What is the best definition oc+naa4 )so )l lils*-for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ital,dlz k8aug(frf *d 4a6y


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 qdx;v 3xgqz f7l(g. :o jh3bs1;Factor 2;Fac(7lbgfdz1vhgos x:.jq; 33 xqtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a 5oxz(vi(( 1 xb.er p 2nnet;9azss(yhpopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciesmdhul. fv,n.:



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe:t*vg mhr+ ha/ and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother :t v*mrga+/hhgives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organidw14.xq sg /:l z1kjqnsms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupusjzs5wb(l0 ll 8dl jy9c 4ss1r1)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wildrsl(1s9 1 l lcjylsz4jw5d8 0b animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects txs 9(zb fsm4a 5 kpulf.7wmy.8he growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, makia5 t7ed xcq-s-x4p 6 l7n:t64bcwiites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animat6x-4-:cq6is 4ec pd77 5 lxnkai tabwls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins fu.z1 mnyrt3 54sa;zs in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar-rkuuju /9v 9kfo4 h(y bear and other organisms live and interact with each ot/fo9 v kku-r9j uh(u4yher in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fromx m1wt a,dm(;w ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productd0eb yepw*e r7(1dzx 0t(i+cwivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions y(dxiwp 0w* de z1bt0 r+e7(cehave been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a fooaz blbxvuz0m)4 j .0kh,fs8,sp *avcdr.1u2f d chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes j;zumxtz: k*p( c f/u3into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the productsu(cp:mj*3; zxf kuz/t.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiov)fn6:8 omuc en system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy0bc)m(9nj6ot -w mbg bxzfo/..

  List three factors that could descr 8ytqe y-rg clbc0ix1/.-tck)ibe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and F-crcgc )/etx-l8y 0kqb1.tiy actor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the ry( :avtx*ds;y 3 v*pkcate of photosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatio hh -a)1nk5vx dj;r.fz2jzw e-n system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe andfi3 x6sd9ev2w y9)o oh has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary2ioo 9 fhv6)93ydsewx animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem81andzdw;:hyf( ty2p )z cum:.

  Figure: A marine food webpk+ly2yl o / 9 lsx5s0u8tjz:t



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compouj*(wyilm wm :4nds produced jw mwy(*l4im: by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemi(sm( yrrz*r2+ov h7y) rzz /8owq*hsocal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbokaiqm l6 3xhyzlf: i d5+i+ +1p(zfq)zn in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms l js-ue:d+gli a*k,x e7ike earthworms that ing-keda 7:s* gxue,jli+ est and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyra5yjexq.1+8gp;c yv4ox wdz.y mid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatoge f rnya hm+vstp:8p/411f)x r and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlor/91ny pmp;e *1gzyqhg odiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an t0si ;jdh mc+h-anf-* aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it -fsdcj*i-nm0h+ ;ht a near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an er xlk9l5.oe-6dcl6d tju.q 9xxample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy convers6hgz.fjh be. k;g4 t5 mpmk/cgw2q6;sion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chpq; el,d( d* lfie8peksls,a ;a* rw74ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of thk6vht-q6:ve xhye ,73mu6a aqe following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomasvhua ,-:eqqyatkm667he3v6xs.

  Figure: A pyramid of e6tv *ubk4h 1tinergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represenrol 6g.8mhipu3*o y8rpfsi(7 ting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo 1f )ik-i med0ausu,/5fixq1 iqx9-ndod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil eu8hlx,r.c (wxcosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately cfnkd )*e.szs74kho7r q l*bcd ,uizq8.r0 b0 describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist ibkpw +l *)o.dpn a savannah system with parasites on a consumer lik.lp+* dwob) pke the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Wha,s ogx;)9gtd, 98 dy+m kcyehvt is Ph8e gyv9k,ty d9+m,;csd) gxohotosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that d:(lmq+d 4n o(3l suvfthz.m6gescribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost frorkrg3o n7a,cre 027- 5hm92 rqa7j:kcmpbkbam ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that coc ars7a 8yr 28s3-tkbfnverts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrat 28s 3a-k8cryt7b sarfes.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon fromep3258wbu c hqgo)i)s the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. p3)52u)8iewgqco hs b
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes ;gb;s1q ivnug4nf4 .uin the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosysai2h/l,oeo n n *vbybkp,+0z8 tem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t k+w i:j1q (bwj9iduj5*xlp dkl6.h1 ihat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be camagtg.. mx1;:p 1jgns lculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cy6ps(0 twmv5 yqcle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through9cmn5tq9 dc3z.vojj 3 the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem-zxgd hz2;(p*9avio7 hr p n)g


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyste ze +li+wc3gyhb m*3 akth+n;8m in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not tfp ;tk n8o2d 8 oj*dlgdxx-24wrue of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced ef e1ww/;/hvnddxsr. w9 fect on the nitrogen cydn hx/w.ds/;vr19eww cle.

  Figure: Average per capita 2r rf1bbs+x i,k-8cyt $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary suc pelyt 6e/wm.1,rk:.obp8za ocession progresses from a /zly:.r e,1 ok 86ptam.wboeppioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of theq o(a jqwwm39, following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per ca:y-ffe*rjb ti( b1l m/pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Eloden7q( 3sthq0y*pu63 fi3nhsc pa plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values werenyf336 cpsu 0 i7pqq3sthn *h( obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbib+5(2d x8w9q f wqqr8qwfyj(on storages & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by regim)8j rjye+5g4c dm: fa0ip:thon 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data/8yt r(4-nf v1celdvg13gauk for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 09o*urwf t3wk,dolfx,/jf:+z yp h s tv3r1 6vItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept oflo k.q3pw5gs) "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the following.oqs)k5wg p.3l
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical va./ jjp3/ xzuovriables. List the main factors that character/op.vzuj/x3 jize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descris-/syh g8c- daption of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an ecosysjpteiuq. s (j -)a,yu;tem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Iqr/qjdeqp8d ,; - k)ettaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productra zxo ucaw zdl7js13-wzp,v88d9f7;ivity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes fap;79vlz7d,z xw81 -uoz wjd3ac8 r s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progres ;+dwb 4rj r,t4qxnf7bses from a pioneer community to a climax 4tfb ;rwrd 7 q4nbx,j+community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the z/du )q2p*)2wmn yi-feme) hichanges in productivity during primary suwid2 ))pyi)zm-hu2n*/mqfee ccession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor*s- fp1ejxc)7ll k js: that can be measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempera/ ti;k2c:7e ,uahu0 tdki le(qture on the rate of photosynthesisi7e:eh uka(d2t/c;lk iq ut,0



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in -l7( 5sxh 4sz 2:yr9gusarwaiv)m : gha field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimed4mcs7.v2k v jns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were msd2 kcv7 j4vm.arked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliabilipd-9e34i yeqxty of the data, it is important to take multiple readings of 9dxe4pe-3iqythe same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in , of18crwsh0o99w,n 5n1sykpzf p0atecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow qpgq(*fp,c -c *ynzrhg96b4y Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for sb( w(d,r-h sez75fm4ixqv h3hpecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followinlw8by0 sm6zh - 65z o(ozbwhg(g sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (mgzl5os8zo 6hz(0 w6-(bmwy hboving) specimens.