Which of the following is the sm2yexnwia0vb 6q 9j*-i allest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise cs;bthw r2m+ v 8uwu/::kz1nvthe temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecg.kzte34ja(n8f/7 p c ghe8cg5-kftgules is referred to afg p(zf5-7tne438 e8tk.g ghck jg /cas

  A cup of water is scooped up 2rkf o who 5,1j1zr5ljfrom a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swilz5o,rkf 1hjwr 12o 5jmming pool.

  The internal energy of am(ne 0wgx8np:o 7 kze7n ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is hal 42crvqf 9n dxs k0;sf4z+oi3yf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas w r s4cfsin;ox3+ 0 vqk9dy24zfill be

  An ideal gas with internal energt-pee*a( lwiq6v: dhnx;4 de;xm:h4d y U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is th*ino -c1nat lar9d)(g at

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific he882 k jwcnw(jhzjz4 z;0bj9woat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses o2zbojn 8jj094kzh(z8jcw; w wf water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and.pa1 ca8y4q )k qgj)xm a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper pk.)j8qx1amc ayg q4)are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to blroscxw-gy y7;) h:b( axn5/change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is refb ysyo5;rx/bg)aw-7:n c lh( xerred to as the

  The heat required to chan 3 b guvf,zu)i5b 9r,ytsqm;9vge a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as vzutu,59 fm;9rs b,bqg )v3yithe

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steadyw o;92 gqtwng uy;rm50 rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesv qs6t7(nm ;3ezs ,wwl

  When a liquid evapora aiuf fd 12.avu/g5m)ftes

  When a vapor condensesf 6hl+-pqr;cf

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wa3gj dsjlntdd17hi jtii 2)0d;5 4sfq1 ter droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature 54sg2jdqj1lii td7hf0d n3 sj idt; )1of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame unde bi1 t9l0+ cu6br-wklfr a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wated*nlxf;c+; g loo/ ih3r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is relskoly6y90h8 ou64 z qferred to as6qz4ho8k09 6sllyyu o

  By what primary heat thq s5a1w l3f zj210rjdransfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is pl ahr1dj0lqfwzj5 1s 32aced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touuyiq0 r ;o95 ymiq9cn1ch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physic9 0u9oyqicy 5i1mrq;nal property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homog o.r pntd3ps63eneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differencsd3o3 t p6r.npe across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating materialy7k)/v;i vl rs otr;n0iy 8(he with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conduknl rv0e;hs /7 y;y)v8tirio (ctivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one plas/5 yv7ih o +9u;2gbh(wxayke8k6rbq ce toy85i7qea+hxbgrk bsh2(yk69ow;/vu another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated s 66*- o+uzy swdlvzi1hf8 sf9on a stove?

  Convection can occurnj l1z-spqel (rdp -58

  Which of the following best explainsaol)zs/jb hq *lr9r- . why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperaturh ajsr-/zl qo9b)*.lre?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity i ;:y egmtja/f:s essentially zero. f;j:agte :/ ymAs the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring ravvtch)6: z1py 3a;ix ectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a:vytc i;zp1h6v x a)a3 cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what dezy . dc.0.r*w7ugmwl,nz h4factor does the radiating power chang..* 7cy 4wglend mw.hrd ,0zzue?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of 7(mq uzl tnyj52o mc:5 p(f8smany medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm th)w s f(evy2p*je Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much he+-5 t 5hy2ozwl3tz nv lsh,cf7at?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equb;uou po12r4bivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1 mov c w*26;t qfuv/)b4a0nmqg00 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulti 7kbzxid y.)a he f95m6p0bbf5ng temperature changb)az 6hk5x0 7eb ipfmby5.d9fe?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blockcjg rf1 -hqpetaj;0; )702a v8rt yyqo is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperaturi6+ jel19l(dtg u 8ikhe of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at 2dk7bs z j88 de)l*iub$80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg gxa9o*d5i l -iof iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tea xdo -i9gil*5mperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated lluqja .l706 b-6hn( mhocmx .to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copp0(fe uppmua)ff5i877 o6 t cmfer, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material xl/ 3 az zcg,zjb3( jszu62jg5at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syste:zf aas5f eqvf-(;wt 8m that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial te:f (q-swf fa;t zve58amperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attem ypq87rmn7 5 z1moyxp.pted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a watm5 x n77z1yr .qpo8myperfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls xk4ipvw:n(c2kzo ib0xb /6w;drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that allixw0p/k4i; bcz(b:6kvnw xo2 the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no hea49ihmkw* rydkext; :au c*c6 :t loss, how long would it take to heat wa:*cxure6 my kwtc 94da*h; i:kter in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is use-me y3: k.x j-ndgu40 ermhc.jd to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wate 0rnh-3 ymj4egekd :x mujc.-.r from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 17ji x0tb;iu az(c cp.k,r/t3y000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifimu: c5 + whguwbyl3n2we741vnc heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to jx(k ; jgn9;vg-xodd/liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. ,2u r(zbz8 ;bo1obje7elqas5 How much heat is required to melt 20rq1b,eo7 2( b 58zj ezu;aosbl0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy isgc o 5fc./gwg7 34 q0f;4cyfj5zz yddv needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 ge6cm3y0 haubm;;n )b9 vyukq4 of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ime( z./hgzd6 dce at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water y.m*7 i7mdd grdl1) lninitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a.w0+e8+asn/trt1k)ejh.xv n h i8 ktit $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water nyec j;95uk-dkbig k+oxt 2,2f8gq(eat $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one,msm1p 5jw( bc yba*n+ gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is req vb2)vw2jwc mjfnbk:)d( , )l,g,qbsiuired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea byqp1oz3 yb-g xjq00. hv adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization28. tps5)5yzdc njt sb /tjg2vsd93jm is 207 kcal/kg, and its 2ss5z95bjs8g tnp3dcj2ty d /mjvt) .melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of cj2zs93g /t(u2iin q/1 kuxxo loncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twiceo4(/k9o hp/ dzfo tf uz,tn*.q that of brass. Two rods (one aluminupq4nztof (ozh/ o*ktf ,9d/.um and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If then1d65j 0ky jin outside tempera ijk1ndnj06 5yture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions ofh 5o8o d(5xvnd 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature5o85od dx (hvn is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour througda ck nhif -hg7-2p6d0h a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (pkd07a ng2fdih-- h6c$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfmijw.4y*4fcu o9:h qyer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside 1cqw/e.- hp-kfja0k jtemperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refr/es4n -vos 1uining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a sreno uv1/s4 s-mall hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human brq*0zqmh-yv7,j -rp.n sv fm 2ody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar cod , zb5h0jub(rfb. p+kllector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.