The process shown on the T-V grara 2 +k9sjqub3/k acc6na1n; b7et9fmph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no ro7bhy9 w;u46he)a mo0lp0 jw change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics, e,i k() /tszaak.y0ak b:e +xb$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original voluig j+g(-dtbn,0dc6 mg.)cpqi me with no change in its temperature. This prcnjip,dg 6t)+gm - c.i (qb0gdocess is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Du(wx (pa k-oic 9d+v 5 *ypit2h(z4paynring this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for ty-(5p d4nvwicpayt(i2+( haxo 9 z *kphis gas?

  An ideal gas is compressew kgl hcd0r+fe 9, 2k6xdett0/d to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The fl0+kxt2e960wdgkc ,/h dertf inal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expandetcn4111vbf ojd isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechtjnv1f1 b o4c1anism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the evene7e 4j(mik (q t.)npvt+l-daht, the gas excha ()ejtntp qvd7a-i+e(h4lkm.nged no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of therm8/ys/8 vo kdnwyd3x(todynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original 6djky,3p1v+ :pmykt ybe/vk( de 4v9l volume during an adiabatic process. The fi pe:dk4my1 kdkv/l pyv+e9j6 3 ytb(v,nal pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical i(+0d /ceicj cokau) :in all respects except that one contains ckiec (:/+o0a dj)ciu $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one e+:on/isc ,bqcontains /inq,eobcs+:$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram is anyfpu . r xrujr;eu+0dc6a4z2t.e33rl

  In an isobaric proce5k imx)bjyc 9j0ne.5mss, there is no change in

  When the first law of thermodyn:k -efsx1bxugf6 p / s+prl/:uxyd9o8amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is addeaoi/ b89 f hyg6k*6zzzd to it. This pr69 byfg 6h* 8/kazzoziocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal + idn(yfw,2e ggas at constant pressurefind,(gw +y2 e. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagr1,pca( gv m0h*/yqho hh4d*xl am is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change rz 91uhr 2wjt.in

  When the first law of thermodynamic42euzwjw1 gl x l7/l1fs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expand as he 2zi,m bjs8a:hat energy is added to it.8hz sb2i:amj, This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a samp44v z5 rv2sn opqoro;g :wm0r 88rktp/le of ideal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal energ4nvr8o qtrp 5 /mp; wv ro:42rks8o0zgy of the gas

State the first law m.aoy:1kp6y g9id1rmof thermodynamics.

  Is it possible to trhq80up (-xudjansfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heax/zb6rt eu0+x e5uqy1 t from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according ntd e-g7ja-hn3 tnl3(to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the c0;lcel (/ wlhsn cgf. h*dt,6oycle illustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by a sh;ll6f n /gecdl*oh t(w0c.,n engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat enginp6ad/) z,t -gtjfrim:/ybolff: a : a9e is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%,xs3lm (h5gt 5)gegz ,6u,c1j e2ltodo the heat sink must be,3je55u hcz6d1g l(x)el g otm2o, tgs

  A Carnot cycle consistsj1f b3 o552ycpo6vhs6oi y)wy of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics. eif/ 1cqutgm((y8;kf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined as the yx/cb (-gl13 ph1apbh ratio ofb xhghya1/- lc p3pb(1

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is defin1 pn0q u/jnqjsp(s7s3)t/ky med as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entrb0 p6n cnuw c6:fmf-arlk: )1dopy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, b di* ,*7rrbixj cnp9:for any process that may occur within an isolated system, whic*9rbjn r, bi7*:cxi pdh one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermodynamj-v5 iua f i;trk340aqics.

  The second law of thermodynamics lsu76k 6 (b yimb-1w8k*d rvxeeeads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from ar **e ewp8qlvc 5y*hu(n ideal gas. What is the 5yprl8* ev(u*hq*ewc change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal proces+1ecu; v dbj+sq t5+yas, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the1;5d+yjtus cvb qa++e work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothowuex(*(2 ds bv,2g0k1 xry(9gb/w6knop yc permal process is -400 J. What is the change in i1,6 x w ggs/yykvxk2(0d( oor9b c2u*enpbw( pnternal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compress *cf,2(le )txkb ibp5king a gas adiabatically. What is the change in intecl(kxtb, b* )ekf5pi2rnal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doin2w 0,,ngxvwzyg 25 J of work. What is the change i,xy v,0wng z2wn internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energygj 7a;lt +mn5k of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the won+ lkj 7m5t;agrk done?

  In an isochoric process, the inter29o)p tfrf ax5nal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is th2f)f5a t9rxpo e heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a ma)w rj)ok(2:djtsn5pycg e( 5onatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This5atworg )jjec s):2np(dy 5(k feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at ccths t:k (7y-.ti zku+,axz7gonstant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas are in the h: z7yut.t t(k+c ax7zkgis-, sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg oiq a ;+q:l6zrvf water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heatrz8 2dbr.- agu and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficie2dr -zg.bu8ra ncy?

  A heat engine has an ef ynjlsbf:iqo+013) il2 iny 2lficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How mu y :bn2+il1yiloi)jqsn f302lch work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cyrml:sk/;*0ioi)( nscotc/qc cle. How much heat does it exh/ 0l m /kq(sc)cics*oto:r;inaust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kca9sxailv+*w pvpudwc- 1e+q7/ l of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate tl/ 9cvedu p*qv-wip+7w 1a+sxhe efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exha39zjrnt (bs;1i9z)n lmm5cn pusts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done each cyclcjlt9iz)5rbs pnn9(1; n3m zme.

  One of the most efficient c4 /oawg cx4n:engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperature x a 4c:4w/cong= $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has6 ( z klx.ekt6;ayj1es the following characteristics: combustiolek a(k6xye;z .t6js1n chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has th+z,aj7 8 u 7 k89wsllpicwe-ege following characteristics: combusti7i8,u- eez 7 pgjawwl9lc k8+son chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant gen4ih w771nijt serates 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. Tyba 9+;-ipjqb b:. fvghe plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of leu 6++- 8j wntl)eph*er-phmelectric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates between 1jk)k,p r ,0 0lhbzfi9y aepw)$450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency p0 sylrjt;evs(:/:mi sossible for an engine operating betwees;(0: esyl :mrj/ist vn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine gaj ogp-9e gjhh0m50(is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of 0 -o apj0mgh(hgj5e g9the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating betweemg xm8l* 0j-knwhn*g8j ;o5 j0ye*wyan $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment aw9f dwa .n)fuu8pw3l:t the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into aw fdf w89l).wnapu:u 3 room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ v8ni8xssr:tp 7d9 8x0 gvm/orand ejects 24 kJ intongs vo89p/780 r:iv8dx m tsrx a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrig5jz hvsp1r)/ ,uw- oaherator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How muh /5s-wzru p1ahov) ,jch work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in ene,f;j1 wux 1crwwm( +qtropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice fz *8z0os zisw t;z/w.um7cjt+ reezes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isotherjl+qi 6ik3nce68,q ipmal expansion and its entropy chani,38 kli 6qc ei6+qjpnges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at z6-6w sk:b0 qowxay/b$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.