What is the best definifemy 2xvl 80sbpa9td;k*, bj-tion for a species?

  igure: Climate graph odilx 8xo.. h2xe6nw d)f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could des (a,raxpz/d .vcribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?(ar.x z,av/d p

  Figure: Growth curve of a popuzewa1hqg+k +mwk 38 ni8w /,gilation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of f+qv;4kzqy c8)ftwx8:gn(ebb f (u8ja Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripezlloechkjb943v / :w6n6 so k3s that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years o:ckk/6 n9 s6lo 3e4 3whjzvblold, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups sy9/z3uy1w w4hia6v,etr ta3hnpr 5 x qqy/;.of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis og osrf3:cl)9wtd 3 t1lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of lrodl 9) st1ct3g f:w3oand for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of z (5 pz9 g*cq+nixjgg (w+my1za population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feey+0n- f 4 g3 nrvfg1sbgapg-;nd on the remains of dead plants and animals.pn4f-yg0a1 rbn+ fs-ggvg;3 n
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foyx2d a;qdf; ua/oc.g..f k4cjod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear br-yb: 0:-bo oqath)cand other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold wateryarb0q- btb:o c -:)ohs of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosypia7jj 89b-dv:hai9 5wxibn - stems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productidwdp 8oe d72i7vity, despite infertile soils. Theid8p7ew dd2 7o growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is4*; xnzkwoc +-oqviy 9 a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzepzkc28 ,y nr t:2m(tx2a2hqcymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi thz 2mx8c(nep a2k :2hyr,ttq2cen absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti0cl : x43tbhfivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used forc2*a3zdf wg 9n pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factc6lah:m6n svxa ))j nkr:+8ruor 2 and ahxkn66:avr 8u s:l+jncm))r Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at dim3gedx+wclxy71 rbcf*8d )fur5 p92tfferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivat+mc+se5,6zs zd1 l*c soa05ziu5 jah sion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized+qw6e+tk hjh5r2*2yk x2fw0 c xov q,u giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives ifoq2k 2y ,e0wvuh*rk52 txq xc ++hw6jn the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect descriptizj1-w:7gv bi+p39 +ot;auf9 gp w*)w qhp hqqeon of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine foolma m2h9,mjt,d web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algamu5.hu7a q0zkfy( wl,e that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, qkw l07af(u,y.u zmh5water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic/d3 bxzham pz94dc0sskk a 099al reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sq+ltg,apt ik;;b p)l2ystems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the fo6ifr o4m- ma dnc)me2,vtm 1t.llowing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest c 6ei )m.nr2,-f41oadmtv tmm and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of nulg3hjhm+ ks vvll+v.0-;u py ,mbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and f;/w5/z kiyfil ;w)mjw/zt g4its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true axbw 9,j5yyfg 0bout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially a dr(qpbdc*b+ :tzbl3 /vailable seawater-filled glass orb, whil*:bt/ cr+d3(bzbq pdch included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is a*u0m91e ju ,hqy/axdrn example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy converbiby f*xe , aunu(;z)6sion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha)igu//e od7kw ins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follq4wmzhu*7 sd5owing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bi5sq* 4 mud7hzwomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e c / 33zo7uc uyrk(hb8.tc2mijw7p m8ulzf p89nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in ansc09 5y7sivgt ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wer ;d :as6f,dn:amki6 eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a so ;ki1 c)xycjr2a+g2rvil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuv;cdwyf ) .aws4f +/awrately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wg0nfkkaq0q7. ith parasiqn af.gk qk700tes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respib6mm( n19f dppration correctly from the options below.What is f6m nb9 pd1(mp Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as a e7;edqgyd 6z:brp) t3s(h./huh-l uvn insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energyq/ 7sx xy6pmkjqi i7u462 hdj( is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to k v42zov; oq24 pdfj0vf7iy -jcarbohydrvdv-2j4 pyzv; 7i 4ojqk0off2ates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to othx otzmdze k 1f:5j-y(:er carbon sinks.ktz( dmoy:-:jf1zx e5
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes vsvc g-b/8r+)jmufn;f61 fuwin the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yeadri-49 i 2pcagx8nxlb a3a n+.r


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thapyp.3zvk1f5bffqzf 2ens, /es-87le t are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP)u++tvou3 )ldd5(t 4cbdhb6 pj can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cmf+kw1fn c- i0m 8fv4d+g*l pbycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through tcbglrg. 3gwcz h*d3;ah :at 29he carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystemt+, d0*eosieyd)l6vk


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terresm .wnjm:;a (2ndyke6 etrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of q:ui-wp:5g)s .m sq jmdenitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is nonik w4eqsr+. (t a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclerqs+ wek( in4..

  Figure: Average per cap u1(7al8tbjnn ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progressi5lcl cqr4d .3es from a pioneer community to a climax cr.dc453i qll community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followinims81 )cu13el/ om qksg is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit cb qa1 qo4fitpua+- e*4miks-2ih(b*a $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water.8d,u l1(ump wp-nno o9 One was kept n p(umoonlu,p8- 91dw in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flaq*-7o e*jd pqows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries byk yj4.f(qc4bn region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datcbh62 8hn j8oslas5.aa for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita u9np*p fp(4ogly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more s8wf igr(c)ti dlw52y;tatements from the follf iiytlcr8w)2( w;5gdowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patternsxt1 1.qpsn* vu and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terresu1vsxp*qt 1.n trial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfork a pubb :-ixrc3ei()(est biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to divefqcei) 1h+l br(m))4ntq+xfq8wb e 6lrsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graphzq 52jitkjw,k;gru8* of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass ohycrhu b; 38;jf two herbivores in different biomhhu ybr3c ;8j;es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in i5p/fha-nv l9 biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communityv95li/fah pn-.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describvlyk w3xr3l 0k- bu96iing the changes in productivity durik6b3k0lliy -v3uw r9x ng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factorwwn j9i wexvi3rm :bh ,;*x:(w that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperaturly,ssu52 s r w1qjrs*)e on the rate of photosynthesis*s5ylr, wrss u2q )sj1



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fielvgj48 jgn35xgd



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimensltkio (4o5ugrz50. lx of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species. u(okz5 .5lrl 40ixtog
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the datado qmog m263z*, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fm3g omz62q od*actor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment use)8sp0fmkqe wu)k j 91md in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Credhb;y0)+res:lq js/n6e xnro h:e0i : ek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two *jsaiz.m, vhfc:2: ehparts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling technique/j swq2w/bue9fnc,eb fkf -p w p*6z8+s is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specime6/fb w2f +qnb*p-8c/f9j w eskepw ,uzns.