What is the best definition for a speci int zh4 n4rw9-*dqkx;f:p r ks/8gb/wes?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy i7b6 ,nexmii,


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specn1d l*m sd+(fnies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factod(l sn*+n1d fmr 3?

  Figure: Growth curve os.d5eq)z y(,r t jnl2af a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a liy)bx1/in b0zqm 8l1Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has 7l0k 7a nnfiw:l+2 rye (kfd9ustripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze kln770:iduf(9 wrynf 2alk +e on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the g :h.kvn(ch6h j.uhc9zroups of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amerbu 2nma.n y 4ay)cu2f0ica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals nb.0an)2y4ca fu 2yum such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over time3s8hk0i up: bv.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains tiw*eci:/:f p(ox5 umof dead plants and animal: 5o i:tuwi* /mx(efpcs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxify i vf6y13ja0ns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other org.x )y*xnb0fqwm8(+ p 4mibjh panisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctiy h*+n)j0bp.( mp8wfix4bmqx c Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energ9 eb52 ,sspdhnow jd,-y is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tao9;(t 0wybp fvll trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical p0b vof;yt(9w environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain+ o7k0z(q 4zq: /sxrhoqw3i xg.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into theirk2z t)i h+ a78q8ndjtq surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as deaaq+tikt8hz n7)8 j2 dqd and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system el73 g9ivj oh6( tftj*


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy;j 0 k4r*wkjc u;bf3 1ehq5bbw.

  List three factors that mfr /o oel,jflhq9 ,1+could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor fm /1qo e9rjo,,hl+lf3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of phsaqach6: k (2y n8mbq yy-0h8hotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatmrh t;re78q/e:gvh5i ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe an 7fwcd ;- t55rvqunq(hd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six monthscuhw55q-(7vfdn qr t ;. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecnb5db 7;s-pf mt description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w 4)g.vj .r2mhyrshyc .eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the :cr ofc:*q 0tncarbon compounds pr cq0cot*:rn:foduced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reacjh g7 3myumg34, 4bmp+ckwu/htion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of op 3bxxl7vrd6f1nb v,-jx( 7y the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following zd/2e ojgo9ihn7-:q gterms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-lqg 2i 9o-:enzdjh7og/iving organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid dt ;,y tj:u2uy)(uqe lof numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population d rjmu:2 okj. o*/n)kiaensities of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichly5jw 5 8ypci,vfp;x0lorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a co vef49uh+pf)(k ewsk*mmercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following sta) kw(s9*fpe uvkhe4 f+tements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of theql mcnc 2 id.;*ko7f7nr(s*vk following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural enp8yjn2 , i krq*fj flj0p8go:6ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chg+9*j9tfaa f 8vk.l:ryv ,wzvvg4*rh ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following sg4 6mj. 58rey8 x,hwyq/anu5. fbjlhrtatements is false when discussing a pyramid of biol84n r5y /q e jab.8j6wru5.mgy fhx,hmass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene xpms9n2-y3g: o-,wg.m z pfuergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ec-ln43 i .te:) tf fitx,+jpc (cwnrbq/osystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food m)t6q)oq; bxh6t)d lvweb


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a so) ;vk, sjsl1dmil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurn lwi:n1gbr ta*vrz zr ;:;+h-ately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of ut-g . gdiq14d9fsw+ unumbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lionsd ug.sgt4-+w19df iuq

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiratzjfi*95iq c 8qion correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respcf59q j iz8qi*iration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as w.8pw8e*a rvo 10dj ixan insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enn1s kdl8il q98ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the proc ifn 9qnub-vj sse;l o:xka3v,*(p q-:ess that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohy:ons ne(;avfxjs3 u: vkl,b-qp i*q9- drates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the an7 ck:v-pi48yh a lmk x7m-1hvtmosphere to other carbon sinks.a7-:p84 17 clhnxvmh mvkyki-
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the ljjgxr2av 4 /i,ongest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yeai; nx dtxw 0v ay8w(r7lxo4+1nr


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that aresgs )-n)yv bx),dj,judtr+1 x9mp 7 qh true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) *c3fk (.tauzt savp, (can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cyp/ sa9zeth 9w/cle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the cxyu e *a2nk l90b5sk,xarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in ,p6sl 8h ,jkhoan ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in acrwy /7xuy qnb, +o;/q terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacter 6bg:9;ug p 8ecyeibu.ia.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on thzbc +vhfgx m20 kac)31ernp)z +3em9fe nitrogen cyclem )h z fe3z3rmk++fxp 9g0ve)nbc c2a1.

  Figure: Average per cq: fh4lkm7 huyrn m96j)h.- (k5i tgtpapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary sucemxw8-u ev (qsc8+y 6ccession progresses from a pioneer communq8 w u-m+8(cx6 ysceevity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatio)ex(sx s+nk;nx7b( +s3 n paugn.

  Figure: Average per capita rdhic:.,ytlp);tk (-rvk n.e $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carzb5z *zoy: mg2/x gq5cried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in 5z2bzco:g5xqg/* zmy darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storau ,z az:-a)6mt kb6s)oty c:kvges & annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2020 +t6mjmd7 p:qiww nz7:


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomek.- zhu5iv (nh

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome mgo8t8ll.73fx6.t8y) zffyy ub hjm 3, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the conceptop 64i7if ug.o of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the follo7ouo 4ig6fip .wing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other p:hp8 t:z 5g d08vwuxvr9yd4gcd )az+ehysical variables. List the main factors that characteri+ :9d dv 0 ayvc u85edgxhwzg8)4:tzrpze the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description ofis3 qr 2(bsku *ql:(xp the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement 5 3wd;.y37gsfm3v is dbs)everelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, It+ nm.; 2d/lvhelai7bdx q* 1ibaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in difpd 3)hgi n1 s.e+j)vzeferent biomes i)d vzpshe+. g31e)nj


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primawb3 bvjdbd946 ry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communjwb4 b6d9v 3dbity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statemeh l61oe ;n-t9qd o 3(qjhq fly/6ze*bunts is not correct in describing the changes in pryqho 9d(qe/6 u;zho 6j-l3efnl b1t*qoductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usingdyo+ m ee,y/) xm.8oxg a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of phot:w wlabg)t2a0m ibyy +sv,56k6b8qqkosynthesis :qm8qab+gwk,kawy il 2 5b 6yvb6)0ts



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a bp4k7smy:2a1nsi twp2*qti; field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps,*uc y5p8 ilx1q xd0wq to capture specimens of beetle A. On d,05xcy qlu xpwi8*1 qthe first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take-v6/gcq fxar4d6y e q. g9rr6z multiple readine.zg4q vy6- g9d/6rfr6 qaxcrgs of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampliz6 56vw0, eka cq;q tceib7(jfng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data forvwww mm:y/57 jcdq 3s8 two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data ft0, mxb0au;(utuf rr+bmw.y .or species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following z-uli4 d7gxi, sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motilui, g4di-7lzx e (moving) specimens.