The process shown on the T-V graph is aw dibc9)apo )i,s, h5xn

  In an isothermal process, ther3 wn 2e ynr(rs +e,j 7u8/vdjmcmiv68ze is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynadss ;25 d;m i8z 8yeu9/4hrijnvc5 nrwmics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice vsaxz/d6 2 *8eezxxr 7its original volume with no change in its temperature. This proces rxe6e2szx*7xzd a/8vs is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L t f- opp t-u/qm 5jwhe4yir*+ap/zg0h4o 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the changeaq r ef*ygo/5wp40p -hi/- m4tzh+ jpu of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to xy,(1nnqd /zuone-half its original volume during an isothermal p/z u(,nqd yxn1rocess. The final pressure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. Duiyx r9r i)shvo,6w1 zl.3(lb bring this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements isbohyw bi(rv)rx31,6z l9 lsi. correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in a2a58up* e;z zjj n:q-vhz5uukn isolated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its su-v nu 8zzjq:h5p5 ;euj* az2kurroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamoc-28usj i-ejics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume during a66rt3ap 78qb;b oeuswn adiabatic process. The final 8abuo6w r3; pbeqt7 s6pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas ideor) *h i/bis3ccu 3(wdntical in all respects except that one containsrousc w/ci3bd i3()*h $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all res s4j e lew)o8b.5zdnj,pects except that one containsl e.5,)jwsj zb48noed $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diag),wik:nmh ck5ram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change in p3yfneaj(+ 7d

  When the first law of tht;0dr,oqlor ,y1h. ozermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at coif6dt kd31/*d uvxh(;e sr;yd nstant pressure as heat is added to it. This pr; (;r/xhu6yd fev3 1idkt*sddocess is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant p; c w8uswdnz:1*ntolzt-2f)2idw33* im hkmg ressure. As a result, the internal energy of the- w13n)h:dso2tt8c*; 2l *wzi nwmuzdikmg 3f gas

  The process shown on the PV di xfvuwny7g6a. 7kxc.8 agram is

  In an isochoric process, there is nos9iez*ued*l qbjg4 :(ks ;dn 1 change in

  When the first law ofy.qu7h7orb 9) 1tcgmk thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid conyf1ski+v pb9 )tainer that cannot expand as heat energy is added to k v)pfiy91+s bit. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of idea jzyw;7 i012bh +p7vu0qyg vxal gas at constant volume. As a result, the internal 7 u7whx ypa gi0vj+qb1 20vy;zenergy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynaowjx21 mkk7 8fmics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold r:zc5we lhh ; qa+bk1o:eservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a ho; a / e*uj+ h85:hctjqbzsij-it reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according to j.l3h-0ezca1ny + xit Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. During one cyjln. e2vxt/zh j8 rvi88-/viv cle, how much work is done by an engine j/ijnv ez/h l82.-xvrt88 ivv operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a *cfg +h .a htfjn0k6m)heat engine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficienc*kn2mwt -fu6f:w 1,nlj n 7qo egh84ucy of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink musmkwuw-o ul6 q 8ef7g4c1*h:fn, j 2tnnt be

  A Carnot cycle consists of6c-1gq,y8ar 1 4ygq/ sdxfgpq

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodynamics.pi:o w;/be1l u

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator is defined t d fp(5r2pq47cp6lcljgrlv 1a./q4i as the ratio of d4.glp i j7p4aqc6f2 q(t5pv/r lrl1c

  The coefficient of perfo dip09 c0k4mhflv6bk /rmance (COP) of a heat pump is defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, theqtrf2x q4ku 42 entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process that may oc9z :7g-wxf fvqcur within an isolated system, which one7:9fv- x gqzwf of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the s4u 0ec,tky aq-econd law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamicr tf7yejh5 :m3s leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. Whaw7;py m i 9-bwcjvm:6wt is ;m6cj-7wviwb : 9yw pmthe change in internal energy?

  During an isothermal prodg6gfzu1 +zz +cess, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the 1g+f6dzzuz g+ work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas sykx-cj70udt pr2o4 io 8, ,cv; t1qgrwlstem in an isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change- o j7o r,81c0p ,qdklvxri4wu cg2;tt in internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatiy nvw4b9i14 jy *xn3lzcally. What is the change in internal energ ix4zv341l*nbjw y 9yny of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doingvene h(o+3ty2x;ssmie ; 0dn0 25 J of work. What is the change in dse; xno+ e0 (;ih s0ty3nme2vinternal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by cw,z n dvih/(/50 J. What is the workvi,h(/ c/zdnw done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. nvi00e 3 v5x8ztwoxt(What is the heat exchangte0vxx0z3n( ow8vi5t e?

  A certain amount of a moncj:0-hibedte,w jfast nb/-* c, dd/n mv6k*0atomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 40bdf 0js-tcie, **6t:w,v0 jcmnkh/-/eabd nd0 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cu j: got-mi;2looled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. Howm-:iu jog;l t2 many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of 9c2r ni 9nx.yrcc 7qy9water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat an4ery )f0v aqptgk,+eq9a gm(7d loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficien9 (yqe+grga v,ampf 0k)7tq 4ecy?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receilg4wzn r+oi kw9v9r++cgn8:t ves 150 J of heat per cycle. How muwcn+r:9+kog9 twnv4 8l+zrigch work does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 1 y*9d8xc7 6jrn(p:8ix ml2j xixe :dkw50 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhau8cy(i:2 l7pindx9 j m6dex xrxwj :8k*st in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. 8 jpb6,knljqyz8aaw 20i +j+ xCalculate the efficienaj,2byjj+zq+6k 8lai0np 8xwcy of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 ifah:6q;7 r unkcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate tqi :arn;u7 fh6he work done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far hap4lpghe xzwf/2 g) 41rs the following characteristics: combustion chambe2 w/4r1p4x) pgehfz glr temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has th04qdbhb y(eal4+qnp9i3)a tj e following characteristics: combustion chamber tempera a(bap4tylhq4+in ) j39e dbq0ture = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has)ty 7p08 mr8q4/d ayayyevjlf8 ti4:k the following characteristics: combustion chambera8edy 0kmj fv 88ytty4:yr/7qap4 )li temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of elect5fciqd4e* r zt;d)9svx04 k.m b6mbliric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of ele ea7lwmrivz c02.eu/+ ctric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. a,6xiazf d .e011jfteThe plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an engine which operates betweenb z4klps 94/ukpd;6w9 d0tyda $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possi7i2dn qp6i 6tyble for an engine operating betwee 7iy 6q62dniptn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35kz, ah- hlnhpy/a.5p/.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperature of-.pp/h, hy aan/kl5hz the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating b,1; e9ylx/uclh8ekw s585xslbktqn .etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freeu+ykk4m8 0esx rr y-3ozing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. Ho-esrk8uo ym4+xy0 3rkw much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing comparm:ro:r4m mj 5s+ 9 kkzh;kzfy(a)vs:9j gt cp6tment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a rook4h t kr: rj6(:;va g jk:oyzm9+szfcms)p95mm per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs sluq.t) g22rlvzk.es08 u s(1 v0yfcz230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input80v1 2.ts. s llkr vzy2ue(cz0)sfugq is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entx d t--uq((1r)+qsnyr9hcmi wropy when 50 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in en4/5l p4; m(upkey-uj +ewrpmstropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STPyu*knly dd u:jn))n (6 undergoes an isothermal expansion and its entropy chjdkunl( )n6*u y )n:ydanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ne; *jhbn6(k46uhibd sg v;a8 c33llp$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.