1. Which of the following are roles of s4v hi 6rjf5y991cfwggtem cells in living organisms?
I. Growth of new organs.
II. Replacement of damaged cells.
III. Production of cells which could differentiate.
IV. Produce new stem cells by mitosis.

  2. Which of the following correctly describe the differentiated xy o2fv jdu :t-+/q;grcells in an individual plant such as ty2f-j qutdvx ;og:/r+ he golden barrel cactusbarrel (Echinocactus grusonii) shown in the image?

  3. What are essential properties of s6cmgqy*:lu cn:0:ks s tem cells?

  4. What is the cause of stem cells d/0* ii rf+kqftifferentiating along different pathways to produce a var*i/ rq+fitf 0kiety of differentiated cells?

a. Use the graph to estimate the volu,vc,(sii kxo 1rx feo+ sy9o5v qz6/f)me of a liver cell.

b. The image is of cardiac muscle. f2so. x,4;:zsj en*dt6sue fl

Cardiac muscle cells have a mean length of 100 µm and an estimated volume of 8000 µm3.
Explain why the cell length and volume ratios are not constant for all cell types.

c. Suggest one reason why a human ovum n99o uu3q9ltw;ivrnse 0o77 apua* r2 has specialized to have a large volume.

d. Estimate the mean length of a cell with a volume of 1000 µm3 using the tren0hkb9f r zz4 on ;9qi/qa),zwpd line on th)4pq, 9/0i okz a nwqzrfzh;b9e graph.

e. The horizontal error : tf5 gh9 9qlutrdx1j(bars represent standard deviation. Suggest what the standgtdxj1: hrfq 9l5(ut9ard deviation signifies.

f. Simplified models are commonly used to investigate scientific phenomena.bt6h kz.(go3 4iyj6vkwdcop4fq; : x7
Outline the limitations in the use of a sphere to model surface area to volume ratio in cells.

6. Using examples from human tissues, dvlvt-uqy4m3 .hv*2u t istinguish between pluripotent, totipotent and multipot2ty l v*4tvmuhv-u.q3ent stem cells.

7. Explain the role of stem cells in a multicellulare6v * z/+7jqmk 8,o1alyqjsp c organism.

(a) Explain why a large surface area g:fg ,dfvr1,t to volume ratio can increase cell efficiency.,g1dffg :tv,r

(b) Describe, using two specific examples,takz 5srv9y7 os(xpcr)k6v9 , how cell adaptation can increase surface area to volume ratio in a speciali stc px,99kz7kv(y 65)r ovsrased cell.

(c) Many tissues found in plants are compound tissues, such as phloem tissuby g;b ej7p/ lp,.:qkciad)mx97 sv6uw a41yfe shown in the image. Phloem tissue transports organic nutrients from their site of production (often, the lea 6/du 7g a 1.4 lsymcjq)pp ;w,b:x7iyvfabke9f) to sites of storage or metabolism (often flowers or roots)

Compound tissues consist of several different cell types, simple tissues of only one cell type.
Outline why many tissues in multicellular organisms have more than one cell type in the tissue