Which of the following phk67ysec+* o1lw sig je;3t+ uhysical quantities has the same SI unit as the radioactive decay ocswhu *j 3 +s6tkg1liy7e; e+constant?

  The diagram below shows thea cqrcif6 m))1 graph of binding energy per nucleon vs. the mass (nucleon) number6c ))1aicq fmr of some elements.

Which is the most stable nucleus?

  A student uses the arrangement shown below ton7- e, xiawtzwngr -4. ascertain the type of radiation emitted by a -47gwxea nnz,. r -itwgiven sample of radioactive material.

The SI unit of radioactive decay constant is $s^{−1}$, which is the same as that of frequency.When the sheet of paper is in the position shown, a count rate of 720 Bq is recorded. When she lowers the thick sheet of paper so as to obstruct the direct path between the source and the detector, the count rate drops to 18 Bq. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the data collected?

  The binding energy of5 f:gb1qw y7gmmrb**q $^4_2He$ is 28 MeV. What is its binding energy per nucleon?

  In the absence of the strong nuclearw6vuc6 ns xx(w,z7.gkg d ;o*n force, a large nucleus would be even more unstable than a small nucleus. Which one of the following is the best explanatiszn6okw, * ;nux7xdvcg(.gw6on?

  An element X is bombarded with alpha parah h r;kh;5o h(ig2oq-yk m10sticles and a new element Y is formed with a neutron emitted. The following equation can be writtenor0q (hg h 2oh ;ki-1yas5h;km for the nuclear reaction.

The atomic numbers of X and Y are A and B respectively. Which of the following is correct for A and B?

  Consider the following statexst+wqw+m3) *skm* ilments about nuclear binding energy:
The nuclear binding energy is:
I. proportional to the mass defect from nucleus formation.
II. the energy released when a nucleus is formed from its nucleons.
III. the energy required to remove a proton from the nucleus.
Which of the statements are correct?

  A nuclide of a radioactive element Q can be representef n: /paptk2+qd as $^{234}_{90}Q$. The nuclide undergoes two negative beta decays and one alpha decay. Which of the following configurations correctly represents the daughter nuclide R?

The graph shows the variatia a y -pjqyy9kka)+o70on of the measured activity of an isotope sample with time.qk-ok70+)jy9 y yp aaa

1.State what is meant by activity.
2.Explain why the activity graph doesn’t approach zero as time increases.
3.The activity graph is corrected so as to reach zero as time increases as shown below.

(1)Determine the half-life of the sample.
(2)The initial mass of this sample was 248 g. Determine the time that would elapse before 31 g of the sample remained.

  A 1.20 kg sample of a radioactive isotope decc; 5tvfuus6u7/ b5iwfapg-o;vq zncjy9), 1naying via beta decay with a half-life of 30 minutes is observed in a closed container in a laboratory. The decay results in a daughter nucleus that is also a soli;apobi u1wtgf5 sv - z,)u5c9ynfcn6/u 7;vqj d. What is the approximate total mass measured after 90 minutes?

  The activity of a 100% pure radirv (d ,8y9cskboactive sample is $10^6\,Bq$. The activity of the sample after 20% of nuclei have decayed is:

  During experiments observing beta decays, it was se)fl b0dx/cl/j7l+lp d en that the energy spectrum of the beta particles is continuous and momentum conservation was violated in beta decays. This provided evidenc/0 /l+fjc 7lldbd xp)le for the existence of:

  Which of the followin ilr. m(ew,ry0 3w/xdwg radioactive decays can cause the production of a daughter nucleus to be a different element than the parent nucleus? wmd0wl wir.,(eyx r/3
I. α decay
II. β decay
III. γ decay

  A pure radioactive sample of mass m has a decay constant of λ.+ucm vb- 35r)c)h thgq Its activity is given by A. Another pure sample of the same material has a mass 2m. Consider the following statements about the sample of mass)g3 mvru qcct +h)h-b5 2m after an interval of two half lives.
I. The decay constant is $\frac{λ}{2}$​.
II. The activity is $\frac{A}{2}$​.
III. The mass of decayed nucleons in the sample is $\frac{m}{2}$​.
Which of the statements is/are correct?

