What is the best definitio2koo y1ps/v6hn z8oq2.cec3z n for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Romeqi p, crin, zcre0e-:;amys y6p3 y/s/, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe g p9t97vdy8ccr 24c6tpd7f xb a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fact496b2 ctxyp 7 7d89g vpctrdcfor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve9u9u2q8 qcihnh4 tqi bie2v8 p0ls g+lxx-;4i of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speckrl)a- ogo 7: abemz+(ies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a smalle 6mw qcik3v bd5f z/ie/ig*4(-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Iturikbd*/me5iz c 6 /vf wiqi3(eg4 Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the gros 0blg2. ic0utbl*n6v ups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves o)aic ;zljq9 wytmjs 2da/-: a0ccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, d0yjtsq; -: ldaajac9zi2mw /) ensely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refleciqt yxteq: q:e8a (.s*ts the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mim**-fnd0 e,fsy 5 vbofw a92h8 u,vncytes and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.cs,v8nn bamy,0 fw 9fu o**-yhde v5f2
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of tox:pukel;u j;c-fzonp.3 4)vqn ins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seam k;g+uf/li4q qdt 0ujea/;gq+50 qpgl, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of5/m0 gku0q fe/auqj gtq;l q;+ di4pg+ the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is-3qnzcpn j* yz 33 av/.iz;c-bdu 9ecu lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productiv.0fa ei/abw39 x 9hmjiity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with b9jwhax/f0ii3 . mea 9the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct6 //0pzjt(q /gargiub description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundi li17do gg38/az;a zzw: ,oumkngs. The enzymes break down things such as u ,o k7z;3awladg/:omzig18z dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated riwu;s e 3o02qf elzz40:;*qs2qt0sdb j5ko at mce cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used j+k 7 h4tdpw0 igpl6t2for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that k+n-h:1fx ;qg0hyhzq0kclfj-m3re2 could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Famk fl:k qz 3c1h-e +j2fh-hy;gqn0r0xctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesj;/5sjopba3+hq64 hr t0fvi jis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation 1s lc2mg1xu xwm6qre(rol3)5 system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the bymfvl0 ):k6y zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continuesb 0km f:y6ly)v to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptiyddan9:b 9 tnhig27s3on of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web mwen9 r 8meq4/



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Coral0ngu: z*15;hup l /hvobv hgs5s feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbono gb/un*5h1 pvvz hh50ugl:;s dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemio9q fuvh01b,(*5vkj jv jcc ucul.*y/cal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram a l4e82 9txmiq juf5*rof the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms ,u/eu:r/a 8/, hw cst 2wibtcjthat ingest and then break down andh/c t,/rt2:8c bju,sew au/ iw digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pxyc9* zx5dl (2bo *idbyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatos94laweu:tu :k7 fg3or and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethan3*ban:5upn h htsgfg/70xv (ne (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an afp 5e3lolz m)2rdi.;tquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some coralsfli dlt m)2pze;ro.5 3 and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following)b) shzz1 bgw7 is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convejl9 qk,z,r6 thrsion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains5ldos)*i sa c6




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false ,6lsrxav*2 pl when discussing a pyramid of biomassl 6a*lxvps2 ,r.

  Figure: A pyramid of enx-h5 *iqzbfndm)8 .l zergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosysj,y1-(brcim: o8,uucnvb8 p wtem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine / ,m qv6b t/ *-bdadtubzq8gi;food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web ini5aotn:5m ivf)wp7+n a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemenm9aq5c6dl)ek t that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parh +,fbyzruyk6 jy+h6s-7mo6 4nxk oq.asites on a coh-7yz,j6r f on.ob ykq k+s h66myx4u+nsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correct w(w(k4( 8cpe,usu+i**euj*hjuw z gw ly from the options below.What is ezsw(u uicg4kwhj * ,+(ww upu( e*j8* Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide. z-*mqc;lngw(2jb i50 d6 fmbu
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fa2w8 )ipb-bv/p jyel .rom ecosystems.

  State the name of the proce eu.k6mmol5kak4e 7 8qss that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydra8u k l7m4meq.k6a5eoktes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbonvyv*b 0g-cnd t+ 1, ;li+vnmoi from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.itv- 1v;,ln v g+o*n cd+miyb0
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the long00m. l*ozcqot+t* xdh est time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pegt gqi krw8(5*.o- vkor year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are tst d9j3cd/fd + itfa:/ at;3o2eq-bntrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculai b d/+c lds*(s4q:ouuted.

  Figure: A simplified diagram ioekdc c66l97f9cm +dof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of car)-a sezfikxxk/9ud(i0v/ ge4bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an lgv i5,ybf/4i 1 ;rqlzecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a ter5+u-fagi3 t9 oaywnml igpq b.21 c6l;restrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not c kh;t w-(iu.o-3rxldtrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following i)7qh3ve4g e3 ;jtn wiis not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.hqiwe4i 33vtnj ;) g7e

  Figure: Average per capityp(v*xp bsasa*b/ yn0q es jr;j6 3z36a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressg)/)ey f3.u*lf)ynoy d1 s giles from a pioneer commue*/ syf3yl))yfdg1oug )in.lnity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr;/vpc9 b/my gpansformation.

  Figure: Average per capitb 5n/jntiz19d vk*m j4a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles2 v u5kmcsr8)5 b)ikrb with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved obki m55)rbsc) uk28v rxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in Gwe;g bhnvub2 a*pk725 tn oo+1T $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries ufg0r+7nnh z3by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datay e k tzc(tj qv3ag:;d8(uhu)/ for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita5oz; kn:/nackpq 6pl5ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by cholylw1ckju(dz97 c3* 5h :hba;p8ux *. ttlvjc osing one or more statements from the following.d 5 j(9kccpcu:z.tu y*all; wv 8ht7xlj* b31h
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic pab4+h1qm g yt*zw*b .dwtterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterizhw*m4d.w t+*zbg q b1ye the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a fij3+s5 s1z. 7k8hli i3zbhyldescription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversmwo8 cy7/ af.c:( 2jjrnw ;zhzity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph jq5n4i0p ) uwp2wiu(t9 cq;t5j:cc w cof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity bc62 kov+u slbsznq: h6;5d:kand biomass of two herbivores in different biomesn +:hsbq5 zol:26 ;kk bsd6cuv


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primarpyzh;zyvxxyspf90b0ar 9bior.1e6 a 5;8kw2 y succession progresses from a pioneer community9p bhf y.xiv b0p kxyo9r6ra5;zez2;w0 as81y to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the :v 9xujb24n (y:t jrpyz*sk3ofollowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during o(xyrtbz4js23 9u*n :yk jpv:primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factoz;5sq4p3bo4.vztgjh g f zq 6sf9a (oqn(x: n1r that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate+6um u :lb)okv the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynth vkb)6: uomul+esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ac6*4y uvbai,mdar 9 k8 field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used aer7(gdjzw f)1 series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps helde1rd(jzfg7 )w 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is icv7eodu0xw0 .mportant to take multiple readings of the same factoeu 70d c.vx0wor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological q i06mlyvbi/0.h dqh,g7i(sesampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data +ijpswx)g40 *z:kihcfor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow olq 2q r-h)x(./frpoyapgd ,;Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectgy,7s f*m) abe/ggru 9ive for sampling motile (moving) spes agy7bgmg 9r*ef,)u/ cimens.