What do different isotopes of a given element have in common? How are they drcpdnq )k;:g-c ,3hcgiffer ;ccrqdph gn,3k-:)cgent?

What are the elements represented by the Xkq gtro2zl: i1t 2x/k4 in the following: (a) $_{2}^{4}\text{He} + \text{X} \to _{7}^{14}\text{N}$ (b) $_{8}^{18}\text{X}$ (c) $_{92}^{238}\text{U} \to _{90}^{234}\text{Th} + \text{X}$ (d) $_{82}^{206}\text{X}$ (e) $_{82}^{207}\text{X}$

How many protons and d26c eai1hw7a8km1qe 1knnru 5z 1pg,how many neutrons do each of the isotopes in Question 2 have?qg pud h1ke6m a7,inar5e1cwk211zn 8

Identify the element that has 88 nucleons and c) h14idm6bik8uuvp( ue2 +wn50 neutrons.

Why are the atomic masses of many elements (see the periodic table) not close zbsn 8sxw4 j/0 qe-ren8p, ak1to whole z/bn80e8kj- ,s xanp1qr4ws e numbers?

How do we know there is such a thing as the spl30pq. udkpp z+k.r; trong nuclear force?

What are the similarities and the differences between the strong nuclear foa1jf4vncq*/ xrce and the xn4/ fc1ja q*velectric force?

What is the experimental evidence in favor of radio)a z jt(/)zno7hgmj o 73mu0bgactivity being a nuclear proceo)ma /7zg (gz)bntj07o mj 3uhss?

The isotope $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ is unusual in that it can decay by $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\alpha$ emission. What is the resulting nuclide for each case?

A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to a nucleus containing how many neutrons?

Describe, in as many ways as you can, the difference 6xipf+)m6 ly +fxdyfsqn0 g60between $\alpha$, $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\gamma$ rays.

What element is formed by ( 4 f)dm vvqhfi9lam0,d-rp.xthe radioactive decay of (a) $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}\ (\beta^+)$ (c) $_{84}^{210}\text{Po}\ (\alpha)$? [Hint: See Appendix B.]

What element is formed by the decay8*f qxdp-ck66 +ibjmpaq9 -bq of (a) $_{15}^{32}\text{P}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{16}^{35}\text{S}\ (\beta^-)$ (c) $_{83}^{210}\text{Bi}\ (\alpha)$?

Fill in the missing particle or nucleus: 39r t+j *aexmivm bu/0
(a) $_{20}^{42}\text{Ca} \to _{19}^{42}\text{K} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(b) $_{29}^{58}\text{Cu} \to _{28}^{58}\text{Ni} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(c) $_{23}^{46}\text{V} \to _{24}^{46}\text{Cr} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$
(d) $_{94}^{238}\text{Pu} \to _{92}^{234}\text{U} + \alpha$
(e) $_{93}^{239}\text{Np} \to _{94}^{239}\text{Pu} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$

Immediately after a :,p*:vcyrwr -d91 4eolugkop $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to $_{90}^{234}\text{Th} + _{2}^{4}\text{He}$, the daughter thorium nucleus still has 92 electrons circling it. Since thorium normally holds only 90 electrons, what do you suppose happens to the two extra ones?

When a nucleus undergoe (zhx ov16-rmjo0ey+rw ut1s ;s either $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

The alpha particles from a given alphas,s(l dfyrdi-r6x,s wo/v5yyti3k 9. -emitting nuclide are generally monoenergetic; that is, they all have the same kinetic energy. But the beta particles from w/. yrkv-5sy o 3, lfdisr sxd6t9iy(,a beta-emitting nuclide have a spectrum of energies. Explain the difference between these two cases.

Do isotopes that undergo electr dlw/ 9vpkt:v-on capture generally lie above or below the line of stab9dv :p- vtklw/ility in (Fig. Below)?

Can hydrogen or deuterium f1+vukl xf7;t0 p 8gibemit an $\alpha$ particle? Explain.

Why are many artificially produced radioactive isotopes rare in nature7vs-pa:bu: b m?

An isotope has a half-life of one month. After two months, will a givib9d(m5q+d/b -ryvbafr-+j 2t gje. pen sample of this j ( /mr5 - 9 rbdp.+bgaqi+yvde-j2tbfisotope have completely decayed? If not, how much remains?

Why are none of the elemst7y:qqa6( ,zm w d, s;t.wcmz9vs:s tents with $Z>92$ stable?

A proton strikes a $_{3}^{6}\text{Li}$ nucleus. As a result, an $\alpha$ particle and another particle are released. What is the other particle?

Can $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ dating be used to measure the age of stone walls and tablets of ancient civilizations? Explain.

In both internal conver 5q sj7j i/n- u7j-h )(fwyi6zs7dihmmsion and $\beta^-$ decay, an electron is emitted. How could you determine which decay process occurred?

  A pi meson has a mass ofvbhs8vxz5xuw0 4 (6dn $139\ \text{MeV}/c^2$. What is this in atomic mass units? m =    u

  What is the approximate radius of an alpha papl090lj)koh k rticle $(_{2}^{4}\text{He})$?r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

  What is the rest mass of a bare+ 6m(bz0rrywi xb +)if $\alpha$ particle in $\text{MeV}/c^2$? $m_{\alpha}$ =    $\ \text{MeV}/c^2$

  (a) What is the appra 6qywza 8zyyna2v5./oximate radius of a $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ nucleus? r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$
(b) Approximately what is the value of A for a nucleus whose radius is $7.0\ \text{fm}$? A =   

