Solar radiation is incident gr fi,7,km0rton a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% of incident intensity. What is the albedo of the planfr,m0 7 g,iktret?

  The orders of energy transformations in three power stations are give huib22 fsvs 3 p-im3e8gs78kkoiq-6kn;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and no itnl 52/62kp *ttj/ff xu1k-rg 3pxiwn-renewable source of ener6ji u-trtk/x1lpf*53kgx pitf n 2/2w gy?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and non-re-pprd06wd3f i newable source of energy w6difppd 3r0-?

  Which of the following is a non-renewable energy resource yn(a.rrv: 7dp?

  Which of the following energy resources is non-renewayirqsz/+,b tp-ad tnuwn3+n8yu 582*;hdhtuble?

  The government of a -3 sstm1: uce8 conwu(r0i hi)medium sized city plans to replace coal power plants with photovoltaic cells to power the city.ce swn(-8mrcuhtsi 3io1 0 u):
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orbit around the Sun is approximatel0- vt* pgi4td8 u/bwxhy 30 times the orbital radius of earthgu hp84w*0d/tt- xb iv. Estimate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reasons w8+*twa4 e.:luvat x6jyahve4 hy the average intensity of sunlight incident on a solar panel during a day on earth is.*ay8havjelt +4xe u6v4wt:a only a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in psm2 gw e m4m60lu+hm4gower stations. Examples of electricity generation that both involve energy transfer f gs0+memm mh2u4w6gl 4rom thermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during a particular day is 0.8. What gzi(iz8k/e 1rnlrmq, ( )qgwo;/ep 8 nis the value of the absorbed ingier(k/zq8/ izgn8e1 lmrqw(;)pn ,otensity if the solar intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth. jd-* tzkxq*r4t h.v:ess 3a j(Some of this energy is scattered and the rest reaches the earth's surface. ksz*qast(4 -tx*3j e.v:rhj d



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar intensity on the Earth's surfa7km+/h,2ly q8ua d xvtphn1:q ce is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns fuel with a specific energhh6 *n)jofi +ay of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albed25 -wd*oe ff6tdk+hz 6wbxf*do of a body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.