What is the best definition for a s:l : p+gx0ybkgpecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Romwf. h268tmj 0l isell:h;)jzf e, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Faoy6xxnu(t9f9 f/ c .zbctor 2/zutfbxc(6n.xf9 y9o ;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ajsnm::k6 ne3 iil b/;of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speci,vm;8bk4l j 0 g:n (j-9iisfaqw 4hmktes



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraxe4qyw+4k ixr8up)ni 4/ d:ezffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed,xd 4xw)4/rn8 qeuiyk z+e:i4p but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is 9y z5 ,mnqzv/bdpm )l ))gqt:+jrm6fha population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Can8 m(w; + c9uzq1 6qf9hxidmldeis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as shee6+w9uiqef; cm zldhd(x1 m8q9p, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects tr+i y7p*pi(ns:okfv;m kf, e;p8ima p3* et,che growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feeduq 2lb93smvd 2nka(n8 on the remains of dead plants and anima93n 2k2m(lubq8sa dnv ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup 3ic jqr61a5ha of toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live /9 su 4bgkj3xb/)jdgf/1ur sd and interact with each other in the cold wjs / xdr)ufdu4jbg sb/g3/ 19katers of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is los zpd3 z9nfp3 v)w1t+fdt from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productiso*x9up w. qo3 vn27x+wbh* wqvity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment9ow.hwwx3s 7*ubvp2q x qn *o+ they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a cordgu; w8peo1 0grect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive . w hz1c pi;yy)-o/tzoenzymes into their surroundings. The enzytz1o)-o; h.z/ycip ywmes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cu-r8ce :tk3thhx zo52 yltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyra/ sp83y9gyc6m e8kzqu mids of energy.

  List three factors that coulg 4 snmuxx:1/l+-8k smkfn c+fd describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facf-/1+nfg+ns4x 8 u kkm :mxslctor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate+30ltt.a.is h mfz ly- of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratehrpc ,;jfh bzj rll9fn.09rt ,zkx, )0ka *br1d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizeapb omqb) a4 ;-h(yh,vc:uy(md giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to :-y 4h(y;hmo ab,c qbuvp)(mabe dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial:i x6pqj) )to o5jrt:f ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food s3ckym6+e 4fbweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae tha5 5hz qru ie6:1woex-qt live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae fromr5 z-e :ehqw u6xo51qi carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rea/5:cc qwc2lwg ction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oc2ja5g2wsyr 2 :bd c6ki:z:cfwean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organis;jf zol h(r (.,fvd4kcms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materkf(f4;rl (ch dv,zo.jials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers1z leo-p8hs8 stvwru gx1f *gzs3/* u:


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a prk9o4;1kf rkdvph ; -xyedator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true ab pk);md 8hf9 g 7yxw2x9ttln,dout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially xmvp gqj0j)kz7+v+k 9 available seawater-filled glasp x k)qjvgm7 v9zk+0+js orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfob ib 3.jil3 l)cm1whv(rmation.

  Figure: A natural energy cog;;s8kp toj :i::qwcenversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains m+g.)h gir2ht




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fo(63n wcryhz) l ffq31wllowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass.ch3(r fzwy16nl )wq f3

  Figure: A pyramid of eneivv3rn1ey4/ ,u exf jica6h*,rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representingquvy33; neywk; )y w;y productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wj d4+3nrr) rdym,42 wtqel c, g9kb5ioeb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystec( o2 gcuigtl -d)u/.lm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not actsm1k(cay3haa 6u; gfpvc+o3ic5 e *dz:lw+8curately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah syst1afhb*2 5hl: g k*hwlqnn3 o5sem with parasites on a consu aslw5:*qg2b*hnf5 o3nh 1klhmer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynth h*bvkjn6 m( 3e67tngkesis and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesi67 nk3 thnkejbg m(*6vs and Respiration?

  Identify the statementsvss5(fgft *n 4 that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy istx+9m1;doizaj .yi9m lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air tohgogbmi 3 6:jo dq(l*qe34ny5 carbohydrates.d5g4i:y *(q lhm3nbjo 3 e6gqo

  There is continuous cycling of carbo:;v)k9v4c/td1 jy aizc6 svojn from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.ckd)y;tc 1v zv/ ji9sov46a j:
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carq.bl*lbo tbfko7 +-n3:sp,1 e nb0ssxbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area percmnok*pl har3g4vo(,c 0)j 9 xk.;fq x year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that a z*z0az* tz- /*dcxfycre true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary cm+,1f evbx6d *chiy)Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of theug n7jt mvys /2op3b-kv:.r /u marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the r2zty 5ctgo9+p;ko.l carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ek ipej 8pnbh: vhb )/*hp,pgp03yba1 mabz 7;8cosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestriahg4k0s cn ;s711ki1jhmot +jhl ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is nebbolu(j 1(k 7sqd54not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effteek+xx2a5;h- (9qfq.w p mlfect on the nitrogen cychxekq l-p f2qt f +mw5a;.(xe9le.

  Figure: Average per capi;w(bvvc u m(8zcn 5yx5ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodivfwkv, ky zu d.;2h;t4d(tfy9 versity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaxv 4t;2w9h fkzvtk ;,.d(duy yf community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation.*my pp-di8k rpwr5if6al*68 f

  Figure: Average per 8uksluth m76t87h (q qcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with 4xl+aj (gy7iran Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and ag xlyir7(4ja+fter two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carb sli v f0yzbkf-65-66 ug5zns/w3m4w wu*rj wpon storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regi g6;uf jji30jmqp:2uvon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for mr ;y,v u-j22dzc6krfa biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph- k u;*f bilxnl;cx 0dvx(*ea. of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’byhn0bnn//nkz 99y3dv o choosing one or more statements from the followivnnk n0 /9obyzhd/n39ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and rovhcw,pje,uwv5 d50 8czh(2 other physical variables. List the main facj(uepw0 5 2o,8d vw,hv rhczc5tors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th2t ho-ny8iqm ry ,p+/re rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity innx6a iu; kqb; z;mo,71 ew*rep an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita1vmwi g40s(s l vw1tp4ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomp8c 8/otrzn( qass of two herbivores in different biomesrn c8p ot8q/z(


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPmneox90fgz: g -q6f; m as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a clofzgeq:6x-;nm 0 fgm9imax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following stat2exr6 kueo. 3hbrs68d ements is not correct in describing the changes in productivi serhbku x6 r826oe.3dty during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can bhu 0g0w;xq4ymf9 uxs kl/yrt1ea6 6b, (gywe8e measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effelt c(hi)k*+pbh 3io j5ct of temperature on the rate of photosynthesj chhb t5+(k pl*i)i3ois



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieq8w+mcb(t e:+14xhyq gs nul 5ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capturefvx ed52,:-1 jwlkegm specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. ,ef l2gkvxwd51 em-j: The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take mu-+d8en m8am3ay)rp ealtiple readings ore -epaaym3d8na 8+m)f the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampli n2nyt0en2nr7tdz0h 0 g ;u(zmng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two yphd jie.-j 9s. c9aky 1.ia)ki (foz*samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts qzj lur;5x. w(,c, s-/dwp rqzof Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for suar/gf1ao(nz 0 el2 k.ampling motile (mo a0uk1(ger.fo2/ lza nving) specimens.