What is the best definit rrg+t6 +wfpx7ion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Ro *+hmir/ qbfb:ts 3e.yme, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is v-tu2n,cx+8 mkn z y zz7;hs7tFactor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor tns zk m z728,y +-hv;tzxn7cu3?

  Figure: Growth curve zl y zn m)-mi:e5x)sy)of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a S76 ocdk pqluqvd (:26cchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized grtxi+jw0/w6 ad (m*umiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth tow/6jrwa ummti x0d( *+ one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of org o)dwn gk5(u,q bcdfdk 5.r/(xanisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally i)cl o1 si/8w w0qatlo/n North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domelaltso/0 q/woi )81wcstic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popup/ .l*s5i:y m+ysy0 oxrivo) jlation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead platwz:s(a +nt:z nts and animals.z+:: tw an(szt
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxiek6-o p.n3li gx9kq k-qsvn6,ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear ane b69e, d0 9 .vp zhivb.h5xv)jt8xbled other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocxv9.0b.p etv8he9x b jlh be5d,)v6iz ean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste z33tgc5zzd:jo93xw n ms.

  Rainforests are known to have tal:bot 9i-tgk3q l trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdkitgt-o9 bq3:ependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that iwl;ot5a:9g, lhre)7 kuk+b i fs a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surrounjsxp, r*p:r x+dings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying lexrj x*p:p,rs+aves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice 14r xefzg 31upcultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.mdj ,a7c(vqx)bktq;6xd sca.s+:f5c

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fact)u qs bglyk4/reu;2 2qor 1; Factos2 bgy)rq 4k;euq2/ulr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photoe7fn( *md3l oto 3r0)fezvn q(synthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivr3d )u0 7mth:uwxtg/* *ix6h yg u9awlation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb6)v cd1p-sc3t o 3vwgnle the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk f)gvs 6dc31 vo-pn t3wcor six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terew u9gk(-whzmc1t 71arestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webate.o be lg23(



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae tf3 ;)b)rowx1.mz)d yl bl0/ziq pr(ghhat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbonxyqib3();pl/ rzmz dr1f w ) )h0ob.lg dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followin9*n* rho x cbhy1u4lg8zi y09xg chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbonqzq,s in5-)* jk7fx uf in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follv5,ge:y w6hj0 )ti sq pd9*shgowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then brtwj)pe, vs5*0qgghdsiyh:9 6 eak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr-u zl4y 3jof,n80everamid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population de8-t9raei lxb m*d20uc nsities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are tr8 o44 /xzmdwzuue about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commekdkwo z.x g69ygu 7kl u:u8i0.rcially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window t7 8zuuk l9i6 odwykxgu.gk0.: o provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examp: d kr,vkbl39ele of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systemx:yow m.wd1 .,cp-qel


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsztv9n a8pn ci uo hdc:,0wm*7)




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false whenky/yta1 v7;qr 6gpb 3c discussing a pyramid of biomas6y3 ;7 akb1ypc/tvgqr s.

  Figure: A pyramid of o b ieq37vx-*vm (k 9mywqr,d3ar3zz2energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosygy(26 ig3ze4evmsmx3z67top. ,ai x jstem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food we.htob. 0.wa wob


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a5 twac:xz: dpq: +r2jh soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wg,( sy z-jwh4:k;x dmd6 cur5xeb.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a sy-0 rk;az)qbbavannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lb bkaryz 0q;-)ions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corpe:e9+ fqwu6prectly from the options below.What is Photo:fpwuee+ p96qsynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe t vbhfv+zc z,/8n0 z4hghe use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from eca*ye8 t*eg km7r b83zhosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air t93s4dnueviag*3 mnc/ o carbohydr4i *39mc3/ edgnsuan vates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sink3i .py50hjrsyvh mf+s:o,0g ms. mpy ,+ g0jmohs f3.y0rvis5h:
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cl ho d06n)w+aw0 vt0tyycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an eco9( lac6u 6pn -yaj0tprsystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tr n3q1cn q-.)vhwto y:pue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prob;r*39 iku 2m zpz7sodductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle 6rn) zdco;2 p,z2un oy



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the +/4 bn lw;/c rvmifb-oa (q)rhdxfi;-carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosysp0 /zce.-bcva tem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow is* 5+yr 3hds5zumnn5 cn a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not truec;7w qfqp/vq)n-b 4p clm s21c of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-7* c/:uxl5wan2rxo k nrp c:u9induced effect on the nitrogen cyca*rpc r9oxl: 2:5 nkwncuu/x7 le.

  Figure: Average per capitrhy d l op;v0uy.0r.2*v ejyijhg63 3na $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary .u/0-f- sudktx6fh8 r q :jyemsuccession progresses from a pioneer community to a cusy:r t-u mhq/x. jfk-6dfe08limax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformativv1b s vwzyi8nq64v9 jmo)w..on.

  Figure: Average per capita o, m2gt(ut wui2xu 2(1;)j-ir hrqpji$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in wat;5snwn 9 ahq7ner. One was kept in light and the otq 75; s9nawnnhher in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbiy. ajf3p;e1rid4 y j.on storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1984/t 9meq8afg 2v bfsr/8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bhtg/u:npc-9que i03n iome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,dgsdw 54tyy31ndqv:6pd7 zd / Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or morer ,tf1+x;icrcntvjhhjg9 t y5: gf2* ; statements from the following.rr;t ny1gtjf;txci9+ *:jvc2 ghh f,5
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variables. 2 okm- -b;+mio onjg;jList the main factors that characterize the terro- b-o+; gmo2jnjm;ki estrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the :6ml x ;irag(hrainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement r +: sys0d)ejbvelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital c/g4cv. d9jaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different bio b32vp )1zqp,e b*czqomee )*bqv 13q,op2zczpb s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary su5..npt qps)+irko xs 7ccession progresses from a pioneer community to a cl)p5tp.r+i k7o n.xsqsimax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chsx0 .e.bw5z/sf4fpc1z zoq 1kanges in productivity during primary zwpfso/ 1s e.q c41kbf.x0zz5 succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a q2mb o27g0wwwt+d5 j zte+3by Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate th:e orb znij89 i d*995 dybk4fo2hj+vpe effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthev d2 ez+yi9p 4obnfrojd95 i8jbk:*9hsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiely/gx70 j vne)r:pk:g0rd ,uupd



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimeehuyk*ly( , ytr9h kf1h;3:klns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 ykrhfhke9 3l 1ly;(hy*t, :ukof this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it isakn: db;5tdd /afp-r) important to take multiple readings of the samepdk afnr)/ ;at:bd5 -d factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usekbi51e:acb( guptk)h5(m y6fd in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creu7 w2s:6y3+ voqkqdr uek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampl4km0u3j pv ost-mh71jed in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not oaj,)aj1c2m nqlth54d a 2of+2k:wyq effective for sampling motile (mo +c5lhjq2 ,:2d24aomtwafo 1ajyn )qkving) specimens.