What is the best definition for a speciesamh(po8p( +p k?

  igure: Climate graphv b)vhh4xa 8id(2xv.ta1 0hnd of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is yx4i9ntnud ;gcckjb8;t k./ * Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fattk4n;k.yxcn uc*j b98/ ;idgctor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population(cyt wm/b lm)aqk:j0/


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schq y t:nt/ayl n:kme5::istosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small8ng no. bcth0rm+(e g4-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspringmgec+ 48hg0 n (o.btrn which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organ(3c f 9aflt1fsisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Am9ecltwyc/q7ko0 m12 werica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth0tqo97mcwy 2w/l1ke c to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time. eegd;,yk*.(olom)f f

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains ilf-e )rn*z-oq8; dzjof dead plants and animal; n)zzerq*fi-8dj o-ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup osnm* jchif sl9d+0 w/*f toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms lzmv.9.s1d fw0 e5qnsuqi8:heive and interact with each other in the cold wate .i s8w qmu9:v50.dse fnqze1hrs of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is 3cia bf(twny5gkclp, /7+ l*alost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomdgilmwh -pqh5ef7bbc (;* f 5:ass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have beenh-:7qhm5 5bf pg( *df ;ewlcbi known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descdwidb:l0qoq:m 9,o6p (a uw3 cription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundi.bj u0 v5iej -t+kp4zongs. The b. -epukvo4 zjj0ti5+enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatioo, cf j8meeqp t7p+b/sm9i-c*n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used 70dpbmcoo2 *c for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could 2 2j+7pj gnmcb1jjz cgls3w; 9describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ajjmcl;17gwj c jz s2nb39p +2gnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phi n78cg.q qv bameknhu3 (kg5k2jrpn)*ao66)otosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation s;.4gczh 2 *uznn+bpmr ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a.hwcc3 c ddpn*to0cqo wbb2s j42 +jczs1,4l) small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri F.*lw0sbb , 24o)to2wjd4csj q+cc1c znhc3pdorest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestriar bw9izt1efw0e g0ojz3;.t. )8bhwqfl ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food webgmfjwdz *)o7 8



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corab ph,gnb *ke;,ls feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and shp,ne,bbk *; gunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactionmh niu*vr -:c6:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean b.x na5jg+.iiylol 2 ,,kbu3 ha pde2-


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworn 1f( j.wmyyr31*a kvpms that ingest andp w(v*j.f1na13 y krym then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers z.pspaf:uci o98ul 1*


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitie pq5nqq5owo 9hw+* ow3s of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that,:o,7lb0bugrcp2u n 8hynv 9m are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm usixd4l0mj5pmh(fe p j;mp gn)0,ng a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to prxpmhn(5)f; l0 gj4m0pd ,mjpe ovide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the follow)m3 phww lg85jys,ja m 9rct7)ing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convr-k:r)imfp *j ppf(d +ersion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxif r94yn amc.) msj5e3hns in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the followijvqyn7 7e1y) mng statements is false when discussing a pyramid of b)j7yem qn71vy iomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of eozvrk0z o:z1)yz0y 7 dnergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosy ; r.gbo(h5pepstem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food wun49+oxvfqld hp . 9w5eb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soi oeaki/i7av1 :l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a f//t fsxjq t-q06,qfkfood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbekwnhqfg5ylbsl/d(/ v v5f,y-p v* (.qrs that could exist in a savannah system with parasites od(*wq( n5f vh b5kv-f,s.g pl/yvqy/ln a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly fr:eaxn09. jikj xrc, (qqe o3m.om the options below.What is cj (n90:eaq ko jq.em.i3rx,x Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the stateme, nmkaw9 bj02isjw3 r,nts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frklokmk/ l)*a0 om ecosystems.

  State the name of thtsqd 3ov2 ,v(ee process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydr23t(,vqeo sv dates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.o4*4 f5fly:)pkjkmk )x)ut0h7 lu ado0 kajfu*h5t 7pu) f4)lo )lk:odkmx4y
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in o bs k)xo30-dpj0clj- the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yeavc2 hvddin8 3,r


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that add ;hhoxm qoc3u,39 7ere true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSPgr9xulmq; .t79n9uvi ) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram )v2 )g5uozadcof the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through;y rmee6 ln;2t the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in yqh dr, ipva 0j(gd7tei-cln5* 5n4f5an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem inq 6 zvunu8p/q7lgtg54 kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme,mple d1qc(0l(u h1cant that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the follo)tzd .qb9:cl dw1,zym28 muekwing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyu2m)qd,8ce1:dzwymzl 9 .bt kcle.

  Figure: Average per capi9u2mo2kop3 / v7ntskfta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a7c ph6, ovq5aq36beuus primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climaq6 c3o6 buv,e7p5huqax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of t- a5yxffy ua0lbj99qo8,xh6sransformation.

  Figure: Average per cap/ 1l8ftroh o8r :z4dky/my cq*ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried ouvt)t7q;0xu -ho(r/ jfm gusr,t using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the sm gr (uuh qtt7o/-vr ;0,fj)xexperiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in(fwo, 8kcnw1h GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bns - ammuuy;u-4yaec. ghd76*y region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome -6 kdxa- tet:k a.d;bl

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rgodxrpcr 8 (f+ .*x:nw ae/op7ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing onee k s0x hf9pys):zt*2e+jnc7z xp(6uh or more statements from the fo n6t(uzpy 2 hec jpk+e)*:9sf7s hxzx0llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterny +2lxezrrbv1 10 *y( pdu/acss and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestri+eau /b ryx y(*v1lpdz2c0sr1al biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biomsr95 8:jy jj 3(8tpfqpx0ndqre.

  Identify the correct zglr* 3f.iq wt-1j/*+rmexci statement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romepp3hnq/; ko3 a, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbirtdgc)u,i+x 1vores in different biomesgxurdt,c)i 1+


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prim:yt0h1zkeg3j )y9f k+wnw; kp ary succession progresses from a pioneerpw9gy)t;13+ jnk hw0ef kzy:k community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the chanlu5pq+ g(,mb c:bbu r1ges in productivity u1b,clb( :qrpmg5 + buduring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using s)nl-qo/s 6 iue/ 2hpmp -cka+a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inveshsps(1mh 9.-;nuw ym 3l6,hj2l dyquctigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynt j cm 31-ul,qy;2mhd9w.h suhyl psn6(hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field 4haa (,xflgc :fu4 u+h))jzuq



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture sokh6;nynxv,u4i /5x*8x shdwpecimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, ix hoy*k,/8unh;wxxv5d4ns 6of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it *wbmt4*n/cvn- fd6 q-g+1euwjrsrr n g)u)0 gis important to take multiple readings of the same factorrm0 /v6jwrnrus- uwggncd fbentqg)**- 41 )+.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampl2 vau* p 2232vv2bnehjimx1 xding


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples o rxvdw9x rahugf(qr4m6 5)2 f(f Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speciw*z59y2tcdft ul .x3 h kzt+ 99zhpll:es sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following samplingrl0 r gz3f+ ql5+dtltni(-jv+ techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) +3+trl fgnq0+iljvl( trdz5- specimens.