  (a) Show that the density of nuclear matter is essentially the same for lomr 5lrgj38q3y ym)q0 :bkk( all nucle3ro3) :myqll5r8my0qgj (b kki. $\rho$ =    $ \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3$
(b) What would be the radius of the Earth if it had its actual mass but had the density of nuclei? R =    m
(c) What would be the radius of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus if it had the density of the Earth? $r_{\text{U}} = $    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{m}$

  (a) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's mass that 2k f/n xzv5lx6 10olluis in the nucleus? $\dfrac{m_{\text{p}}}{(m_{\text{p}} + m_{\text{e}})}$ =   
(b) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's volume that is occupied by the nucleus? $\left( \dfrac{r_{\text{nucleus}}}{r_{\text{atom}}} \right)^3$ =    $ \times 10^{-14}$

  Approximately how many nucleons are there in a 1.0-kg object? Does nhlmw/j8) / kfit matter what the objewh/8/n m fjkl)ct is made of? Why or why not? N $\approx $    $\times 10^{26}$ nucleons

  How much energy must3e c(ixh4+-ekba- mgv an $\alpha$ particle have to just "touch" the surface of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimatep. hk6e9 j9,hjwgf6kd the total binding energy of
(a) $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$    $ \times 10^{3}\ \text{MeV}$
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$.    MeV

  Use Appendix B to calculate the bin9fscz)hgmi9-upx zys) 5 ie5 +a,)hh yding energy of $_{1}^{2}\text{H}$ (deuterium). Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the binding energy per nufb*hr )iyr9jg:,v rf3wp)6zj cleon for a $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$ nucleus.    MeV

  Determine the binding energy m0/08rq ( oxt i9hfyglof the last neutron in a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus. Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the total binding energy, and jxou0u n1.s1 r)mq:lhy .ye*sthe binding energy per nucleon, for
(a) $_{1}^{7}\text{H}$ Binding energy =    MeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$. Use Appendix B. Binding energy =    GeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV

  Compare the average binding energy of a nucleon in78n)z- ndmib(gy /) yarwiwh 3 $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ to that in $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$.
the average binding energy per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon
the average binding force per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon

  How much energy is required to u.0 h6ifemp9kremove (a) a proton, Energy(p) =    MeV
(b) a neutron, from $_{8}^{16}\text{O}$? Energy(n) =    MeV
Explain the difference in your answers.

  (a) Show that the nucle uq:11, hci 4(fqhnwtvus $_{4}^{8}\text{Be}$ (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable and will decay into two $\alpha$ particles.
(b) Is $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ stable against decay into three $\alpha$ particles?  ----待选择----stableunstable 
Show why or why not.

  How much energy is released when tmv2wlj 97 r n;-bdm7xjritium, $_{1}^{3}\text{H}$, decays by $\beta^-$ emission? Q =    MeV

  What is the maximum kine f3monx0lxq( *w fa8i .wl-4+rty mj9 zdd+gs)tic energy of an electron emitted in the $\beta^-$ decay of a free neutron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

Show that the decay lvj2cqf -o5w7$_{6}^{11}\text{C} \to _{5}^{10}\text{B} + \text{p}$ is not possible because energy would not be conserved.

  $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}$ is radioactive. (a) Is it a $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ emitter?  ----待选择----$\beta^-$$\beta^+$ 
(b) Write down the decay reaction, and estimate the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted $\beta$ particle. $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Give the result of a calculati0r xpztvz:vv/lar5hj)+9w2f - (dm mnon that shows whether or not the following decays arem0t(w9a h+-zf 2lpzv m:v5)/rjrvxdn possible:
(a) $_{92}^{235}\text{U} \to _{92}^{236}\text{U} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(b) $_{8}^{16}\text{O} \to _{7}^{15}\text{N} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 
(c) $_{11}^{23}\text{Na} \to _{11}^{22}\text{Na} + \text{n}$  ----待选择----possiblenot possible 

  A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus emits an $\alpha$ particle with kinetic energy = 4.20 MeV. (a) What is the daughter nucleus, and (b) what is the approximate atomic mass (in u) of the daughter atom? Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus. $m(^{234}\text{Th}) =$    $\ \text{u}$

  When $_{10}^{23}\text{Ne}$ (mass = 22.9945 u) decays to $_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ (mass = 22.9898 u) what is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV
What is its minimum energy?   
What is the energy of the neutrino in each case?    $\leq E_{\text{v}}\leq $    $\ \text{MeV}$
Ignore recoil of the daughter nucleus.

  A nucleus of mass 238 u mbs9m4amqo 4+, initially at rest, emits an $\alpha$ particle with a KE of 5.0 MeV. What is the KE of the recoiling daughter nucleus? $\text{KE}_{\chi}$=    MeV

  What is the maximum KE of the emitteyb ;,pc hv4ku*mhs-2 ld $\beta^-$ particle during the decay of $_{27}^{60}\text{Co}$? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  The nuclide $_{15}^{32}\text{P}$ decays by emitting an electron whose maximum kinetic energy can be 1.71 MeV.
(a) What is the daughter nucleus?
(b) Calculate the daughter's atomic mass (in u). m =    u

  The isotope $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ can decay by either $\alpha$ or $\beta^-$ emission. What is the energy release in each case?
The mass of $_{84}^{218}\text{Po}$ is 218.008965 u.
$\alpha$ =    MeV
$\beta^-$ =    MeV

  How much energy is released in electron capture by beryllig2rv/a9dmifg-9nn krz h v-oa+ ;n5;lum: $_{4}^{7}\text{Be} + \text{e}^- \to _{3}^{7}\text{Li} + \nu$? Q =    MeV

  A photon with a wavelength ofvsda5(o6d w 6v7xvh 9y $1.00 \times 10^{-13}\ \text{m}$ is ejected from an atom. Calculate its energy and explain why it is a $\gamma$ ray from the nucleus or a photon from the atom. E =    MeV