding?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Bistbq)kptaehl9t; 7) ,eaon betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peae,; l7qpa)9) ket bthppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theory o s gtew0;0u3(v v8ovshf 03ug; wov0sev(s8tvhevolution?

  Which statement(s) about( gc,x fe 4)gw)3isntq,(ft7p .uzqvw natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is trueo)+eau(eel :y/ qrxvu 20n opcer* o-2 of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck lengthr/lln*1xn r -x of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the av-l1rnnr*/ xx lerage lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibvkgy(75x7u8o tk6oe-gjc q /n oloy,*iotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example when di+27+ pg:is/lflz6q/ gq2hsf nse-fk oscussing industrial melaniq l7ngf/ f s:2eis-h+/ p6lgqfok +2szsm.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidew w(37ou + qknfolx91ince for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the v tlqe3*f fk7marnrj/ ie841u-a ; 4hbfrequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What cour/hbe a7;lu8n-ma4 fj 3f1vq i *terk4ld have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of cnt76syg+izjoa7m6+ v hanges to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of selecte9yy5h w(juc-fh/cfpa 70zi :ive breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antib0l ff7wdh45d0 yrk-uuiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that yu5fdwf00dlu7 -r4 khbacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a ra( /hekx ei4*qz u68ftrait that is inherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are h qur(z/fa4*8ike6e x homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the num4 l5- to w6(:w cjecrhg;7/jqf m/oqvuber of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does nat6w m wvhg7u o4eqcf(t jloqr:/5-j ;/cural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend8204ffht q gy 0 f3zpgtgp2a.x9k8mlh into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example o9p22g m p8xg3t 8.0zafg fl kfqt4hh0yf?

  Which of the following statements best de o*lx-l:jkd; wscribes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is likhf w8w2s* l8z-c b*vtaely to be analogwhv*zc -awbl8*2t fs 8ous?

  Which are examples of directional79 c)f 4ty;avrruq+fb selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an exampl i*cdj*qd42 koe of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tropical rainforestsx+tgk rfs88 cs8. wob7. Which characteristic of the leaf is an example of a u sx87+wctoks8rb.fg8 seful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar /qt9l*. xoa7sic.e krfrom flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance b l-2e/tsw8dtdm8-r7qws(ij; dinm 0 6bq.tk to herbivores may develop into a population of plants thqtdd 8mn(s-072b;it i6mk lwqbs -ew 8/.jtrdat secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of featurdltikgzo e 6y.abn ;( setq.9scl:,88 es in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern : ac9 q.sz s,kl6 eylted88;oti b(.gnday horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in/hal853nwue ivnf ome7j t5as q1d5,l8g6/ms variation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately 18 finches which share a commonysk 2lo,ay,)/6qwl wwb2)zh 40ylqf n ancestor and are found on the Galapag)ls6by40w 2nwqa ,,wlh2 yz kyqf/ o)los islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exam7zlq v jv29 (06y k+ov7fhugxmple of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natu0 qv gl*++0y5k flevdhral selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe ,tflwe+ +mrm3 adaptations. Which of the following best,mm+lew f+t 3r describes the term evolutionary fitness?