What is the best definition for a rc1smxw/dz2 - species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy th 26c3)f3qpil m6s5h9sk .+nwa xfpl


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that t0 6uq rx,1knv8 s+nskcould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor uxsk ,ntr08 61nk+vq s3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a po + le)nf;h2djapulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spoev)y- kp 1l5pkox:1*tqqk0 hecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resedmhh).k 3pz +imble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the h i)3+kmhzdp.mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms qsvvl*: :6ypidw )m(mis a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur g9+1lxn gpi9wb k26ebw ys8.tnaturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A matureilkwbg+p912et w6 nyxb8s 9.g female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population95g yh0sy eoq ;4 sc;a:,r0hw djdurg9 over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites/m9h mp r ck7kcyarv +9+q9ij) and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals. rm/r hcq cp97m 9 vijka)+k9+y
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chq.t-cqxa es2c7 j1 l4hgrprov8i 30e,ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringedq y3jn:vw+dh8 seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact jdq:y3+ vnw8h with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy qx z+1,ufq6yris lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large ti0p yqaetu5;4mp.l 2biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment tpa ymu42tp05l .eti q;hey inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is1xdn4/hk4t ot a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasin8qf8 vq 51sa,, ntm) e/4srlqxsfxz,d g digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decayingsqqasmvt,l f,z48xx8r 5f1) /,nedqs leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation sysv oe;xc g;b2:otem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for p+xb.s2kk 2euxw* (cux 57nfwpyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whath wlvky0k*8gf -d:k9l bw 9b4*wfur-c is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Fkf lwv wkwfb4:8rh *b--yg9 ucl*kd9 0actor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthes,xi5b fn5liw1c9 z7 eqis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated ric* d5dq a ,i1e+ll8xt 1laup1swe cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble t, 73ikce)wm z;fhg 0qqhe zebra. It li3, emkh zw7;ig0qc )fqves in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flowpj) rg87r qss 5s;vo:j in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food i+y, (u6:ztt evf)*gelkf8 vrweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on tn4hi*9wr;7d*uo3i.lh ri ndyhe carbon compounds produced by zoon4iw.i 37yh;io*uh*9r d ldnr xanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical rejprt5fu8ty)qb 5 5: ozaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement hc / ;pmf+(ga u li7kz/qh-8*slfy) zgof carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best 9nweknc5c7 4cdescribes organisms like earthworms that inge94 n7 5cknweccst and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid ofjm278fzh: hs p numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a preda 8(m1fm 3iq ubyxs4;yetor and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that a3bl+bshb:6 j f :huzr.gd(qdhb5;3q gre true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater*/7stdmosbknz- h c3t /l1t bm6:jx: c-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel.b76c*jcdtmb :/tm1xn 3stsoz : /l-kh The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of trdhk)3s 5paz5,.d;l lro0t hcy ansformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversiob6bn m5qss 8kl)e z8-u8rr-k rn system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in +nt 6soa13n 9imsz*kx food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a p uj9lg(bri82; pcs*q6 k.u cdoyramid of biomassu8cqpudi62o g9 . (kbl;sjrc* .

  Figure: A pyramid of ennae.3dj9urr z8dtzgbs )0e8f:v za6 3ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing prod;xeep+ 7- (jjhn7ulwd uctivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine ffal/anqcowrcek-*3 ;,4m f :nood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ectwb tk941w)tyosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a food wee; 196lm 2dgjmgpuxnhcup9( ;b.

  Identify the pyramid ofbhq sj*4eyim, +lf36 hecy2 t7 numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like tf4e,i 3 h+s2hjt 6eqbym7l*y che lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thego,6 c:m ssbbir egt2 )k-xu6+ options below.What +x) g2u6okcbm-tsgbe6 rs, :iis Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe ther/uf vk8 0rda;kf6it:5lp/z+di4rwqo(ivm; use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost fromsx)cexnd 1:r5fdtbkq5t-y i 8vi24)a ecosystems.

  State the name of the process 5co ,sy;g)dtx that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydra5t,odsc ); ygxtes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to oi1 ln-hpm(u q;ther carbon sinks. ;1h -pnmiulq(
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the cq1,pmy j h0+zqgyp4/xarbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area n5 /dj30 ipte coom(q0+j;kif per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemente9sttuqvq1o11 m / gf800rmwvktf)m7s that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Seconddbhi-au2 k,;ype6eerd07z* i ary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram o-m u sg*)tky q4h-k)oyf the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through thed4km er) k /tu4neafv/i vo0(1 carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyb zv+rzjh2 7*nvhnb3.hvdw. y-k59gcstem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecqzfu a0/x/)4)y t*) kzqwuk p53zr lxsosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement thyy)*, km(b0ba2c*qms yl wu 2bat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-indvo - (0vr3 v0iywccsx4uced effect on the nitrogen cycr0 cyxi3vw -v0cs4o v(le.

  Figure: Average per capic q)g2a)ojr8v ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP qt5 nc;/ ;x8kzt5jz7siu-jlf and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioj7s58 utzi5;x c jlnkq-f;/zt neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the followingw ju twn 9xvg7sy9f2qvmq9(;- is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cbw1fghz 4m. *tsj5s iyz4l :g.apita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Onu(w- nujm,oj-p60hh h iscaw4t/nc. /+yk1t t e was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in /mj+k 0unhc, th/-h o4 w -1isy(.tjn6cu watpboth bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages 7k ;l2sbi -bmt& annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regio 2;fmvant( if oc(tp.,n 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data forp -90vv;l9ish96xl ,qp ggarr a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita; icy5mn0*ei3dzybd 1/dzx *uly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements frcd8 mcmt;38pch fa:2 jom the fp3 cahd tj2c8;8mm:fcollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical varu5u ou*(h34 nma id;4 mlg;ueuiables. List the main factors that charactm ul*iuhe4;oam53du n u4g;(uerize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforess(1 y7ybuc8+lv. ssyto-,7 suk gbiz 3t biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an kzsnm5:u p58nsd.1klecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itawj3hur r+1 hr7 ks5o)hly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in diffvl z)0sfgwgx 5i15dd4erent biomed4lix wfgz5d1 v )g0s5s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as pri4 ktq55fo:r ejgs5 n7lmary succession progresses from a pioneer comm5r:jfn5s7ge t lkq5 4ounity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the j(n5 ris8ux+u(e+d lkw5wgw* changes iws 5+k 5*wg(dunj8ew(x ir+ul n productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measure.d 1l cv hjta :s3s+y58iqw-nud using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the efoq z6hchd5hs jtd6-4 /iav1n 0fect of temperature on the rate of photosynthehch0o5jnid166dhqstv /a 4- z sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel1tqpo xw9*mje 5m. hcmg* 7-rod



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetleg,2 7z(n6dr sufx,6 :* cuk.etysvpos A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were ec6xs ds r (g7zu *2ky,v6,:osuftp.nbeetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the dat:./kqb qcgkn;pt5h. crae0 y,a, it is important to take multiple readings of 5. eqnt 0ar khqgb,cc;/.y pk:the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological+dphvzoc v1t )9kn0p- sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sam(o5uwb-d yvf44 (ie8sd rmqh5ples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in83dvsdt p yekdy2* .(uoc ,m9b two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivyfy6/bqp .hn-e for sampling motile (moving) specimens.qh .6yn yfp/b-