What is the best definition for a species? ic xoe8j2md, t,f.xp2

  igure: Climate graph of Romeqn4qes,yx 805oecp ro8n12s c, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facvay8ncg630bk e9mgla y+wr0 t:f 2vq1 toybq0 1 3wl efm ga2t0 9g6+nav8k:ycrvr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populationsubzm)y b n;g+cj+.a/


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistn b.(4dqz3oq3 zngf/ dtzjz1(j-zj/cosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized g5sku k:/ d. 3c+uqksrxiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They ud:k3ru q+ksc.5 k/sx also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of5::rfbjwr okky t +8*t organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Novuz9d, lxtie+qo ,x mb59, pa4rth America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wbd tue, ao, ,i+94zqx95xlpmvolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the groj)nik2jah87h wth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plizn rwpm kz-y7q*u00iyo+1g/ants and animazgyn7-ip umk* 10z q 0+/owryils.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsza5g 7wu jwp45n.1dbr


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kssb)a8-fjuu/sz bp8 6iller whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.8 zb)8su/fs bau6s pj-
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fr rn5pip:hydp5a atn4*s63j 9 lom ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have lj;6mofo 01,4ewilnj tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependento1 0j il6,4mon ;jewfl organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement tv6d9gp.y56 ay3 qa lxehat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzy 4e 2p txs/sml--chs(vmes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead amxvs/-t-e 2cl4sh( ps nd decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva 4u whg uv4kbhl2+tn66tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for py 3 3xjw0g* /+ lrnxb2e,x6 v-oc wwenvx8;djkzramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ry o j+yn8-)g+nxqmit 355zms-jlp2a; Factorz ql-jjrp-m3 yn8noax 5i5t msg) ++2y 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate ofewu 4z7 cnb5f(2ups-b photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation systemjwduv 6yxme1)733v:k bn x pplb, :j9t


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stb5/gdy 3ti -s tiil: 7;w8; cfnbfu6zlripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to b;3y7:t -l idlifwsf5nzt ic6 b/;8gbue solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy n/ s:al .zirg9flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foo /jwp9bwi.e; p5vd* ojd web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on t i w uuhaxn;tm()7f7y5 m1uur1he carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon 1a;rum myi7 nwx7ufu u 51)t(hdioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chs nm7sb8ohxtxa)w++ k 6(t ,wr)dscm*emical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemenuel-f)cvf4; 5hlhlt+ t of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like eyg e;mz;kj4 0me,mge5 arthworms that ingest and ge e4zm,;gk0;em yj5 mthen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers :z ; gl*noh ayd/q8z6x


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and:cq p0 6 d:eilv+v9n+e rsl/jb its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are tulean0t, fiw7mp ; 2c4rue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercia69(ib,m-itg ed:jhx4 c3slmq + 1de txhm8vd7 lly available seawater-filled glas7 -h91:em8msdivbi et(d3 mx lxgdcq4h,t+j6 s orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of chy 564f)jk8 s2,pdcn9edbc k transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system ah86vm4q8 qzm


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins i.1d/gk0ibs 4 8phly gmn food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements.uipg0v -pvdpeee*/px(y z96 is false when discussing a pyramid of biomaspied-y p pvg* z(9.eu60/ vpxes.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneg0/:s.8hae4xi89 ack zull2l; lyv flrgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units h 7v5mrn)z+8k -v3p fr/di.qcm ,vpuh for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine4 em4qpfh r1z2 food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecoss/v1h) srt5y.jex yqw6:zi;uystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurat/ugj +jxpnav,vm(l.+ely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savacqi:uhv6 9p. 2drg4 t1m oth9qnnah system with parasites on a coumg.26th vi 1qp9qrco :d 4ht9nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiratioh htjq .o 6d lbg;rh8sc-,d +it+j9zl.bh6 m.bn correctly from the options below.What is Photosyz6t - h6jhrj;d 9.+lct+ 8.bblsm,bdgq oh.hinthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of :q dod ohl32(vno)utm v,ga:- DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste0c5m.2bid6 ntdxbf .w ms.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to1mq gt* g)m(zkui r;p 5wq/;sa carbohydratesq/ r;az(wupqt s)igk* m;gm51.

  There is continuous cycling of caru8- rq04k.xn1u p 6j7mgbx xyjmnmz+ 4bon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.umx6yjmbj 8ng 01r+q.m 4ux-4zx 7kpn
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requiresjg. aw k owdne05w)5qo.is95 s the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in bxy )d qwx*d.9an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statementsr-fuibjdy, l7.w8b yh7v g8e 1 that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can bzkn8t2tru6z *4sifrs+dc0 c -iw5 uj /e calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram -srobd ye7ak,n*r:i643rbd qyg3* b sof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cycl e(pgitu q*6s5ln*u w:e


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecospkh4: zgu/r* +oj st/qystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrzt 8z t v/,0z*;b7rfgf4hgnlhestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not lik0 .ex w9x u,dc:ra3true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen c*y6s q ycliutn21 /v(uycle t/* yinsyucuv q(1l62.

  Figure: Average per capibg7rqjg; a7m25q6u4 khf3xr fta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity,y4 ,n wji,qkp. GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer commukwn,p.q 4,ijynity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example2f20oyf9fdn..a xqz2dci d i ) of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capu,c5(ox oj0 3wku8etvgy); hsita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in watndbumi+v9wy cp+00.xg j7te 0er. One was kept in light and the other indtp ngb c00w .u+yj m7ie0x9v+ darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages &p4qk xd/s)yb+ eqk3y2 annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988/u)a a rx7tbe.1)wsjj-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio1bo n)7p)s; xltv. xlame

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of 4w (gx w3v5q 9mjvy9szRome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept pog0pru-qq +ti/ hc:mnbvi ,l21c /*vof "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the foc2vqi,* vn rm0 cq+:h-//i lppgbt1uollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climat+(gvi kumu*y2 ic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characteri(guv2k* mi+uyze the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the ry,pp a/9zz+( /dzhlh/ 3bzmrcainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosysw; eke:zmf ug4k+96 a tpz3c1b+t2c jjtem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rov*d 6z5opf av0, ps.*7ucybxlme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomdiz );;mblur -ass of two herbivores in different biomes iul;;zdbr-m)


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as p(dhh+d h2 u(-vu srq/xms 9lo*rimary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax comm9uhq+mds2o -u*(vx lh/ds(hr unity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fo3 cyfgs.w(-z5bh ojg+ llowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primary s35 cgzjwg+.-bo yf(shuccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic fa0 ,my(g3q6bw*6 eorl m:rswj yctor that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigat fsr uueu*)7wfl7 f48ve the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntffr4fu8lvs7 eu uw*7) hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fq;:y34dr m v(htrs(p vield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a seroa+xzwmeyf / .k+ 2ly15 - dn6vyyene(ies of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A a1yn2fewda +nx e-.om z5y /+e vyy(lk6nd were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importansk y/r67lo:aht to take multiple readings of k6hr:yl/7 sao the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling krj+ wzv,t): tx hh9wengm3 6-


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sdu*5f.3 rjk5 ybpyw w r/8*bexamples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data foebv6 g9zp .f:a/yzeon).-i wor species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplslb)q: oh m/.,px:lwi ing techniques is not effective for sampling m.:whos,/mbl:p iq l) xotile (moving) specimens.