What is the best definition for a specie 8jkakohg2j/p:y ey: (s?

  igure: Climate graph of Russr;0 f 8bwp:ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facto uyx7.k; - u8zfjnqd9wr 1 ;Factor 2;Fac uy.kz wdj7nq;fux- 89tor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a qk 7h8-6bba) dj5we ,252qgcbxoahh wpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schis*mj0+bw iixnh01j*y0 6oy6(eaii awmtosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gfv6xi +gd 6afuse;v5n 2n v a8njwi203iraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees e8+as630 nn ju i6 i5dfgv2x vn2;wvfathey can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of oszpo :in io6 k0 t(dxr*h2,tb4rganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf ( -ouw,xxe0jogs f 4*7 gyl5trc+1 f4ejCanis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have huno44* xfxeo js tg0cl +r751y u-efjw,gted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of1xcp +vg 1k84wod5pys2 )rtof a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snailsxf.sl(egor9j-p5 h f 0zj*d f9 feed on the remains of dead plants and animals5z ff g9p-jf.r09 *dsjlexh(o.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of/dxra:(*q l )z:. i2qbvg kwxm toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live+jq c5(pe -1er miu0bp and interact with each ojrc -equ ( +5b10ippmether in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fronbz5w.g/5r3dtds ( tkr tsxw *1p )/fzm ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hixn,7svzp0q.c8 4df8) gv ujiegh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many s.j gqpnv8), i84c zv7d0xfeu interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaesa ba1/d*-rz-a tx(m in.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes inv3v-p99 n)zq5 vul3gcnul8+shjoy s0to their surroundings. The enzymes break down thin9 vc0p vl3glnh53u qj+ zn)uyosvs- 89gs such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cux hb-cr.8 gfj,ltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids o 6 byy ,dv.d..uteazo0f energy.

  List three factors that could describ:5c9(pv) xqtwwgb7c2 .p.n5nfdxt v le a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 andcp 7qtv 5 2 nwg(v)pc9d.tn:5l.bx fxw Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the8q,l*sbe6u 3p*xw h nq rate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cuwb,(r4 al4nv1 ve fqqi .m;*gtltivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and h+ad y.,zmql m ju.acti5qp e *;mk:s08as stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Dequ. 5,:iasjcz .0 e8dpa;yqmkmm*tl +mocratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestro2kdm p s*zkgj5r5yes)(( u8mbm2 8vjial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wd+9 : ofvo6b9k-c tvlzeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae thaqc (f;ksrf9*b (i4otxt live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and *9ifskb f4qc(t xr;o(sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemica az(dj4e vd,+ryl: y*ww 7vs(ul reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of ther1hax/d c58gz lj(0tn movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms thc5/bup c( r6wmc htp70at ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic mac(/ 7wu0mrhp 5cp6cbtterials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numb2/l(rv--p clxttv v.q ers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and h6v.1xz5zqj/dc:x3m9 lml ihits prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements tharnbk7x;gtz6y v l* 7- 8qobbkzm9 gqhn-qa(7(t are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqud0 jon n3l6qiv wc07sj8i:;yu*wq3yoatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the follooyc n6:0w3 7wvqis;u0qlj3i8dj *n yowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examendrt*v d4wj m mv//q/ytb 2(,zypq.5ple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system :xp , ph2p.vci


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsxr, wpe9979to adag r4 in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the f))wnxw u h fcv5g)zej/ ;,h8hlollowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass. /zw5)hcx)fn w,jug8h v)e;lh

  Figure: A pyramid of pnc 9m. 3eq76k8fhpra ce.u*c energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an qbwh )s:xd2od5i78krn+ d0vqecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wwa. b: nrqj1. wfry( xxv,f7+qeb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosysm u5y 8 :mdb4i5c)u)zyakqtc5tem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thed;qqyx 8a.7t/luxxjq6f2bv6a2s j v-m y h5/at does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with p7iby 6yjm2uz/d 2(v ghn( 4eyuarasites on a consumer like the gdj2y4h(y iunvyeb2/6 z7mu ( lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis an:2y+evscj ug:0 5 luxrd respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiras+y c : 2j0rxgu5:uveltion?

