Which of the following is the smai1 am:3t6p0 zbcdn :lnllest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 cl;lae5g91wv 6hlv 5fgram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averapx(e0 2-y ibj585fjqu dyjrc4ge kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to 5jy2xqep4b j( jd-ufcy08ri5 as

  A cup of water is scooped up*8 tkl ngtc4p: from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy t *:g8lkp4cntU of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of annhovf(i s+ +*prjud75 ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is hzvtul r2g7i9sp, 1vrv7rs92v y4my8s alf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure 2rip r, vs7smg7l849svrv192vy tzuy is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a(+ fwrws,rumk3h) bi0t $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drass 4ohq-(: myy6mp q4kztically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat y3il mzv,*mfua5 * )dze1ur) 4yljr u4capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of he3mdm*i f5yyl)vu 4a4z1r)euur zj l*,at, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made xm x/35c ,eo6ekr v1huup of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heatem vex rh,u6x351co /k capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state.7 hnm1hg /jcq is referred to as thc 7.hm1/jhn gqe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to them 41vjjh 45xse vapor state is referres4exh54vmj j1 d to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance awh.ryi35g3u:f qn o4b9nl8xvt a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes,tixf9a6 ,wbz

  When a liquid evaporiw g+(z97c tbxvxmq(nk j25+tates

  When a vapor condenseu 7q*5sji3w5bvzjap,a y;fx,s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get s6)vt 3 hzwl-bbigger and bigger until it rains. This will caz)th6- vw slb3use the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiltb5v2)vw, s bzing water causes

  Equal masses of waterysmx(ew . 2(zo at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is ripb4zker.b1 (eferred to aeibr (p bk.z14s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot i4/xlzp 09uikw7j xl8when the other end is placx 4p0uxi z 97k/lliwj8ed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fea)g rj;zmsh6gz,/m +nels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which,na)z/mz6m jg g+; rsh one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeq+ af;1hmydkd jd q:8xq p6)3in5(i xvn j2p7kneous material, the rate8d iq a3x1vqn jy)x 7;+pkjhd: k pd(q5m6i2fn of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating matey5 0ngg9 i)za /3olvemrial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity vel3a)9m5yni 0g g/zoof the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecrkw i u+ )ue8zh29)hb2ehr-slules from one place to anothe)u282i rk rhwheb l)+he -zus9r is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a j 0i3 gp* uzej ;9ogd6fk2s*awpot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurq0. ;d/ z3l(xj9 cuxg9zbilln

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impowf/x0(x 9;/zwss;ilyf65gm nxfw9 eu pq,y8trtant to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatu8, ip9ss wwtxze/m5;nu q 9(wy;ygfxfxl6/f 0re?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratioj*)uz 9vc.p s(afh/ qwn of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on on q )w/*up.9vsfza hc(je side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hjj5 : y7yndttmaf/36v ouses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the sady :6jyfa 375jnm /ttvme inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is dou/cb (s.(muf (n9zrzhc bled, by what factor does the radiating power changemrchu(9b/(z.zf( nsc?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referr 6(qd 0kvtau9yf5n3nced to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth ay b*n5viu.u0?

  1700 J of work is equivas v9 s a1:)lep6n4hkgjlent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat isv wi9e m.cz*wwz9d db)s6:zk* equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempe+gg87an l q(/d dqrfx/rature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of watear(mndw*0ka*ic fbrc6-- ;j sr, what is the resulting temperatur-d(r i;w*n csara0- 6*bmckfj e change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallv2v/l.ee iny )y at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raivhiffc /3-bnqwl: i1 :ses the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addingf 04poh-e ikwax((lx+ 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much hey1m:6o ljpc m.i2vgu1 fmi79vat is added to the gear if the temperaturem lp1mfj9cim vvo2.6yg7iu 1: increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tone r.yl9lpn t(4k tk ez,2q1-m $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initia r bonwxn ,48otyk0(4hlly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at .0szx t jm7j3p$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from 4p,lt tb74kaz2 +y nagits surroundings. One object has an initial temperature o4 tkt p27blan+yg,a4zf $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempo5h m a1wz;jk;d+f:i 44pof fpted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the risi;5 1o mpd:fkz fjh4wpf;oa+4e of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 53 8goc ;vlrfm.0 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energymlg8;3 fo r.cv, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long woud)6gdtbv2 e3 fappj2sz+5cz wy +y4j/ld it tj22gdpz5j3+y avcyb+ p/ s)t4 de6fw zake to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat,w6 jw6u5/ gzam9gwgs water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water froaw 6gj / 5guww96s,gmzm $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masskz 8hyj10gx.l 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (speci27yw u,9lo sqjfic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to ch8gm)g;kon g , yuijy43ange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat p qchuip,s5gh kkl)m74(6ly-is required to melt 200(lp iy hkuh4 p,sq m)kl75g6c- g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to c+ k,e:r s:vohgjg8svs.qs2 +ihange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g otazc jz1s )l22f $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcairod 8hcw0u x14mp63y h-a9r bu7l2vf l/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water .qddz7piaj da )ky.)7initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at .dbvw ea 460jm.jz aix7o h0w/$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10o. q dejy97iv1 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of a (o8n5 vfniqi6fe+ 6u$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g nxp;t(gg4m6v cb3rew i80c:gof $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot teag c j:rjbqs 776ic72lw, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, andngvb5 i n c(i4kj9xk:8 the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and i9ic(4b igkj:k8 5 vnnxts melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofs 1cpq 3),g b8bdsenk8 concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivnmod: y qo6rc8f*m7.yity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined toge : nf moy.yqd86c7o*mrther end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm ho*caucxi,uw5mq2v9sn :2k6 thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature i6muax9i*ck v 2cu:s 2hqw5,ons $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.57nxv3) qs84 zgz -gspvxz58m y m. If the outside temperzmvv3gq 7sxs4 xz5p-)n zy8g8ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete-cl 0x9; mr:/t 5o3ve s9mu8wzrimzud s -/5vx idr;moz0 9wrm89ulm3u zc :et($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat * atuw0n ,omd;through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a + ,a,ohuqajg 2$4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used jqp.iuc n wxm73 pvj1izbby3uf4 90**for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small h7iucy u n4*1vpib0 3 p*b.j3fxz9mjwqole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the hu2bmjxhs*r. e m-7bwu8dc+yug 0/ qre,man body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar -sfw;zifs *w 8collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.