  The binding energy per nucleon ofohb6gm9p 2ujq4*ex 9 c a $^A_ZX$ nucleus is E. What is the mass defect for the formation of X from its constituent nucleons?

1.The following reaction takes place in a nuclear reactffq xdzu u*alec.)19 2or:
$^{235}_{92}U$+$^1_0n$→$^{144}_{56}Ba$+$^{89}_{36}Kr$+$3^1_0n$
(1)Differentiate between fission and fusion reactions.
(2)Determine whether this reaction is a nuclear fission or nuclear fusion.
2.The following data is given for this reaction:
The binding energy per nucleon of $235^​U$ = 7.59 MeV
The binding energy per nucleon of $144​^Ba$ = 8.27 MeV
The binding energy per nucleon of $89^​Kr$ = 8.62 MeV
Calculate the energy released from this reaction.

  A nucleus $A^​$X has a mass defect of N unified atomic mass units, Nu. What is the correct expression for its binding energy per nucleon?

  1.Uranium-235 $(^{235}_{92}​U)$ has a nuclear mass of 235.044 u.
(1)State what is meant by mass defect.
(2)Calculate the mass defect of uranium-235. $δ$ =    $u$
2.(1)Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of uranium-235. $binding energy per nucleon$ =    $MeV$
(2)On the axes given, sketch the variation of the binding energy per nucleon with the nucleon number. Label the position of uranium-235. There is no need to add numbers to the axes.

3.Uranium-235 ( $^{235}_{92}​U$) decays into thorium-231 ( $^{231}_{90}Th$).
Determine which nuclide has a higher binding energy per nucleon. Use the graph to justify your answer.

1.Define decay consta;i;ym9y/1 ,1oazpoh gh m yt:unt.
2.Mushrooms contain a radioactive element called caesium-137, $^{137}_P{55}$​Cs . The element has a half-life of 30$yr$ and a sample of living mushrooms has a constant decay rate of 2000 2000Bq for every kg of mass. A sample of 50g is extracted from a dried mushroom and the activity is measured as 0.80Bq.
(1)Caesium-137 decays to barium-137, $^{137}_{56}Ba$, by beta emission. Complete the nuclear reaction equation of this decay, showing both particles emitted in the decay.
$^{137}_P{55}$​Cs→ ______ +$^{137}_{56}Ba$ + ______
(2)Show that the decay constant of caesium-137 is about 0.023 $yr^{−1}$.
(3)Given that the amount of caesium in the mushroom stops being replenished once the mushroom is no longer living, determine the age of the dried mushroom.
3.Some other radioactive substances have half-lives of thousands of years. Outline the method used for determining the half-life of these kinds of substances.

  A stationary nucleus of uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay to form thorium-234. Tdcbj mp;-g9chl7: 8g0 dqqh9khe initial speed of the alpha particle is v. What is correct about the magnitude of the thorium-234 velocity and its dc gj0-kch9; dl:qqgd phm798b irection?

The plutonium isotope gv,hp -6;unbwuys 6w, $^{238}_{94}​Pu undergoes alpha decay.

1.Define isotope.
2.Rewrite this decay equation, filling in any missing information.
3.Plutonium undergoes a decay series. The graph below shows a part of this decay series.

(1)One type of decay cannot be represented on this diagram. Outline this type of decay and justify your answer.
(2)State the type of decay of $^{230}_{90}​Th$ that is represented on the diagram above. Justify your answer.
(3)Isotope X undergoes an alpha decay followed by a beta minus decay to produce isotope Y. Label the position of isotope Y on the diagram.
4.Compare the penetrating powers of alpha, beta and gamma radiation.