What is the best defibiow6n) 58oc )(k wefenition for a species?

  igure: Climate graphfn ,5 - .ag:gzvm-uw9 (ske*beemh5he of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What ndrc. es: zgc.nz49,jis Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Frzjn ecz,d.:9n s4.cgactor 3?

  Figure: Growth curves,hzs 2a7.fe q of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistltkzm8zho e7y7g:5.b fw5( xoosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that res4ug,n y.*zu vu:s0+ogv4hqfy q(i cz( emble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can oyvn,usc 4u+y gz4i.*zf: ghqqv0((ubreed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms i+t5bqln q(l0g hp99axs a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameriq kp:9)1l pydcca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wp:yc1pkd l )9qolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that be0vibnf9 .w9fp st reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead pv r 0 xc7rq.kk-l.0bk jr*gd2hlants and animals. 0jv .xhg*r r.0d k-klbqrk27 c
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxinsv9ul0o6vq, d(/s;iqb bgs/d i in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar be xitr -1v1kldc0qde ;8ar and other organisms live and intercr kt1;d8qe0 1vdi l-xact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosu kvpf 7a.qbl6;e9sukwqb1 +9ystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hig +p4 5fzdee10q)s7p uudoxwb +h productivity, dewd1bu 40q pzs5+u)dxpf7+ eoespite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a xxuxm f74 /p4pcorrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes ieet;v4rut*3cz *;uh )2jjn- psjva3 into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungij;j-* urettz v na3cu*ei4vj23p);hs then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricit/hdq;n 3b -f j/4e5vwtppv6e cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pf)-qxqnsc,v qi,0*2ek;wk w ayramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a j - 4d+g qz.jtb/jm6glspecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fqgz jjldg6-mj 4/+.btactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at dnc4iom:mqr4 (t sx )-xifferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatx+mda-lk x84b ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-scm*-ugf.q5 h* lmws9 tized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which contc5l.-*mgstuq 9mf h*winues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a t t hhpl8*34x()izil3d:mkk 2 c;pyqc exys1/t errestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food/kbfp)7xid) j web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inq* b,1oaq-2v1srdafpw thuon se( 13 8side coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and (s8 n, uhswf 321pqoobre1* qva-td1asunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chezmr-. ydo)j7j mical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the oc2txm /0ler;zeb55(zk y fua5r ean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes oro /go.mfq/k7 mganisms like earthworms that in /fm qo7g/k.mogest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numberss tl g*0cx wb4kk1.k-k


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and81;pwg.:0zue s vj uem its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrz(8*kzk;2vl +: zxnisyccc) tichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm i.idthpy( :,a5; n wkmusing a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which ofd5n;awt k(. hi:i mpy, the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following wo c;,j s*;e3rmket6hi70i zwis an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy cojo3g4 p7fdve,a er+(v nversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins innogol,f9u (k . food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is faz-wq m4kp6k5warfyx+h*2wk ) lse when discussing a pyramid of biomass.+ )6rkqxyphwk*a 4 2-w5fzmkw

  Figure: A pyramid of energyiq1z2e. n1vm -kgse )9em t5wt


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for rep pd.0pmo f-* ucd4xtj2resenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine ;8d.tqu .awt rfood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystec 0)taubfv1uzvo,hck9 .+()7 48 gs chltjkvrm




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not a u w8g 2ki3es68a1iz6mlvhr;dccurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of q0 ltttf.o*2v +gfovdz kef4;(ug.4 unumbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer 4z g0k4u+dffgou v.2t l;ftt( q.voe*like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis fw xv3+) n0jn87xl exmand respiration correctly from the options below.What isljef)70w3+x8xn nxvm Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insectici6/yvzv b 3khgkz(d95xde.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosy1ekfltf 12ls 7747 aivvio3jvstems.

  State the name of the process that convertg8nxogi-mt p/lr.p(3 s carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratx rgo3nlimt( g/.p p8-es.

  There is continuous cycling of car:eu6lh s/9+e toz)p gubon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.ou:eezp ) s+lhu9gt6/
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest ti :2;nms fc)ws.zq-a)6mpjvx i me.

  Figure: Flow of energy in am65w io5 p2v ajj5tig.n ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thatgfb5:g6q pu*x +tv9od3da( oa0w 5g ek are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondak8r0np rygx3+ z3we6ary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mariydr(ld.8w 2 hmne carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of /gt ( 11y7- p: qlp)5rbkk.xjpfzc lbucarbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosys0 p0/i/xra vlbtem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a t(egy nt,pd-i9r 5 7pzqerrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyingswbj hf ,iw5ti;)j-/x bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-in al/bc 7-sb8-eas l.eoduced effect on the nitrogen cyclebaac l 78oe.--/slsbe.

  Figure: Average per capitap.8 ws9j2.3qc sg79lvfv/rfk ti p9 kc $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP a,nil w;kans r;;s.ehe) i6rh0s primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communii,h0s rsh)a;n6i l ;wkn ;re.ety.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an 2(xg:7tt q na ,tcq7kwexample of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit1e dk 51u4toyhh )dun0g4x8 nta $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Onnl0v em0ibnnl62 k2/ygfmf; 0p ,mi;5yp e.aoe was kept in light and the other in darkness. The disso5nfypmm. il 0gv; /2eamel o 0nk0n2b,i;y6pflved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT 2 zh(*v*avp - ekob/od$yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by pe jl.e 9mw*e:region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biom *3da(zwejgy* e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rom h.bob68vw6y je, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choos ,ul(hji. ww4bing one or more statements from the folloi4.w bhjw (ul,wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and oud0 ro ),f,krither physical variables. List the main fact do) f,ui0rk,rors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest b5 q;f,qs0zfy :ark3h nr s+re2iome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversit; tg;zoz ) oab9jd(4(a mbkpmpk39zb0y in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Isa np0y.znxb,. co4y8d;qqtiw,m9j:taly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbil-zp) h *szmn5vores in different biomes 5- lzznh*ps)m


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodive-3vv1q+z6sn nte 2yslrsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communin13t6z+vl s2yens -qvty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describinp)l9h frm )dt(yc95x lg the changes in productivity during primary succ rly(plm9) h)dxc5 9ftession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usi3hgt qz:*4iwv ng a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate thevdurvn 4u67/mk4djsj0*oq8j effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthus4vk*dq47 jjr6 vd/ujo8nm 0 esis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a bwm;6. 5fk)wy.ov 8sqri kgo;r6r+r gfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of qtbm;:-(*fnfgjg n zv; o2qu ;beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insejv-nf*;qmb:g u(nzfo; 2tg ;qcts, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple ubyk1ds1+ *yd glhu q(c/ hj53readings of tg3d/ + 1syub(yqhk*hu5d jlc 1he same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampling (+,9y ql nbgqfhq+t*n


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for k+dg b /v1x4 ( bah7bym.gof/lrg (/hvtwo samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for spesqbd; k.ub*0 fak /8accies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fovg.ax*6j p0b wr sampling motile (moving) xbj.v*g0pwa 6 specimens.