Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table q.(3we4sbpp;usn3bj or Aw s3un3 (qp.bpjb4se ;ppendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploit,ev;oxl5p( wus+;o lmed to make a thermometer.xo pe5;vsw lm+,ul (o;

Which is larger, 1 C;obt qzv r9g 6 -jmatze+xd v:16)u2ct $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equi21m-*doyux ;; g7hlo vebmxj 5librium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B,mxmy5 goh1 ;*edlb-j o2x7v;u and C?

A flat bimetallic strip cvs r0bfr8vpll-b).fdl1b k9 ;onsists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outsidelspv9vdflr8 br0 f-)l .1b;bk of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient 5)rr+bu i0me q5 jfsb7of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a sjbpzjouc4aa+-.y wsx/ 0d/+e imple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at differente0sxcpbjy+4ja ao/d -+.u wz/ temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have ih1wgvdgb. d 7.hg/1hj6mr a1 a section in the shape of a U. gg1wv 7.6ghhdajbi 1 1r/dm.hWhy?

A flat, uniform cylinder of leadr 49xvguhs50 d floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub 8ifkx:*p.5xmzuye p 4 of water, pzpm.4 exxfi*k 8uy: 5the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break iq9b (9jikwe s9 5-vv1a,h)ze)l)h g tydh oag;f one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacenttwh;zeh1agvo ebijgkd -h))59 l9aqy)v s, 9( parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glassy-nf4 arw-3bs is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller nr-s34byfa- wthan that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuratey4 3gjdqjs 81h hb(fv9 at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and t; gx6 bwzs.3thunqr5n0o ua2(op to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happened5qrau0nt n.3( bohg;xw u6s2z?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing )r;6k, ,3 k7 obqnwbg sm;zsurdown a piston), its temperature increases. When a 7g m ;bkkwz)63b,uos;,r nqsrgas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increa ecq ,l;aermrtn0hlq;9p 5 z13*l7sj ase or decrease if the temperature is increased from5ap; mqaq,hl sel3r9*7t1jlce ; 0nzr 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory an2nbexaxo )y+a awm .*9d the relation between averagn) 2xmow.a9y +*eaxabe kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law fv4ybbuq-)osv6f /9+ lwb: 9 q1dc qdnaollows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio o s /2f vxu/s9ch/* fcu nu3/jrsurt7u0f $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers (q 3dyks26 yyedea0mk-k,l7wk0z or0to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain eds k 7(0ly,ey0zqkky2m0r 3do-k 6w awhy the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicxea-q v mi;/ dbyoe6hg.3h.*l kly than water at room temperature. What can you infer abo*x-m l;vye./h 3d g6.hoabeiqut the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomforta :d+*o0chg-hnwxb5 j4i rz*ehble than a hot dry day at the same temperature. x*+i w4bnh0*h5g:zr- dceohj

Is it possible to boil wata2abq8 jd,y+ ter at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is -e 3cu4jpx6h6vfk4pugfk 6 5jthe same but the humidity is different. Which 6g 4jvpf5k43k -6euupcx6jfh is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheatedqpiq*u 7jsq;:v q./+yt kkm-z5crv 4b automobile engine vk b47.;qimcq+v5r:k qj/qyp*utsz- .

