Which has more atoms:qb) b0kvf (rs/ 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap(qkb/bs vf) r0pendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to make a thvk- sjgso0c ufpeu88 17 o4xt6ermometer.7ckos 4j8oep1sguutv-8 f 6 x0

Which is larger, 1 C lz rguor3k)oc spt rhc+z-f92h7f93)) y2wci$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermeog fk /poktb4 -; 7s0l(ire,qal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, wh-o /bg0tk epl eqs k(r4o,;fi7at can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron.v hifca01lx vy.6i(j+ When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] W+iyjl vfac(6vxi0h 1 .hy?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeff* jmt53au+3ra ulgg9 zr-vd) c y.rm*oicient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of8 v5.9c7q rksb..qdkz c t6jjn a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can bbrv 8tzq.k9dc.7j.s65c jnq ke set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed iw 5d*gn- nr 5*kbn;jfat the ends often have a section in the shape of a U.**5 gbkfn wr-nidj;n 5 Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats h y)bwy .ck(o5in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-gla / 1g5ll/t.lfi osal0mss thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. El/ 0o/.s5ll l aftg1imxplain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heate4vbmp. psqc(s*yt :k4 bs(iy5d or cooled more rapidly thant psy:s 5m4bv.p(kq(*4c bs yi adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glasfyb*;i svgb7d81bnzba7.z w 5s is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Py15 nbgzi7wbyba7 .fd ;*bs8z vrex.

Will a grandfather clocjmso 3aa4u9g b +e/4wik, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badlr+48r y7v:olg+ lcko3n 9ey jmy the can will no3+mo 7jcn:9olrl +yrkevg84 yt stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperat t)kf()p3o hhdir d/8fure increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happen oif)hrt d)(/ dfk3hp8s to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water (pnor5vw.t-;no jd 1z yjq*c 5increase or decreaseon qd5 p(.1jnc-jvw5;zo* rty if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law fol03-0lyy8e g jdq2w7 ibtmw m0llows from kinetic theory and the relation between average k 7w mdg-iw8m 00yqlyj03etb2linetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s la q 4gd7m+ovjop f86,tmw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratixhpf;d mb/4n 9o of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the/ ldtwiegwgmqr)m oev)4l0nx-7 b 4p1( d+o b5 Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the7xeog i4bv)0d1 b)w-+ te54l / (wonqmplgr md Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. nj:ypey l *;-bWhat can you infer about th p*j ybe-;:lyne molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot n (7v 04uqumor ex+nf(dry day at the same temperatuornevqn ( umf0(7x+4ure.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 s+,2qaqcu9 2zxgty,oa ws e49 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the i gicu:ftk+dqan0w18 0* s5vyair temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is morw vafy+1n kgqti* udic0 850s:e dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangero8ly;(vaes x5)en n 6usus to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile enginenua8xsey5l n) ( ev;6s.

