What is the best definitrzk5ga77y* 84t/ubjgx-x a *5awfeh .vcek( q ion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of g+tgb*c4nndm gp1- ;a x1 /5iqm vcd-iRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;r):8 t )xu)s dp3v zrz(jvg9zjFactor 2;Facrz))v j d)jsrzzt :(p8x39uvgtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population 5q6;svab*fhb


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sc:a,(*xtz(*g 6 qu8 moytvolpwhistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizem e+i) bjbc .im/khjisb*5 v,ilx+,q3d giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, */siql5) bb,i+b+, imjm 3h kcx.ievjbut only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms i;jk5 noe6w;opoy +(uos a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Cancu yprf l*i:w,c lf96*is lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area i*y6wp9llcuc,rffi :* n The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth ofdu wau )48tap 6o-lzgu17h/6iqhbsv1 a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anim8:l iqf3n s2zkakf8zns2 l3q i:ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of o10mfe4jb /it toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar beak4 1lih b3s)ncr and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of thn 1k3ch)bsil4e Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyst rac j5an7bc k2q6dzrz u0 r9v7a1bp92ems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a ujr4y) ec*.5w0lzh lglarge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence o z*cwrg5l)ul h 0jy.e4f many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fotks 6vb;q2-ae nddd4. od chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive egf1k/xr; jg*q5qo j.y/0lthq nzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorqj5htg1x lyq0*f/ko/; jqg .rb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syxt5 n6xue 3 5eobkn e1dic*;w9c dm;3 t9b)xoestem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyraylw :pay ea nl)x 1u+/ni6l;c);q. taemids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factocpa-k3m:movya- 61 pcr 2 anpam-3cay m-c:v k6op1d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of pl, gba-*xwd);tj ncpuu8q p.4hotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ricdi) sdr,cr :n4o)9b xpe cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stri:v/;bq; 9 kkl-kqxtsr pes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they kqq9;r/tkvsl ; bx:k-are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a tera;j 0lxue6 b ps6v1m0lrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web(knu2lr j -cy1



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that a pa08 yifu; tbwoa7agu-4c,zgm310e live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight. guc;, g1wypoa-7uaa efam83 4ti b 00z
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiv wqjly.h.uae (6 3 76ja4rqtzon:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carboq2et+md5iqamw r.o r b ).)fmr*i7tm +n in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following termszv pu/t i3ygqfab(gqd-db*,v 48m6 l0 best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break dogvqdvt y- d8bpi m*,4bz 3/u0gl(a6f qwn and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of hyv m+z/rf 7e0+hq(dg numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator 8l)ej*nioo kyqgxg/036e b2kand its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are tru (cs; jgxrdduwna+ 0v,-a8d -4 4nswane about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available sea3/-ia;clm 9of ng 7sg-u d5(ztnwl xd8water-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements ag8zcl9xdo(7lwui-;am g /-5f t ndns 3re true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the f( 3yq6o4 ytfrerx+e) ws hn0-uollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systemr .h8la1/yibpoo q :c+


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxin x s+15bnu7 teoouef8;s in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fy62o d8eo zgv3 grk2f+cj( 8yuollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bi3 ogf8(ec+yoy jg26vkd8zr2u omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of en 7fbks swjt0d(sbz yeh01jeh/ -9ao()ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivit9sb.ho f6 (ynoy in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foo4-z*q guu g)rbd web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil evejee i5gpl 7f;51lw6cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately des.5bgs e,j x8jvals)*ocribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exism,ma(4o: kkx,cyi4 cgcgv8 2ot in a savannah system with parasites on ac:a,ogmox(yk 4 cg k,mi8c2v4 consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiratf+y )k4jqfc qj4v.e5t ion correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration? f5 tk 4+y4fjjq.q)cve

  Identify the statements that descri1fhiqzxm/9 z7qo r tj,+ vy;p1be the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste8kt vnt 6m+s:bms.

  State the name of the process that converts bfoau3yp84e(carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd48o(y3fpueab rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other cbn)t 6vyv ,a4s-d xhm a+9nxq(arbon sinks. s6b xnt,n4-q)9xdv( a+mv hya
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires t3*ihsg (sm r*hh nvw,8:h6whh5i9)nf ff*fki he longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ec ;dd ybd5+eh*josystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are t 0ih2zkj z9l9fy4hge-rue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Producb+l i +r(0lahdtivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified,wstbv3844- ym g2e iuvbhoa/ diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carb6 tn ; dwrm4iyw7llg9)on cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosd -boas+zs8 c 3h5lw/yystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ 3 ilq(8/uvr,asup /vp $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of x6d1llku2rsfh j7 ) uq 9btm09denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the be.3vl tm1cvx dg /0 lwr99o0ofollowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycl390e .v vw/td1rlmbco09l goxe.

  Figure: Average per capitrn g l+aik:./5;/lb ypb3irlva $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession preokowupp 9o 0 xc5b,:2ogresses from a pioneer community to a climax communi5 bwk xu,op9e2 :ocp0oty.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformati+3 wlv * 5alct2w ;;udkbms0wzon.

  Figure: Average per capitap/.in6pkx:xy(o7 :pt0 e3y n,eh ybnp/ fsa8u $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carrixbm,8nem 3fj t;1b jg5ed out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in bo mb jg13jf8eb ;5mtxn,th bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stor vm t,hb:5yv88xjciobdd8 j *,-4vlcsages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rep +zx0pz w,w0zgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome fk /2n x s1/i0p/ae80gsqlkzl

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romej b3;;v.qnsq4 w2e.6hsn qean, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one wg u5q7snl:tgou2:6b or more statements from the following. g257 w q6lgo:tsn:ubu
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic4qiui-r mzh y;:lxei p advs7.2+k35/iv(xec patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terreaeiii+(e5 x4zvmy s7qkh:/dpu- v.rc ; 2xi3lstrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the r/lv fet6 ykk6,ainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statesti-,geuu dyck2 6(e7ment related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romebfk8b +99oh qq, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity andco4z t+bylo /0 biomass of two herbivores in different biomeb+0lz /yoto4cs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP andd)r,0h nl -ncq5:hkda NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communitcrnd,05- h khn:al)dqy to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statementp,;yez5i ; qius is not correct in describing the chang ; 5;,ueiipqyzes in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor t)l v8mnxf1s8 u wkpz)*hat can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate jq4 f hcepn+;9of photosynthes;4ce +9fqpjnh is



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field 9bvaa+ i c6p;dp(apt/u*g4 m n



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trag3sr8ro: iow) ps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 46w3io )g rro:8s9 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the d i2 9i19dn3j3+6.ntj4u uspqxdlkiseata, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fact6t dl q324 9n.snsj+ipdki3j 9xuue 1ior.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use:+8pbg9pifd r -x;zx td in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for ;fp72), b-vqt(btsfhrla8e;v2eufh two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciurzr0: yqx)) 8io ,ujzes sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follow8gjqczntiwai,3-uu 6:sv q+ -ing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) spei--jqs,uq 6iw:a n3c v8tzu +gcimens.