What is the best definition for a s0ns 7:c h-qfsi+ze p0gap0 (glpecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita ) jov+lsn1k.k3f q/yqly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;F 7jr) h 7qrx-xsr10rwcactor hwr 7qs -x0c7rr1rxj)2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula h7jy-mr: 3e/f *asotlfhn *2etion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi hhb09 do sg25l44rafkstosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that re )-ahko4xh 9 bowvcto)3rp-4i semble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the ho4b 3 cakwvrtx9o-i-)h4po) mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms isoojzf(s27o n6 a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves op4zxr,c6 cw hf03c(rm ccur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keepim xzrcc 4r06c(fh3wp, ng their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that- lzks15 r1bxwcqp-vb;h0xd4 ls.fy 8 best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mitesheld8(jrm1 x9 0pb w.k and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.89rkh (1mxwjbd0 elp.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi bjhul) kr4-2w q9j. 8omo w(jbxlsd/8ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed si dz ghn2pmq *4-mb0f,7+geji eal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the +mn-2fg m4hejid0qb*ipz, g7 Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecomm+ivp j sd3 qj8 )yaa9r)r4k(systems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall tr qgiptxbrs 7xk c+;b73(yc; w4ees and a large biomass with high productivit xywbq+t(rxc 3bg4i 7cs;;7p ky, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct 9pqwpc:q9u :vdescription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes inp h1pwdi1gtg6yg*nf+9p * bj+to their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, andb1gthjp*+pp1 6*giyd g9w n+f the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysvv/i0.iuxnaz 9dlmowbdr .of 7w.860tem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used f aby(ir61kz1 -l s+qfyor pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a sp./2rcmw(1n. el c--isl qaije ecies' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factol --nrs.2j m(q eae iwcl/.ic1r 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different tem1ngk jy.m;+nuperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivathj(/ 4nv g h 7 f*tyvogufv9d/eb.ej24ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has striqa16t,o a u-j11onpuspes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. ot nq,61s p -11uuoajaOkapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terres0 d)e4ir)0, hddnk1i tkmv ,sntrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web j,dua 2oz(w;q(ih.h b svz4,szwsb 6,



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that lp b0;oqiqi1( t1;dwq kive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanth 0w1 iboq(q;ti;q kp1dellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacti4)h0(uml2al/+p ekkd1q detm7zegm, on:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagramt pv qo8 sfv8e9781czw of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms be*a8u6qp (,rffec jn;gst describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materialsqcfaejf;8 u r*n(6p,g.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers -: g/zvibhm1mwg k :n5


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of0z ddlq xz8nkv9 99uz6 a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that ark; +ie4,tdejh-r4 gha lu:bqh2 j4r;qe true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercidbji- x8n+kw( ally available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimpw- b k8+i(njdx, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an examplgb awz7kn/xc m4kuay2b+y7b5 32 bet 5e of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi8ol2j os)ucb b2ueo:;on system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chjc)zj19b 1hg aains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is +p6fdc.;epvav +-h 4qpyt *m yfalse when discussing a pyramid of biomassp. m-vqcyh* pe6;+ vp+ dyfa4t.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ;*8h l.* zqt 6 plna3pvfwrfo ex0;v3by


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ec(ttdji7 3z y )jd3*;njufpdr:v2+pm eosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin+yviq vtqz ;m/r0w.0zcf 20tee food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soicg91v :eho o7 :xso3wsr3rrm5 l ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describ30 b lfnko/1th 6d-eeie a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist(7dmu+h*nmc,p qe 8dm in a savannah system with parasenm,q 7pd c mm+uh8(d*ites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respirat oz +v7zfb(,rtion correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirati ,r( 7+tozfbvzon?

  Identify the statements that describe the use0elcs(6kez 4 h of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemuo zr6p.7y+q3kd1/yi j/j lqe s.

  State the name of the process that conve513w/ikko h ie. odpi0rts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrate1hi0id/o 5k.i3k owpes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sind (h:6 nc z30lxj hwak0x,e,q a9)vekdks. jn96,xvazlq0:ke w axh ce h()0dk,3d
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires 8*d xw8(w zaqrthe longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per ar .cq-ip/z o3msea per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are:zjtuh m3o 7-l true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity + 5h6px dbdrk9/ osw)q*mzgh; (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carb v3fo7qchx*o, on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of cazogh 13ts*h u4ebj z 4:z(m5wgrbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in )2 3kb:1 md qniig7osban ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in t*fin36ct;oxpz g:n;a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrexa3+a v4dvm6 :94 nrh)f wlvqifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following isd0lw2k0y /p pk not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyc/kp2 wd0p 0yklle.

  Figure: Average per capita /0 bsrk (v,md3c o3qvgpnt- ;t$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primg )a*oxe,u.zz5mpjkyklt y;)o;.g x 2 ary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climkgy. ;yu)z2m . oj,xp*ozat kgx;)el5ax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following ivsdu8lxy h,7 ,s an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cnsrgdaw+0;ss g,thl+n3lz5 -apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in dft4r50h,1p6bapzs-3 no qp0g ; tqidwater. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the bea4 d0 -1p,5n ft6tibdzqgh0;porqp s 3ginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT )lak d75 -1 lcd;tywyi$yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regrxeesxu fs8343h3r2 6u-gefu-5 bujy ion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomy5ex( ph hlz3ue;1 l1hu k78eje

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romg/ugl1ur - ul,or .-rae, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statexp7met ngim 5f7i02a5ments from the fom7 impnt 75ie0a5f2 xgllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic padch, awa;5 d 4.uaaydl/c hn axm1q/r2ug*c44tterns and other physical variables. List the main5x /24aqh.*dalu r4hd ma/a,1ca;wcu ydc4gn factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainfores-8h- 3iciv e(tkrfk9pt biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity inadcs+ub o-:5k bo+d ,d an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ozdt030rt8:bh um u63x nxcfl6f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differav3 t++;kzhdzjl; o / ea4oo8a04s oqo+ae9 kment biomesov/szlam44e;ok;o9jdoz+qh kaet3 0+ a+ ao 8


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in b+ nq066whrajnmtl n9 n:z8 uu-iodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communizl+h9 wu a m n6n0r:tn6-nq8ujty.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descr zbod-3asd 09 t)kdzi*i4ifu5 ibing the changes in productivity zu * )itsf3 i9ado-dzb4d50kiduring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi /mmxexap16sv9ri8m k+mz 6 l z mhp87/disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the ratef;,:zmhw l3lzlw c+.t6i bs y1 of photosynt;tl lbwli:z 6h.zmcfw+1y,s 3hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in oc0a dc/9s-hy ayl3/t a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a s1swb*2 rzpcgbs0-w. u eries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the rguc2sb0w bw1 -* psz.first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important tbeg 94n ;fj3d-g y3mdx(pvks-o take multiple readings of the same fvf4ekxy-;-3dmsbdgpn3( 9 jg actor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologic-,-syr lv qorhs(o)c 3al sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Will9 bc;wdpj51 krkrd3* how Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts oo-qx hr m;o*q6h *,qcof Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the f)t; /az1trz gkollowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mgzk1;/) rzt taoving) specimens.