Why does exhaled air appear as a litt nen:(if (h*l5 5zh)cbpc ;mvele white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there is d eyxb5(15 ;qgcya0vn a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold rbbp-3i.8sa,z dh* gryed0 s o3ing compare to the number in a silver ring ofi*sd-3a by3h 0oe.b,prds g8z the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68xu9 o5s sgfhiy(,nn8qvbo/9p9nq .o6°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?99n5 hqu8sq,9 xi6/ nybpo( o.vfogsn   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded arefc0t 6j :u5ykr 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol cyf/:uu(vgf f fa) ( ;wa3vnk5iolumn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0:n/fy3fv uk(u i( )fa g;a5vwf $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2w 3qq ssmdy 5v8xf(n/ba4 7bw.0 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ap/l v+zo 6a*+.6azqfmu c v-milproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C)+z.i /cou-vlm6 qzavf+l* am6 and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the ri roju)s0sve4 d*r8zv 9 jd54c)5 ckylavet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.87 su8cj59zvd lo *) yav0srer)kc445j d1 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at rml2kc+7xr2fk6o7o k 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. Whaep)azvou 93q p(9dbv-t will be its change in volume if it is heated fr p (ed zvq9uapo)b3v-9om 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 35dn4v y:j gd6a8h*jxa.0.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 554wnqjpf8d/7uba2 /r a.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring s g3dp78bbrb0cue0z .made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel krxu j jpei*4/bym3(xvqm 1r08yi;k) so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient3r yjkv/im4e;8pk xb01xr iymu)qj*( of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in th3rbrwa2k1b.s8ali8 9 y ) wlupe density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficienm*p6gm. rvzb* uz rl2(t of linear expansiong6zmzp.* ( umrlbr 2v* $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotroy swx,t l,q k36gz,n)kpic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made o: a9 hj)rh 4xhfy (.(jqy:lxpof brass and keeps perfect time at 17 h. h(ahlrxq y9(xj)o 4p :fj:y$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inskp(+m2r8 tdpp )zu zl0ide diameter of 0.140 mm. The buru)mdzl8zpp +p k2 0t(lb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 msd.s(v6jh*3 lj wvwuh,2tg l8 is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angu*(t8lg w3,hdsshv2. vj lu6jwlar velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress ;0i y7ad-p2*w f xw)ugqsbm1j is required to keep it b giqu2p; j)m7xdy1 *f0-waswat this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-.o:xu-e*g0n p jogxx /beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.1nwzb,b6x ;:dr22 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the followinguko t,tx375a 9zxm sv; temperatures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrel31**z bjlob3n r;xav nheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and u*u/+zq;msz, 5c/s.b n tge6bowwo k3Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospa o8eocr2v*tqd7r .ew(see7 )heric pressure and a temperature of about 2o(ar8)de *72rsveco eqt7 .we0$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the ideal gasnpj (y)fckk;4 law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrok: 7db.-pavcq gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18htmvyf * 6b,7j whl3.d.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuwk/ kr532pugdz9 ti3 e0nm9ptm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside i2u4 upww/zvg ,m7h3e a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 337 ,humpw g4ziev /uw285 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o m**s8pad cjak b1yg(z k6wy,f.u .jh,f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside hpuxjfn. 48cgb8l0uc2;oy8f n*ajr . the balloon, which makes it less dense th jh; c8ffu.n4 20ya8.n*8bpuxl c jrgoan the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with t:9pv, pnt58doprn 0d4oo 7j )tg xe4pair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at :; z 92zq-p wicu1*o xkhtf1fj0iq3c w18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s 8:ymwn :orls 3hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of moleculefp8/p dy5;zqns / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L?jna--el h6g v1 How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mole0opgb72d kfah: f- k1us,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumeifea ;zg i v28rz*qa en+r*(1ov2qyq( 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each ch p9hz(wq -b52.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hi(hcq-p9zwh5 b nt: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average transle( 7hbq73wntv/.0hxu fbx/ mvational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STwu xbf3/h 7t(evh.qmbx70 n/ vP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of heliz;b tus7 eef4p 7xyqn,jum 1uv :t0.6uum atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.e0z7x:n j .uqt 6utv ,;pym7ufu41seb    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increaseq;6yv 3igd)ad if the temperature is increased from 0 g )vayd3; di6q$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of0* c:n0 kaqa,4dkbukzfa:x1g km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spudkfxa1n,::gak* b q04ac0kzeed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecule9 4qsnkai:,bw pkb; 4gs in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas i yl-cb.zcdm(4s doubled while its volume is held constant, by what factor dby ccl.