What is the best definition for b/-(5sihw7 vxmy.k oha species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, I 0lq,)2ce/y gu05elysg . w :t(kzogfmtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is u2q, w7v/j3xh8 uu ovetn u4f6m:ygf, Factor 1 ;Factor fuu o4 j/qhf6vu2n3e ,7v8u:w,t yxmg 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat tnc*m lt3kbsh 02*b3jion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sxts1wd(n*)v4y k yw 0bchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble r6uys84q9qwxn) uyktf l e*,9the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitarf squx*,tklqn9w6e y4u8 9)ryy animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of 6, ()x1:uz ,wzb tpunoj 6fbhporganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occu7j7q h 0kct+yvr naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as shecj7vk7q+t 0y hep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph tq x4v.tq.qp5pa9ujc )hat best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dvh18e1eel hj +ead plants and animalsj e+e1h h1e8vl.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fobswj +fu3 rfafav3t d4(9. m*jod chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisdffi x 51hv)kkr7g .v/zss j11ms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of57fsdfr1k. z) 1 1sjihxv/ vgk the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is l e)b)v; sok/ oxlpxjru4265uoost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high 463bi ky n;siq ly,9frj0;vi oproductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also int4i3 ni6;josyv9ik 0, yrfb; lqeract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain.dx90dcjt f de h00apl.7p,m-c

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into tlt*w8 u)w2m8ws+,ig(huww g bheir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leavwh8u 2lts*8wg+wwm, ibu(g w)es, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cci mue1o/5)a ojegz8)qfu 6i(ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramid s(b( sdg5j5zcs of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fndq 3f qmu6uuu4d0;.r actor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3?46r30uuuq.nu mdf ;d q

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tem xv.qnx9 3lrr /9qcul;peratures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultihqzo,tvfp *r-35 a0i pvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has szd4 (e -4x j-whwn*wwc6r dzql7x /i1ftripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit.q wd7-h4w4 z/w*e1-iljr xdc fz6nx (w Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrectnu mlx(k;b(as/t8 4(u jvrsd , description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webjd 44t7h3yho2+eqxus



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live insovxq;dbch7 557 jj ju)ide coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from car)bjjj 5oc hvq7xd57; ubon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacfojzc l)ewg2;aob e 4y x h0g16;)6n8yrlzr/ntion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oc)m hog; 3mt.twgg t0:kean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwovzi9 h4a t h 87py 5795ggktz*mfql+xk4 sdrb0rms that ingest and then break down a+vh*ktt l zh9xpm9 byr5s4igzkqgf775d 0 a84nd digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers chv.+l.a.o*lh rx7rs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatuhn,v. .1 uwvu h9w1dvor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dic 5i.;p1fe; *qcx7kbdxty:crm hlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially availableks3 tqe) -pm4e seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statemtk -q)see3m4pents are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformation-p 8y:1 glqd7xlrg .cw.

  Figure: A natural enxb5x )l8r:n mdergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup vg(uxym0j.kg yq6: 4fof toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a udh3knmpv 76 3pyramid of biomv3p nuh6d km73ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy pdf3h7sv3+ bo


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unidglmy (w z7-5izres;7)ix 4 qsts for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food w(jte:c :au/pi p*w,ga;i4kzkeb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecfq:i x l1 9zg4,xnofu9u5ul 4iosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratelf p.aq(8n,x*8c a rpu 3zpro9yy describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with pawdh4 t25)bxpa q1k1j0e e5ugs4dkkj( rasites on kj1(gh5 uk42a jwdk)1 tpde045 sqb xea consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fro as6 wn4mt xr,s5y00idm the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiration?w0 s6ixd4 rnysa,50mt

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT a m-44( rt8sig1yerrz30zt4ad;boa lms an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost7m)k0ab qr ,ma from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to )y:zu2e9 bs0himquv. r3alkz)hh 7 8xcarbohydm8l z a uq)ky2bius)r3. v h7h:hxz09erates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from th7k.cu2 h u 1jemnor20uupfm5o8)f w:xe atmosphere to other carbon sinks. x j2e0ckmo )1wu5upohnu.f rf2 um8: 7
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the cg5 hl86mxf5 ycarbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in tqof (a 6i/fdv*i a88ban ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are s6qv-6 xpc(mqvgfw/b4tg4) q true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondarw+;9de1 omaljrg;9 xdy Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of th6ndh t+s * h;9d6qaryce marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cal7;2l ai z-tu1spji:meed:9lg0 ia)crbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ec/s ygk5 vcz no*rhk8- n*/6xxnosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a i4ugk oguq y+(twfs-9ke9;y 9 terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifh5 r0 l,vp6vg9hf 0pkdying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induc9 llf/-,ya g/n6vo oewed effect on the nitrogen cyo9yo/e6g vlal -,wf/ncle.

  Figure: Average per capita py3s k+v.oc)c$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPPc,qn4+ 2guj iew8p)k3-r0nl pt *nejy and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a cli*e p liwjjq3n-re8n,g n2y04)k uct+ pmax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformat,u4hxz z/k;b;1euxq t ion.

  Figure: Average per cjqe2(1(vhp .g;e u ebeapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried o1.xryfi1nz d 4ut using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light1.41dnrxiz yf and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & v9hb/k -kjv8k annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries b4dai2yrq vxb /(0vc50 (hit ccy region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for 3kbc vxu+*n.-1lymq ha biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It hri rmk )*9yxsmce-lq7l( x76kxg+df.,y1 nyaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing a-ld 0g7r, e m/oyjt -)ezxbo8one or more statements from the fo /rt0gmozl)8dy,ojx -7beea-llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized baf0*k(s+ o n)mu 9nspo1ff0jgy climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main f+fjgf s* os0pmao(9n0 k 1)fnuactors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of th*qaca12z3 s+0b mdq zkf3hxp -e rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity ijwe*ty :0r t:+hjl ,bzn an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italyzl7fc63yu db8 g)kdmra4(- jw


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity andp 39 /unxxknc;redx0t1;/p v y;)wjusew0s3 d biomass of two herbivores in different biomes/ xd/c3 xuk; 3usv;s)9ejwp0tnwn 1de;y x0p r


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bxzql6)-g dlquw;pg(,/a 6t(v1iuv ouvth; 3biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comm1(vzl u/)tvdpu-bgtg3;i( uql6,a xv o;qh6 wunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statementsy 2crk5 /ua5g+qrow7e is not correct in describing the changes r5r75ku+/cgqa o2y ewin productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usingb liq-ghj88qp4lv:. f a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature ontwzwa 1+: ..iv2 bqvpt the rate of photosynthp2wiv:.q1z tw .at+bvesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in )fx7sgi i;. 2i3aid;dwc 7iqda field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture s(46avru :+ytoustz 1mpecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 24yz(u 6raut otm+v:1s1 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is importam0ezw )xg; azd-77rpgakv 8l6nt to take multiple readings of the se;ar8v pmkz76la7 g -0 )dgwxzame factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplis8cv 0*zlzh/ lng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples ofufk-k5 4m, rm ajkr/t/6kh9 an Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek p .kwv7q7jl* n6 hva 4vgv+6p/ mr:sld




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivg n9cc53 td6kre for sampling motile (moving) spegcnkc569 rt3d cimens.