  Identify the statements thadp7n y/ p8l fq45y enw60bm5de rdq6/ut describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form en*r0q (zf ,asfsergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in twuu6qnomv 0: 9he air to carbohydrates.0 wu6u nqvom9:

  There is continuous cyclingencrq1 + 0 hfa.jtc9s+ of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. f+ch+.r9ecn 0 t1q ajs
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle 1 mva q.b4ner2that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy : :pzt6n)kz)-wrh yuqg t- q*hin an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are trio9q7 j+ t6cz0r b;vtxue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculaf8h96 xd/b(hp8g cry bted.

  Figure: A simplified diagraka*j cqy,:a :im of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cyclewll(3vs3 y4 jki2;ku m


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in epd(s9/pmx wi3+y /g:l i.pekan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem i:staompg yv- x z5(g:1n kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying b6kmk :a(y1 lcweu4tc:yy wk-.acteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effknu kb(p (n:l1ect on the nitrogen cyclenb:(l( nk1pku.

  Figure: Average per capita mwlx 3k sly )6r72xax0$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversit+ 9vrk.z- th ld(nqh1py, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communip l9kn +z.t-dv1(hqrh ty.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of t-ix +tm;+ oea7fv8o pqransformation.

  Figure: Average per 4* vp, xo;-hemwq+gg98;ma s 3lx.c2uusmnrs capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usifgldc 88vnpp 8dnd5z /2c5ya+1b tr*lng bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtainel5 f5ydc12t r+p8g 8andd czp/lvb*8nd at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbxuuy+ lz 00xh04kde1 von storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by7hx5 0q iqjr+g region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom nqv--(1e+( fasrk:hze 1lskte

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Imqh,wsy1 qk. )5eve* -1oulvotaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of l -+44rq tcen/r daeg*"zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the followingeq ar/*gder4n lt+c-4 .
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns37sbar9)f zo(dsy vu b9qf3)u and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terres )rqf3sa9dz 37ouby uvb9 fs()trial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforemxkn/(sif 04y 43ud6 9hgbfjmst biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diverf f(ci(e lk1uz t2*v*rsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph og 9ewtapslvw6u+j;. r oj7(oi;ihk5:f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivor ly qov)d*)zoz0+3 chkes in different biomes0qvokodczhlz y )* )+3


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary s if9xiltm535 zqtb5fmf+ 2 ye+uccession progresses from a pioneer community toz9qi 5 e lmt25 iyfbt+3mx5ff+ a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in f7zj0d+qd c*qjcmywx5,d5-a1a r k-mdescribing the changes in productim7z+c rcj qddf1axyaq 5w5-d0-k*m,j vity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be mnqf 43/:y mbd+g hv7eweasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photu7 ipy0isu0qy; ncmu 2zo0vnwacm0aq9c7842 osynthesqvq2 ;nn2iapyc0 9y7owsuua0iz4u 80c 7m0c mis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a 4- k4tymz4w1xpu r 7dpfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A,3 lm- d kxncjdji9gg):mu-v6. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, oi:gd uvgm6,n-j9- jlckdx) 3mf which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabi -x+s x/tjp-jy*xi8*(-mj iv wg2sdb ality of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of the same factor. 8-jis xst*p m j+vd y--ax wb2(j/i*xg
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in eco 0x1ygovvp+juju.gy 1/ y 9aqit(y(f0 logical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of + ,u8xlj.bjpb Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Cr*8l bphf2sy/k7tsowp y-4 v/e d,m rt3eek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for samplc:+ dy :cvtt96:f-xko ffk vy0ing motile (movickfv 9 :+fo fv06kd:ytc:xt-y ng) specimens.