Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface absorbs 6 hex4s 2sz3x:h5% of incident intensity. What is the albedo of the planetx:sh eh x42z3s?

  The orders of energy transformations in three po2ihs ))qdz tnx4jv,g6wer stations are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the followingk,rpt+m9 2 ;atz*q svf pairs constitutes a renewable and non-renewable source of mfp2;r 9vas, *+tzqtkenergy?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable ab,:qs cvr5mm4;er z g(nd non-renewable source of en;e: m srzm5rc, q(bvg4ergy?

  Which of the following is a46bmnicg*cq3i 7 jff; non-renewable energy resource?

  Which of the followi7ky (vqqfh0 vwk2*cq(ng energy resources is non-renewable?

  The government of a medium sized city plan)vgna4r uv49w s to replace coal power plants with photovoltaic9 4vr4a)uv ngw cells to power the city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's x9ej285ngkemf.4el w orbit around the Sun is approximately 30 times th5 2e9kxlwge 8m.fn j4ee orbital radius of earth. Estimate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statemenx deg b xs62pn;my0:*qlwf4-ets give possible reasons why the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on earth is ox*l4n ;ex6dqy -e0mws:p2gbfnly a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy convelpy;j* q f;tnf3v :(nrrsions occur in power stations. Examples of electricity generation that both involve energy *qn;;y n(:j3tv flpfrtransfer from thermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during, 8s.p h,oo1dg3raj fy a particular day is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed intensity if the solar intensity i, a.1 ogr fhsd,jo8y3ps 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth. Soi 5-; (yz wn dlpbv*sx-qib.f4me of this energy is scatterebi ibs4-d;yx(w 5l*q fnz. pv-d and the rest reaches the earth's surface.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensity on the tb1w v-1 fwc,:taqcpv//voy s3ch3 1 eEarth's surface is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns fuel wiu.u wk9 z7k1vlth a specific energy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo of a boy4o/j5d 7q7)jhs btordy
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.