(md 4z-oes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spee6 l9hq bfx:-rrkne+; zd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature,nk0baok ;lh:. the ratio of their r lbok0akh.:;n ms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrgh**mci- t,mq q xi08togen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxyg5b xfcn0ly nv5d,:- aqen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance bet, *gj gy5:j,bir wo pwt70iq4dween nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acyaqp1 9ym4n1gte ,b l6id whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living ceqy 1 y9gp 1lmne4bta,6ll at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can zbc/3 h)qujc9hcj /a *be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uraniu7wk6t3v*a xb*fv-f b bm, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prev+c c5* dq8hhw6n+jv bssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temp8xug:c- qnsp)erature is (a)q8: sg)pncux- 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximatf r8n4- 16 gyg1 gylrxmdy2p+dely) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperatur1+mrgl d d2g1f6yng4xry- py8 e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a gb /pnzuw0ogh 3. 63d,:puibb kk8o2yplace where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atmjz ha16y 1c9g)xbe9s d, estimate the tempe 69 1gjy1zcs9hxdae )brature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of watj 6*jr,x-4otx lsje6 n/k (*wub-lxoj er is 530 Pa and j*j-luxw/6nej tobl6r 4(*, soj-kx xthe relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial fiom3:++ul gj u.ce;4behq vsmcu854pressure of water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure insist q rfm:,vj+*de a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temtr:,+qjv* fs mperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volw0qy hw-fx7d ,qk rl)+ioj84bume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew po7xzz ,d cpbdhuzzxfzb0; )6t))u*jb)int of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 1 (/ hd/m7fzglh3–4) to diffuse a distance 7g m fdh/zhl/(of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from th km qzh((6xo en.vl.4ne surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea nqkx. 46o .z(lm nvh(eis about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bee ;-md o)ukd5fzn calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bepo2d1bo/jihg:wjn 5 o 9vp r67en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cupqcs 0qad d0-u py0g cnus3-e7; was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and ugcdqn-0p0e0 a ; y3 ss7q-udcthe cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially cb*-kly sq 5q;28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylindcq qy5l *ks-;ber?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of1snq*i:-:vumycxk:+t4j)s lth l) ia length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume tm: chj *tl)k ai4i1 -v:s yxu:l)tsnq+he temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat;2kfqwnw +.o ih :yx(pter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using d m0.2lxu ,dguzo8 cn,,edw mmo. 4y:mthe best available vacuum techniques is aboul mmyo ocd,dmd 0m,gun :2.x ,zw.8eu4t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capa 2uk6q zlx+e9.jpc/box7 a( jmcity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quix+c7( pbklej /.a2zjo muq69xckly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon e+s *gakgbfmo)g:.j 4 7i/ivk snters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose/ sgfk.ajiim)o*+: gsk47bgv of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of a4 fu pyw3hpm k6-mb*a(n ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume ofw(8e rgb.kp4- ;kx-nyq -biq2 tkrre1 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at tf:bygcw / r39:pjc. a*lpflz:l5 ozj.he surface of the Earth, estimate the total number oz /p.3l.zcf 9oa:j:*gl:fplr5b ywcj f air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed+sq6k/ae yc+4ez)v hc of nitrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge prjwnpdwa: b6u4id1j j6 1.6aib t89 qqaessure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressu6aqbdu6ja1 itb w.:wa1p j9i64nj8 dqre, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of 3 i1/ qed/weapliquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoll +tlz v(:bw:jine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earyg 9ukxr+g i*7b3mm thos/)p2th’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly e5hox7 dsdu5:1 o*l 8xo xy3gqonto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in ; ml/m9po b f,o e/,q.i-ltvujthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fulpakt ;p5* 6a rrpkw)ijxx0)e9ly charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth ic w3.hhazv.px) t,(ops $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis balls tb;) :dutr:hrihrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per secor b:d;hi:urt )nd must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bu+ae.(jva422g aht ijybble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake+jyej( 2vgh .4iaaat 2. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the xuu;(s3p71olydxteb / 3yg 7 lair on the following two days: e(17 /7tx dg3buo3lxyl p;usy
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the dvn2qymy5123qz5 ajylensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solidla3v q y5yz2 2y1jn5mq deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to sho:ptia*e7zw oui u ,q1)w that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is*1i:oq u7u,)w tipa ze equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cella;x,qp m8h:4 2a,lv: s dhmtjaurs to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at ahu 2xsj:,hl 4 mmp,:8q;tdva20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg