What is the best defin p4xy rp0pic40a/ 8tez79jy+jikll1tition for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy jzx4 2;,/fotxk wp7yz


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.vxxxj, 3gut76What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3?j xxg 7t,6xuv3

  Figure: Growth curve of a populati jbyf+x2maf92on


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schist)i gjic+qsyk u-7* 9mko(bxp7osoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that relygqky (g;1bi: swqv (p1w 4+lsemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and theqykgi4gy1vl+bq (;w w1p:s (l mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is 3y- 1jha4ehned- g(wja population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis mumn13o,d hblr4i )td0e+ir ;/ jnvc5lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identtn14 mujm) l;od ini/d0b+ 5 re,cv3hrify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflectrmj,v8)a4w8 ,kw fapes the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remln hpe; +,wc g7:jie*oains of dead plants and animal oj 7,ligne wp:ec+h;*s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup o;r ;wa3m;9ac xpc) wtef toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal6* p xncvklstcjbe:;9t.k9e -, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the A9xe9t bcscp*lv-6ntj ;k:. kerctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form ener b(k lo58kl+fegy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and av ja1 7yiby1e3 large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species aljv i1y3a7y1 beso interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that g(qwm 1hjga+b3 5d3 l+x f;wrpis a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasin r qp-ut4yusb/09gv3g.gxw1hg digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such gu -4gbx3q 0 vry.htus/ wgp19as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ric r: bmtbmv8dvj4b.s:-pj3 ca,3ox3tq e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of )hw +wn-kqf2jd6mj (u energy.

  List three factors that coulv :qu*zhp6 py.d describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor qy:u* vzh p6.p3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesi 5vwvvur c;.0falm9 sa4)s8roq6lt4 z t32 cevs at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integratei rf( b2hxqh5 2boa5-7( x* onkpubfo;d rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that rz,w,;j0 gqluwz-(ko w g) z8cuesemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Coj ,gkz o,zz8g0w (u-c)quwlw;ngo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecbuz / dkd2f62ht description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webvjql hoyo,: .uq-dy,8



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that mza skrc-8 58wny16 fslive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, yr8m -c zkas58nf1 ws6and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionwte1dvfho8ly h 7 9g97,zn-zw:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of5lwjrc b*kvu9o2uq 72- 4dumg the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms t8hu :.6 ip9l;yg ztv3aosqwx,hat ingest and then break down and digest non-livinq; g 9.h3uytpzlxo6 aw:s8 ,ivg organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numikbemi3;cc8gd 2o0h6 84 e3z6sdgq ; sldy9a rbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator a; ylh np(duj 6e/b4;pond its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanekoauk6kmf( ntut 81v-xc 3 34wi8.owy (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usingo+9:w7hrr2:w,sccby; y mn eg a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the fog9:,hy 2+wroswmy;7e bcn:r cllowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followingz jhxftop 486- is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural ener, uev/ejj6tnzc71 d w:gy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cha.9fg 9bfaqd4s8u:.v4 rqbafi c8yl,xins




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following st,dh rx-41+m x3 wxb9bkutbdm3atements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomas +4bb mmu drbd 3kxh9wtx,3-1xs.

  Figure: A pyramid of eneriice 2lokla p,k)/h )6o2by c*gy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an eco7 56gkzm m9saoi7kyh1 system.

  Figure: an Arctic marine e.ystb6 ;m xpuuma;gi --)ik(food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil weafe)chp 3 qf6 i61*wdl; 5dyecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describi8csl 57 fmr9vzy3m traad85:e a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that cou0g5a-(( a zqpxdggqrx *(; wb-dlj9gqld exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer likebx-q5j- 0dg(ga zp d9awg;q(g qx(*rl the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesip.pk 188fgqaltg 0l1:5oia j is and respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photos:0a i gk afltq5p18i.g ljp8o1ynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDToq j5tygcbg-ac2jg9q 83 .mky6 a*h)k as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is tdrn er;b-*+wlost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts c672 ia*ah 0wbdqp5f*jz 7avlrarbon dioxide in the air to carbohy ih r0j5waq*aa27dbvfp 6z 7*ldrates.

  There is continuous cycling og35 hdh9zn bnfd18yb2 f carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.dz5bhgydnn3 8 91bf2h
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that rewxhk41oc 8lri51 c qw7quires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in m;s.0;4 y6x mab rxvpuan ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. -48dy )p(fg xumd aw l00vcb8s
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cay ee.s(h-qyyp- 6jkj6x 9 n6kilculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine car+ mpcky :s5.vobon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon cftix2sf r3l )ef)9vz0 ycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow inr2 z z- *a(vuyk7wl;,9n c,tel zcb(o9rd tn7k an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terre *ob)(a6ovdw;gfe /bvstrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tr2ybve d7* u5onteb-vc9 tpp/1ue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on zyt:5 cdlcearc g;0./the nitrogen cycl ea0ry cc;ld:c5 /tgz.e.

  Figure: Average per capita4iemw; gn4vgyq7 / -ub $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and eoneq6 z3+;oqNPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneenoq63 ;z +qeeor community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of trandlcz( *d*:u1jcgfi.csformation.

  Figure: Average per capita+kn6w5scqaxo)bn 7(f $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles j5vsyep 4: v.uwith an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light 5 .y:upvve4jsand the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storqr a7;k+c(avhy 6kod: ages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988r/ ezr;12zu9 cf(sykq-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fo vs,siaq4 ,+a.uh7vi kr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita46usz.b ky51 ltp ,yeyly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zo,2d8gdw-v mmk nation’’by choosing one or more statements from the follok,dwg-mdm v 82wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized byxp) *twri1gqg5.g* 39 seeapy climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main facto9tiwe*) 1 s*a qr3gyge.gpx 5prs that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest b::tyt:z9jmw vv0qqc *iome.

  Identify the correct statemenud2y7x14y ltk/xi)/*l+nmgzxks 9 l lt related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph 1 hfr.kkkx ,)fof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productveq*wh lhfm+s9cs)*dy-s z 32ivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomm e*fhss s3+dw c*vqzly9)2h-es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession prog8pl c 9 id,/fuh9pt2agp- w,1t jqqk,fresses from a pioneer community to a climax communahicppd 8,q ug w19kf9/fltj,-2q,t pity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in deyr(zl svvl5b55e 2pg7 yr9h(g scribing the changes ls59z erb27lrvh(p yg 5y(gv5in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that c .r4yv8leww*f91inkvan be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect ou. e.*,cct zym+-an8 nnw)ekef temperature on the rate of photosynthetcn c-z..8 wa n,+y* kenm)euesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fx4vw,sq8 sq: bv1lsga2s /)hu3juue 1ield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist usedki;0y nf+)r- v:zg mqs a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 inf iqg:zm y-krv+0s;n )sects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of thez)1 pz-yt0zp m data, it is important to take multiple readings of ty1z)tz p 0p-mzhe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used int1zu3h,d.xp x/t8 j bd ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data f p ls4 ke8xgt9ybyh.1s( poi92 k*1kvnor two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creva-ns. kl5 iv(5zre v3ek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling ce(boc8 jk)-s motile (m-co)b8kjse c (oving) specimens.