Which of the following is the smallesd z 7z*,mhsyp/n tffb3n/h/.st unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempea .3;u4mrp lwnrature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is refe 9-amdok+pp*d yp6o0vrred to a mvo-py do+k0p *d96pas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming nv);r:2p+afj -h io(asoj+ rzpool of water. Compare the temperature T anv+ j2aa (+p rshjn:ofz i;-)ord the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an idealns;+l i*tf z(b gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP i9 1tzcwdl( yy,c;37nygk:i ewiy e +j:s first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constantk7zylj ,;+getce (i yiywd 9nc13:y:w . If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intergl6s.x)d lbyek . wc 5dnjc931nal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures doo8b csk om rw-pyf+,:2 not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water 1*- wkpi -fuj+yeca4ip ub ,4p+,jaokhas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same-pcj,w+a p-ep,f* 4 uiuk yk1+b a4oji amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of 17eicop qy ;l5-gaqn3a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. 7 qg1elqoy anci35; -p The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the np6(brks; hd)kg+. b bliquid state is referred to ag+(p. rkb;)b6 dbnhsks the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is lr,mp8l7 :j yvreferred to asvl8:m,p7l j ry the

  If heat is added to a pure surw p*/d ,lo:qwbstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze*0w98nemu z,zf /zw vns

  When a liquid evaporates,*o7qs. zoys z

  When a vapor condensex( 17n 51:c,xe9p8ft yhi xlyochxz3/7wv fhh s

  In a cloud formation, water vap 14mnbm ef+8a71feaoqa(4cv kor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in th7 f(keoeqv18a+m4 f b1nmac4ae clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling (,n lv)wscjj-l+7mkvt/ kb 0p water causes

  Equal masses of watercg 3j;d+2uf ib at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular8wpq ;rww+ y*io3 t(nj collisions is referred to aspo8q 3wi+( twwjn;r* y

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hoclkk q:qy+* +6ni p,bkt when th+ kq* :nyk+p ck6i,bqle other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece ;hnpy *7rx ye3hyb3w)of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the diyp3rhy ew n3 *x7bhy;)fference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the ra:+xsnf xr *3arte of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickx r*fasxnr+ 3:ness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on gft f1nkxfhs e1/3(a66lxnzehd5 b5-j3a1rp a layer of another ma sedbzn5/aetl3f6nr hfxf 1g1khx( 1pj 6a53 -terial of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one placjeasjn *fl ,) cx5./jde to another is ref/j .cs5*jf,)edlxj anerred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on :hwqti1.vvg) a stove?

  Convection can occur8 s3hj tgvrp+k,00wbukz9t g7

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in mlm9md7e;bj;t x+fz6e5xiov 6 ,w -zsscb66dmaintaid9xs6i ,;-+wovjmz7m b6 5f6s;eeblz6c xmtd ning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is driftiew7 1tdgo b98 q.0fugyng in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this h9 0dgyeqg8wu. t 1b7foeating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houseso3l* aiipwgu8-: 2lj w built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatujwi*8a l23w lgpio:-ic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radc: 0f utw qz+c1w 5.;cuqvidg5iator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power changeuz; w1c+tf5dq wcg:.c5 0 viqu?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referrem1z z zstb 0+uza+2yigqu- i*7jnuz4 7wh/ly+d to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm)/szckkxc-hlt )oe5 ubrsaf +)6 *se0 the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muc y sol-5yiak :;4a+ct luk1kt+h heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent /*(e kar xoeg8.edws3i8gh/ygd +(goto how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raisxm/1klkr. + fzadd 0,de the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what31 wi3phwx-e2fefzxn (s g+:k is the resulting temperature changeknf f:ie(sw 1x +32 wg3z-phex?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is or.g 0bg 6ai5wgoiginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of kj+ njt y:2av k(1yz 96) *qfddaueaj,material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water byo x* yltv7w. aee)7d8y;j*nau adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 h(lou-4g t5z qkg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the telt- g(o54hu qzmperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of meg qlwzlr2gb uorg i30u 5f5;+7tal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, injs2z f8gn5 b4: ch9ddzitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at s3ae0jt ey r0 ag4d76f$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects maaqg0a22sx xe6ke up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has anegxa 0s2ax2 6q initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule at0htj, m6 j-bx;h:7f 4hyqdbq vtempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring 4tqh,;6 x dj0b7yfm hhv -qj:bthe rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over N2/krt 7iykfyadlqj50 v-m 6j 5iagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converteftl-ir/kv7y5yad5 kj6m j2 q0d to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long w5;aaw af/tz: o ix**sbk55cedould it takew*ce /d*a;i55zofabst:x 5ak to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20re5mi/oq1cj;c2 a u9j 0cbe 8z kg of wat1orcja jzm;ebcqc82e 95 i0u/er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 ggqj-gcs;2 agxar u61 +, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (sv).n exvqx 2f,o195kkwle yf-pecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquid?b +dw a04kn,w/r g-vza

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. maw q -c51(ng 67hskh)2dai ajHow much heat is required to melt 7hj2g cqai -wan(dh 5m16k)s a200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 5 gdh0z eewy-7kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of it45z j)j.ihnf+bpu 4$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of icex -.dx:ep iui f,e/g5q is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water m,cr mie0x x86i qf4y2initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a6q40:nvm(yt .lxdvab t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change h2 rff6 ow+*js 3crvqo+y:3. ) kd njlr2a;pke10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to cha a06agk.cdj4oq ji32 rs-g7inbvt ;/ ange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required / 01tpvffet .gx70e vhto change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, in 29mofw.z0b cv-tz9l+xby 5lqitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead ish (*fr(ws4kmuap1toc 5 7t7fb 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and it(1p4t och sbu5 rf7a7 *fk(wtms melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of ch 6r pbcx*kzr fn(-51concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of a9enfsj29n1qja*;qm rt hb ,z; luminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rqzem9nfj b21q9hn,* ;jra t ;sod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. 976aris;pdo b* xqg :w If the outside temperatur7gp *s6 b; :rwd9qxaioe is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick hat:d vm m)7dq sc+iiu*6s dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside te *t6s )id+m7u:cvq imdmperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour throujx.vr7cq-n003qj(qb(tbj rvgh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ( 0vq3j-t0cvqj xb.j(7 q bnrr($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1 ie tj+pwhj912,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost t f+/f1nm +(p, o9nyoc-mgbloiemos,; hrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steetwg zxy+.: (jj/d3h 74ca beq9jhv pt1;ouiu-l, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of hj b e+aqv /uc3;-j7g1yhpjx dw( t4io.tz9u:area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whf 1k4:6tsx+x9xzdx-9gr gxpmen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar colft lm-oulsedp*4ly*-( eb36 qlector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.