The process shown on 2ytqkta) 4pezhy6 k5e) m 2wo)the T-V graph is an

  In an isothermal process, there i8w x j3 /9kr6k2tq .cwpcdtte+s no change in

  When the first law of thermodyna wz4 oy9aejw;( 3f1tp 0gyq(oamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in ik5 myazk1bc8+b vi+/y ts temperature. Thisba 8k+zkbvc1myi/y5 + process is

  An ideal gas is compres;lrbpr h68e8 dsed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 bpl;68 hd8rreJ of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed 46x jly(i*oqfvnm 7f( to one-half its original volume during an isothermal process. The fi 4jy7fi(*( v6moqflxn nal pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L t( 9nkc- o*p98av 5 pwzg3junzmbld y32o 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the 8*pp vg992 zu35ml jzk-o(c3yndwn abgas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environmec ,q-*a inyyq;y 5t4uent. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundi y eiu c4,-t5y*ya;qqnngs. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynw.ogm t5; +;epauw 7nxamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its ori42ei: u1.nzhd.xr gfjginal volume during an adiabatic jgd:..fxzuir4ne 1h 2 process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects t5 o -ic bmmmcg4 n/fj2z:va91except that one contains 9 f 4am/zmng 51vo2mit:-bcjc$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that on;pb(y 1i 4,5sjmzbsrglj2 -v22nk dlie containsm 4b2yg;ikpivd2s(2 sl5r1j n,jblz - $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on thh7 p - bs2:eqbpht0b387vptmagp q w7.s4w8mre PV diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no changesh e.a):+ol9 etpvgr (;u/3l.qgei bu in

  When the first law oh g t;sht*i-;oo 5,vp :kqgkb 12k6vvaf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand +x, hv*swuy+l at constant pressure as heat is added to it. This proceuv yxw+hs+ l*,ss is

  Ten joules of heat energy momvbmin tn , 36-j+g+are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a resul-jmgn+n6v +o ,tmi3b mt, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on th1 / fhwu3sjvy+w1y.iy e PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change in12)qynox -zy:q ;gf ej,e+vl s

  When the first law of thermodynamic-2 3ej:i dpjr d)um1svs, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot ex)-j,z (:9lff2 umn9yyiu5/ qkrw uqn tpand as heat energy is added to it. This processuqy9r2l/9-t i,)( nw5:zfymnuq fk ju is

  Ten joules of heat energy are trans xea41lg6g uh:ferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant volume. As a res h1u el:gga4x6ult, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynan.- n5r 2p;shgh1u xqjmics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot 2h-c6pbd7vyq5co +fi reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to tra2 o5m9sou o-uxuydj.0nsfer heat from a cold reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermod4g tu;0;aymmvynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cycle, ;,ih4ar6 (iwxyzv t 8thow much work is done by an ez4yx h,ttra;(v6ii w 8ngine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ral, uo-r *mrd.xd l02ibtio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat 9 hixdm7(eag9;oxu,esink must b9e,g; (ex oa7 xhdm9uie

  A Carnot cycle consists ot )byn04fv .v+qelyv9 +p.llzf

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodyna2d zu3 av cyqpp2 0g/4rpnhy.*mics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of y6wjm99 8ewpvmkt57 za refrigerator is defined as the ratio ofjtv6 mpwe59 7 yzwm9k8

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is a5fv:h ,m;hehdefined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entropy of+ee1b5-vay7n/yle be7,ttw n v9b, zc the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, f3*7p dbftkpx 3c(e7l89pebfqor any process that may occur within an isolated system, whip7f 3q*bb(x9 e3dk tl efp7cp8ch one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of thermoslf 84 wzcb6f/dynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conr6dki: k/i4kb clude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remo x5oh-t-)1/y2j w.(rrui qaxj7yismn ved from an ideal gas. What is the change in i2.(uny-)5rjhmjxoa/yi wt7sr - q1 xinternal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What zbjy6q6/: zoo is t y66qo/zz:ojb he work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in ab5il e 9b.m b5t38y tskrvo56an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change in int mbt3bivy 5lkt6e a.o9r8s 55bernal energy?

  200 J of work is donenov3yev0remi wr++s0: 1b(vx in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in intern(3nv+brvi+vrmo:ee0x0y sw1 al energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doing 25 J of w)o v7 jn xbzf,gv +1bp9iy3)sxork. What is the changefb zv,oxgi1yj)pbv +x9n37)s in internal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internalhp1b( ,s4 saj;)ncmh l energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is p;ac,b jshnm)l1s h(4the work done?

  In an isochoric process, the intern vmksi7 g4( b*xvg.sv8al energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is v 4gks ig sb7v8.vx(m*the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at cons 18c6c33oj 5a ude.6ug:p7wnaq uwi yutant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much woru.i gd3wa 8p: 566u wuoeuyjcq1c73ank is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is -xbsui+qbepq :;ax14 removed from it. How many moles of aq4x e:s1 bibp xq+u-;gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of water at skci * ;:lo(ya$80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and ft -4jz7ofipq0- (q t5j 7yqtoloses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficienc -7oq4tf5 qjy(ifq0t-t p7zojy?

  A heat engine has an efficienc8iriml f5.*hby of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much work does it perform in l8ibi* rmh.5 feach cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 3;hiqef6q ; (zg5.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each c6 g(qze;hq; fiycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kc7 e(t:k*cs a-8k)c m,caunphn al. Calculate the efficiency omc,(h7 - cp8a *snakcutn:e) kf each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal 5h 8cu h9pvt/i18aye/foj e9 jof heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the wo8y jfuht a9iej91// ch8e5p vork done each cycle.

  One of the most efficientf2oq n h6msn;4:pwl3 w+n r2ff engines built so far has the following characteristics: combuswn4f;+of 3prw22 f nnq6mlh: stion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has f2vtrfumny+ +z.m. l+ the following characteristics: combustion chamber temmt++ 2ruz .lm. +yvfnfperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the followil ce7nvx(dp 9+ng characteristics: com9+lc vexpnd(7bustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric nx9giywyy w 8s4kxw*9b-x 5*wpower. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power.kam bzfu 6f+c :ti5)e: The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electr gq5 .3o:tsbugic power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which o5n y moj1sqz:g(x pugr*o6yig,qjeg00l441b perates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine oacf9 o6jt2zpl *u ns52perating betwe sulop9t5z*fac 6j22 nen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine u k3;zto f2;y4gf1zghd39bobis 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of the hot reservoirz2oyz31 dgbf4tub;; go9kf3 h is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating (33;qwv 6gm y*6h 0bshxw myv*ajrt5e between $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heatb q +ck4 xx97ckny,hsi lej y*w,e6y1: from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much wor 1xke h7+ xy,:cqe6nk 9i* csljw,yyb4k is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing com9 gif*w)rkz/ dpartment at the rate of 20 kJ ang*fz rkw/)di9d ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorm798easp ,cf)x5fzry bs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heatzr,75af9pseyf8cxm ) to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy w9:git:a+o-*0hk8 ai*ohb;wxk ldk+6 ay f uekhen 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the chb,s2)nl kyw7a omr/+2- p yiikange in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP-u lqntn29: j6g9alby undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy changes :9un9tlnqljgy b -6a 2by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at jks wa07ps13j r9l2jx$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.