What is the best definition f j n zw)0wqdgj4:.taz(or a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy *) x7tnxd77ifv o me;bkjsnw16h p5l:


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that b 0 dyqrl3tkt u18f,w*could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?y frb8dw1*ttqulk 0,3

  Figure: Growth curvetajf i+-t y37d0xmtkmn (8xj/ of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle osru qld72q- p/ wf*tkpna:.d2o7g u-kf a Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that+rkx v7t,yoe: resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring w+ :er yxtvko7,hich continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups y7lm aa3gu1 -wof organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Cg,qo rd+rq4 l*fs5o) 9lnyvg8anis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hu98lo +q*d l)rfg yr5gs, o4qnvnted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the cc *i jicd78vj2lb3v: growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mit+9bf k+ f4mjrres and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animal km +jf9r4fb+rs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fbvveeqyvj6:a :e b 274 b;(rtvood chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar b ijj9q;r6zflsm 8pebg31 a j ;)mse98vear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctivfg1 e;l q6j p8sjb8ir;9amz 9 3ejm)sc Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy fgf -ramo(0j/ is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees an +;aafusw:jw/9 g mhhxt:jb*( oc:nq5d a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical envitfxjwba* ga5(/h qc::s:u ow;9mhj+ n ronment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a coph7 6 x-hztgr1rrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrienbyuq5.k mcjs6 nm80)zme d)8hts by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and t8.6u5)8zky0nmj)sbme d hcqm he fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation+g/y.z jdl;wqc62 csf system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energyv8o3x /s+ kl 6x59 lvpfwblel3.

  List three factors that cou;w 6 ,dc6kibh 16 hgto. ihvcpi0ce-u,ld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 dvtwigo;b6.1u e ik,0 cic,6 p-hh6hc and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of p3,kqohkeh 9j :hotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cul4lv3 i 76j7cine.7qaz lf (rxztivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes thatn( t(ligo w/w( resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five gn(wlw/(oti ( years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a tgp ml7p)ihd4.tm t+ k,errestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wod1txb;9c8i pf dc7k3 eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compou6 +gkkloidkge c 7 zcil6r65l4u7cs4( nds produced by zooxanthellugklcgk + 54 67l (r47zic6sdei okl6cae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical react,ck:1(nf z v2i,m dcdlion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagramk3v811m 7r+kdqskn(kf yj0vy of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthw)h hur8u48mn xorms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orhxu hun4)m 8r8ganic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramidz 5ylg dn/4o-w 2nmfp;r yni:/zz-os; of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of aqsb.0 a e62ohh predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true aboutgo(pt :l b+xumr k 7zi(h )c3qd;h-pk2 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerci0 rljipy6 f2l* ggue5 v3ow16tally available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed i3 i1g er* pj 65lo2tuyvf60gwlt near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tralbkvh 8 q3i0+b za0jq7nsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion s1 89hqij19alikoib 1s ystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ci.m yw(k m.pps q0;)k gm,qy0rhains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pj28z8k(0uu:0 kc 8iy hbzzwnjyramid of h8j(:k8jz20 nbkwyzi08uzcu biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enf+fq.*qf-qeh9rf i5c ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productb;f9pjjafy16ym 6 ow7ii-4 j givity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fotv p5.am-ei4lq /dr ea,x 6d3qod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a so8fe ,p bd+cro9yd 6b7jil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descrp- e3;sbct,nvbl7 ms ctf.*zc2mz /m6ibe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wit8uvcth*w )ixb *f+ n8ph parasites on a consuu* 8 pinhx)8+v tw*bfcmer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration c vde-mie4ocgwy-9llf* o0al6 x-,al 6orrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratiox6mla4i6og,oe9 -cy f-el0 wal*dv- ln?

  Identify the statements th.a6c+))jn 8hhkqnoldat describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems.rovt:m6/ pkgc zl,;ly a731cw

  State the name of the process that converts caniu8,nrjc4p6-fzk zfb +xn z,;b-x.erbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratn,- +b xkizzcp6n-;u8fx nz r4.j,efbes.

  There is continuous cyclingzq*+z.ry n pkhd m.6df6zdj7(w+rng3 of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. +.3wkf pdm.r*jgdhz( qz 6ry+zn76 n d
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest tei h m/4 q0whovjh9j,9egfq9 +ime.

  Figure: Flow of energy in antfuk.du 64 r,t ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that p3aea2gmaz 63 75 3qv duty4biare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary//gyzxu b- kp/ /hx;pd Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified dia *+kmgs wy97sr/ z7yyygram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbpxv,h/ljsk8g y 56-ston through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecos70ub p-xy q :pt14 wlxekel 1oq6p*qt2ystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecxpew dd;r n( 0l9:iv5hosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denite77 b .;1h w)c5kiufluk/bb vlrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induc5 b*vi1voj1 a u56ywqbed effect on the nitrogen cyci vy1u*qo5a 1bb 5vj6wle.

  Figure: Average per c 0+vcobse 3r;japita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in bfuz) 78hl/ qt11lwyo sslfe g+:kk )i4iodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax /tk8 l4z1:f i k1sy)lwf+gl)soqhue 7community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of th)h ha83 fkpn5yu ok8r0e following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capitt ,ey(c ap1f,p yyp28pa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant gex40n,- wrx axz)c ,fin water. One was kept in light and the other in darknesfxg,)n- 0wx x4rceza,s. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon stor l(1w8vbb rf*99byt b*,ak/ xhyxfd6oages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheric c6 8sdveyc0(es by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data+ws-y4 gg dr3sm8v h9e;kt: sy for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome ;+i5u9 7pguub8po5 f3yxn4(ll rbzbz, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by chooslbbp x* :g,zz (g:fcp:ing one or more statements from the followigg:z * xc( plpbzbf::,ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other pa0m:lqwp a fqr+,t9 .physical variables. List t.:awt qa+9,fmq l rp0phe main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descrip c1 ilv8c, twh.1p ;a0obya mk(u5p(aption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity hoj/0b4n a)sd.luh g2in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, aj0ymfrgb7ka:a, )5 6dgw3zge)v 9 loItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbicy rv0crr aw b;l iu2237 69csck/;lukvores in different biome69y0c;u3 ru;2a2clcb7w/r sc kvrk ils


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses 4,t;zojta7 b8ve5sd htv*m o 0from a pioneer community to a climabtvso,tod 8 z *e0tmhj;a v745x community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descrv79;b2m rxec.zt ,g89wgh cz cibing the changes in productivitwh7;cc zbgm98ter 2 9x,cvz.g y during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secch6y -rvpf3 s qu.vi;ti:ari1 x+i disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynts7adlaz3p(s 28gj)v hhesis 8(ds g zh s2aa3lpj)7v



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ajl b1oc uwv4 3*-q-dfk2*q iqe field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle Adi;:*f sq+nm 4 h1i v;4joanat0mtq*x . On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of thisn*smvo aiaf :n*mq+ h;0q1tji; xdt44 species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the daza i y)enwwnae -3*l4g62lcc9 ta, it is important to take multiple readings ofc9ge*3 w4n2w la zlinac 6y-e) the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologa k/53 bpn7 58x phoakqws bf319aj/dlical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for tw2.e zn7b bk, ct/g 1p-kbld ru8q9ry3wo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampledl7*s/hsra b1:gb:, yytiozc - in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling tech-i a3fgma m,y(niques is not effective for sampling motile (mmg,m3fai (- yaoving) specimens.