Which of the following is the smallest unit of a4r 9.fuatmtp(;uitl;s wvw(3 ( cl q5heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of wa4cck+s:w wz0xkq0q4un: /t w kter by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of nmc qqlb)dd 212c*vz 1ln4a)oindividual molecules is referred to cqdd nm1v1 b2 o4ln)a* 2zqc)las

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tf8 t/2m1seqvbvus7r7 emperature T and the internal energy U of the wate2 87s7ut b/v1fsmr vqer, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependstkg2ea:.r vh/x dv;q. on

  An ideal gas at STP is fir.inp 6hk2 (wyust compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is wy ( 26uik.pnhhalf the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enerp nqn.+hy(j (kvndn-8 w(a qu9gy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do ndbnwo2 y 5uu92ot vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact tq zdsg5u0jkk *p9cp(2 p ,oi,uhat water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The 0pj* p,pskd 9c,g (25uiqokzusame amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminu8h/vo vh.-e-h tk0c vfm and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. o f0 8k.-hvehh t/-vvc The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to thex )na9bqs1.at7 g eli7 liquid state is ref 7iaa)e nsgt.bql197xerred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the 0s z* .-d6 vitsm6uoqiliquid to the vapor state is referred to as the0i 6iosqut .d6mvzs *-

  If heat is added to a pure substance 0ft/ov1766gy9yjn eone9yd *08klbf /qlr d y at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes :cz)o h;npsu)ml87tn

  When a liquid evaporv8t ,z)xv9krti97puyd(3 lt pates

  When a vapor condensy4 hxj98x ;v gt1ql.faes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor m-tqfr nq3 sz6 +ls5*tcondenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air inf 56t+3n qs*lrstqzm- the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan x- lw2 p*80 fwwo;erbwof boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water s0ot- *5cw4bolrt 7qf at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby dqwhz)fr6: (1na+r rqheat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to a1q :r6az+rh(fw qr) nds

  By what primary heat trto6ka h wca35m1cz3 knko- hq* 1 +bu49wfg5stansfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the ottzga3t4oc w65b m9ho1k-s hf*3wcu ka+n5qk1 her end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touui -28xyggfaz/ 0d yt0ch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in gyz -00u/g8 ia2tfy xdwhich one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mm6aw qef0 :qk2aterial, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature diffe06fmq:q2eaw k rence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermaag k:r.bg5j o9l conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal 9:o agrkj g.b5conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one placet)r6xrq6: pli to al prt6iq6)rx: nother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stovez6g63s nigw+;ipa/ w/7gvomfoz:+c s ?

  Convection can occurre18pq +ru6,a6hu nfp fz;ys 3q9xky0

  Which of the following best expla ; wgk.aijnxuyh-v7e9 x3)k m7ins why sweating is important to humans in main7;- iw hk.73vmxxgj9)eunky ataining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity isw5*l x m.;+uqupn4a ck essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convectiou ;xa.*cp5kqml +u n4wn currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from t cpk*o6(xtwg6p u dw4,he same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical ck6tpx4d6wu o*pg,(w climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperaturbf7* az9zjb; iwe ;x6re of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change?e f z6b7rj x;*w9bz;ia

  The process whereby he5qcp24twtj-gft*( ;a +r lv )umps8atat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth8 , e,-i;o wnyaaxyra/?

  1700 J of work is equivalebs1by k xy5,)f angb ,*n,iq)f rcx6)dnt to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalentokxi (808hahkogih 9 :1q 4jik to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temper5;9oyu 5y b3y6g4(jjclbbl zd ature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resucs a4ly*n(pw4lting temperature ch 4al(ws n4*pycange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originau3pmh m;;x;n+l 2sq pplly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises thbe5: oq-b g-;5oqzamhe temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath watera/qnup7f 3bku)4c.;xigv*y,t j s7bb by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of8 g 4 s.3qfrpelw(45exnepbc, copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature incl4 wf gpc35 pbxq, r4se.(n8eereases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hea9y b6aem;kej2ted to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cophdxwf,z k b26 de:vv/6per, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material aht;sa6;.cu s;8frqv st $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated fr:fbl :tocu ro9 3/(7dg2pdoftom its surrounl9 : (u: o2grpo3f otcdd/tf7bdings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Jok 8yj0xvt: 8gmule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterf xg0tvmj8:y8k all on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dh2wav jqxoj b0*z *m:g56ttl ana 50e2istance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what tempv5 jjq :eb2*t25 0xhn06 omwlzaga t*aerature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water hesp:bzgga uii ,o0a;24 ater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it ;s iia pgu,0 a2g:4zobtake to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. Hr) bqzp97+ ursow long will it take to heat 20 kg of water frb)u9rqzp+7 srom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mastar*e11vq8n. l1 wj zfs 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bla j)r)b/al0ux/n dzlein 8 h*h:de (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be 7,7r ves qxhjp mt*p17removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcaeyo:ob n7s3m :l/kg. How much heat is required to meltnoy se3:mb: o7 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is nee0riq1 g c;cai(ded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed f:(r u feqjz*hqw(j+4+em+r tarom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice0pk1u s haj+qlc48p(j is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initu4d93j5fipvn 4b0ov(n +pd w un8 mle.ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aps goteh9as: ie(q5c+4c*;v at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed +y)vp nbbwe i,45myu3v cc4h8d w5)ipto change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requ a jsz mhimdn.z2(5*h;r)mrm 8ired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to cha po+z4 r+);qujn/kodsnge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially atj2pwok ;,1p t0qat -by $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, 9h6yc dfg.1e pyzgsi0/ 5-k7 mlwvk9 rand the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting pofkr7d h0y . wpgskcvmi91-ez5ylg96/ int is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of com/, tickc) 7zkyne2h2ncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two ro vmkv:5-hxw4yds (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod ivvy5x 4w:hmk- s maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0yvc/hq5 x*zhedj-2 m; m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur vdqh;yze2x h5 /jm*c-e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m,* cl7w/0jsscbp,sf-ze 06tv +sy fhw by 1.5 m. If the outside temperfw* pjs 6cye+- tl0ss s0/,bh7vwz,fc ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in s a 5g7,x-ed hm5ezc1n1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (e1h7d5cx-sgn 5z,eam $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00)o59d ib zbzg/0,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost througl3abj9 jr7,;oob lr8std,/)wdn-zoo os c/ d 1h a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is m:ydv , vldx:y:onitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a sma,l d:dyx:vv:yll hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is ap7 9 +fzeie.h ebec cg mf:fg7l5u.8:ht $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection areoyg gblgqq (nm 4g3m403p+2jca of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.