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in t o-w9kerghh 8h.8tey j5aj5,0xt gw7ghe winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3. kw7mknqn2qp l93/cp.2 6zhe h4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the*gpd;esdf0kvr( 8 l z v-6;yao number in a silver ring of the same mass?6 *vkd ;lef8 y dpo;ga(rz0sv-$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is 27cvrl-hq6 4 w:hrk*j vapu8aoften taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?w 8*- rk7ahc pvv qh:aj4u2rl6   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowty0o bqemc;a p.f( ;/ ril,sg9est temperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.sk(5ly ex6kab6 ja4c :82 cm at 0. 5 ek(:y bac6j46asxlk0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built oej. ;ur j7z0r :p0tx7f2 glzlbf slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughti9gr0 mug .7zt iron approximately 300 m tall. Esti90rig7tmz gu .mate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hbzwte.-e3 - vhole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter zhet. v3ebw-- at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of waterif0nc*jj ot,, at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume i7/4pof r ko s bj,* csdb97lc-p.to*jbf it is heat 9so/*k74j , .-t7flcdbppojsbocrb*ed from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL og khx 6,1 rjc:g2,rqxjf water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water ag e*e6u/o0 b8 8c9qb/crtqfxgt 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring mw4tm4b/i m9j h0pn4lsade of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow veajtc0p e4k o6aw 1pa81bfj 9io* bb*)qssel so it can expand in essentially one directionj4)1k b j*beafwpo c*1b i9q8ta6p0ao only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change zox(.jn4m jgvxle0m 3 s-sb lpr: d52:in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear e zk.0apt(3k r 3+ m81r7c fy-jlohdaepxpansion.0r(fzo rmdak1 -e+ yp ptcah j3l73k8 $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic solidxq *2v bv1jud-, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and*3jdytg* m d6ge/rs:n keeps perfect time at 1s3re :gytd /mjg*6nd*7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercurgp; lg u aus*d/lv6:/hy thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulbdl/g6ag/s*h;: upv ul has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylinddp gnx(rc*8q,gy6q)c x /w)dmqwv8 6xrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless m p6qd)xc 6g wdv8y qxnw,8/)cqx(g* rbearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired lengt+dv(hej 5 a/kbh when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it a+5kbv/ah( jd et this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam ol+nf)g heif p 5ke68vexvv*,;k y:a+yf cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter. 4p4g)fandq-pj .rwbvpz,;u 134.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on therb u:v-+6 eogn Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on t4( ;/* ofjo akamv2nmif9o udq)h p2g)he Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interi hd.ejgjqrwp* :wx*)8 or of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric 2b71itfp tg (5m uug(bpressure and a temperature o(gp7utu 2t gb5(bif1 mf about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STlwmap0abi9 /- P using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrog 5b 3frabna7m)en ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains y 2rxtt..2j3 ungb/rf 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at;t-m,w;d n98dt+mh e6uepk wxa, x1bjfq5 q n1 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of amckt1yn(9n l*rgon gas at 385 K?(9nlk1m n*tcy   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 )w sm yu8+yq8cwb :ljoq9f:: nkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achi,hgsnm*j 6v9u eves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes ,6*ujnmgv9hsit less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15 2d )ual-h5ghofs1p 8 b$^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.5c w r)swxf*b,0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapgarhu*cd8nelb(j31b ,gib) 1es a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecux;z.+/) ezhhwwab w6tles / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in5b,-/ppn6 x/gg e95v ekd 36 xw6zr1vzlqzjlb 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (ho, s/8 rppzi8a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume n0/tr,i;dqi5f /4osc dtbi7j 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ar, wdwn4p:g h)hu:.etfe in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant w .t e:h:)n4uhw,dfg pdensity.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translationalpxo l sk3our9e. yi adeo:;4we(u5c(6 kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?96;el5 oo:rs (.xp(kw ac4u 3eeo diuy    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surfi bh,c/eugk4x41o o.se)xrh, ace of the Sun at a temperature of about 604h ob 4ei, /cr)hg usxeox.k,100 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas mole fxmy,k81 hja(pv.5*rz1vz duq6r+j ecules increase if the temperature is increased fru1 ,z+ f6zvqjreay1dkrh 8m(.jv5*pxom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havets r 0ja1 2,hlommhs6y9)g.y p the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, gah, )s0p. l jos1h69y2mryt m3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at *5dl c0 o8.pqtshl u(9 :rwuuzu 1l2tn20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held bi 2jco +h9fpzqv2,.jse8z) .1p yvwdconstant, by what factor doesvbf9scq1j.eho wpv 2 .pdyi8+z2)z,j $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is given byvknf+ cki+ g5/ $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same taorw)j4q,8zx7 , iudv,hmgj; emperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their mole;,omwuvhidja q , 4x,7r 8z)jgcular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained ipew *8l0gl.oe *qjw nbj25 ns.n an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms spyfy*tysb 6*2 meed of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average dista wdv-+i:arkbja8yqrzq8 : 7-c/ v to.pnce between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 8dw fn,ox.wj ;i2z4 yc/wp-h6l9 u in a livinwzx pn6 icwl4,- /.oh2;d jfywg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written v;mvrk bsn:v1:f3dap o)7b95jf ud/ j P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranid +s9+r a nln4u1 smvmne8/l3zum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in whv2a3u ;d2i4 rik icw +*cg6onbat phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm x/fonsvu y; o:t.n7k, and the temperature is (a) 90 y:o.fn,/xn ks;v7uo t$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humin(ile gl ,ik;-dity is 50% on a day when the temperatl;n,liik-g (e ure is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressh3 e yz kgn(v)nn2eqo*h4r/67vpdcq+ure at a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place lz9 bjih,ma- ws q.2:jin the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whib zwj:s mqaj h,.9l-2ich water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day whene) pb-q283pnaj -sdyv the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and tea)jypq --3pvsb n28dhe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressurcx y1smae7/k,dbu:7ao 2p- fz e of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiuoipqv1.c* 2s 9duf6gling at u oids* 19fcpugv62.qa temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of cip a0.g*gzzfeia5v44:ku;w i., l ucvolume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dcgoor f -cn1 1+y(ddfnfp8+* 4iqpqg;ew point of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see h7(yqufukgah zg0yj6higit/ -y *2.4 Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of g2 4gg7h*qui.yy-h6(0/ua z jhf kyti15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior throu azabqnd5 1ly8 /pi34ugh tiny tubes called tracheaeu8ala /q p1by35zndi 4. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape m3 ;u.ldt qpfgpv//*rzeasure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calib6pxy)cnyp moa:jc 2 7)rated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How:ghimeb73wo1b 5 :kfmsp.s q, much error will be made in a recipe calw k gmeh 5f:qb.:sbp,o1msi37ling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylindnc hv :ab))k9yer is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown uv nybkhac9:) )p, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of /,wpor,mrc.):f 3nnmv vgtwt 63y)kd air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature tm)3m w)vfvor/ ,pn6w. rcdt y3kng,:is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of ms f7fu02zelq*vm zq. 4atter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usin1osn qz0qy+3e g the best available vacuum techniques is aboutonye1s03q+ zq $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capalo; (/q whxiq;city of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quicklq/(loi wh;x; qy rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s at9gsyy3hs .:t65wle luuu.*qe mosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Beca s uge39yh: .qe*ulwt.6l5yus use of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasdkw(69xvzu s x;5 r+j2mt/v jted from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7sic 5wp,7er,lmm. lk:r +7 e4evnp).eg3zx ky70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the su8ebgzx7v( b2 ww/ y+fi:c: wjurface of the Earth, estimate t+ ywve(wx w:zj7cb/f g 28b:uihe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a sv lfx770 vwt)7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 poq-ag3xghx+ 47;m1kim lax+ vuo;tc;hw* tk 2si (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at at;;khm*m2vxw q laa to3+14tg-c7xhxok+;gu i mospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at5 ;0e9rtcxlh()e)t tdo)quk3p j.r zo 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline aj o*8h(kqtk .zt 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s ei,;j abwz6l.mquator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl9u 9cul5ljbs ;ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the jdyd,;v,:ytga qk )e ;18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pres eny;fbz,wax;t h.:*ssure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from thsjb m/7vf)0u9m nfzf;.uhuh9 e Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gh i;7 cts0s 3b.7eqdkwravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per s7 0hkt ibqcd7ews.;3second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air frogm t s ap*,18vdq+,abtm a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume tha8, b*q v,s1p t+gmadte temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor snc; b:9a4f+(yrmm ilb0rj6 bpressure in the air on the following two days: blcmi;m0f 4bbj(yn9+r: as6 r
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iron at STP, and when im9p rtstf;1x;x tmo(;t is a solid deep in the Earth where tpx(t9r;mx; m1otfs; t he temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to l907x)uu7xtm. yeh4f h y2yvs show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion 9te.y40v h lxu)um72y sx7hyf is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their celrq6 mwxtrd- ;dtt+(bh t7uq )*lars to prevent rot and mildew. If the c6dwd(;)bxqm7+ rrt*uh- qtt tellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg