Solar radiation is incident on a planet, whose surface absorbs 65% of inci-ze-v2(*/lyd(ce fev d j/ v- l+gqhpudent i-+v-hq */lzdv lv jp g(-e/ecud(yfe2ntensity. What is the albedo of the planet?

  The orders of energy 4)a7;sggefn mtransformations in three power stations are given;

I. chemical → thermal → kinetic → electrical
II. kinetic → kinetic → electrical
III. gravitational potential → kinetic → electrical
Which row correctly matches the type of power station with the energy transformations?

  Which of the following pai2cb0r)kq q wtgm1: n49vq3z zzrs constitutes a renewable and non-renewable source of:rz 3gwqc0z 1v2)tzqbm49q n k energy?

  Which of the following pairs constitutes a renewable and ck 3iwd,u,0 iznon-renewable source of e,,uzi 3kdi wc0nergy?

  Which of the following is a non-renewable,s4i;ohr ixn j.mx36sikp*( v energy resource?

  Which of the following energy resources is non-renewan x9.7 bpc-x*s0e0sdrjpx kl+ble?

  The government of a medium sf00 zfm6yru 0wized city plans to replace coal power plants with photovoltaic cells to powf yr0060 umwzfer the city.
The following data are available:
Total area available for photovoltaic cells = 62.6$km^2$
Maximum intensity of light incident on photovoltaic cells = $1.36\times10^3$ $Wm^{−2}$
Average efficiency of energy conversion in photovoltaic cells = 20 %
Hours of sunshine in one month = 150 hours
1.Explain why the government's choice to reduce its reliance on coal would be beneficial to the Earth's climate.
2.Outline, in terms of energy changes, how electrical energy is generated from coal.
3.Using the data given, calculate in $GJ$ the maximum expected energy generation for one month. $Electrical energy obtained$ =    $\times10^6\,GJ$

  The average radius of Neptune's orbit around the Sun is approximately 30 times t-fi.vfy /t4k6g:s i7q/be zubhe -q4bebk./vfs6tu yg i:zf i/7orbital radius of earth. Estimate the solar constant of Neptune.

  The following three statements give possible reasons why the average intensityuz z w -h+1)tkb7c/tiz of sunlight incidentz) kht w 7zuczi+b-/t1 on a solar panel during a day on earth is only a fraction of the solar constant.
I. Scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere
II. Rotation of the earth
III. The surface of the solar panel is not perpendicular to incident of sunlight
Which of the statements are correct?

  Several energy conversions occur in power stations. Exm+4ane2uht2-zf imrbz(mu 1 0amples of electricity generation that both invo(nh4+ u01z abi2fmt-2z er mmulve energy transfer from thermal to electrical are

  The albedo at the poles of Earth during a particular dayt*dwq /fzo*f9 is 0.8. What is the value of the absorbed i*/qdztwf *f o9ntensity if the solar intensity is 700 $Wm^{−2}$?

  The sun radiates energy to the surface of the earth. Some of this ener akeo. 7oj8.n6 ibiz-qgy is scattered and the rest reaches the earth's surf b8zaj i.nq6i oe7o.-kace.



1.Differentiate between heat transfer methods: conduction, convection and thermal radiation.
2.At any given time, the power of the radiation of the sun absorbed by the earth's surface is $P$.
$P$is given by
$P\,=\,(1−α)SπR^2$
Where $α$ is the albedo of the earth’s surface.
(1)Show that the average intensity of radiation $I_{avg}$​ that is absorbed by the earth's surface is given by $I_{avg}$​=$\frac{(1−α)S}{4}$. ​
(2)Calculate the average intensity of the radiation that is absorbed by the earth's surface. The earth's albedo is 0.3. $I_{avg}$ =    $Wm^{-2}$
Some of the infrared radiation from the earth is absorbed and reradiated by the greenhouse gasses.
3.Explain this absorption and emission of radiation in terms of molecular energy levels.

  On a certain day, the solar8iin26x - ejsv intensity on the Earth's surface is 300 $Wm^{−2}$. Photovoltaic cells which have an efficiency of 20% are used to convert solar energy to electrical energy. What should be the minimum area of the photovoltaic cells to produce an output of 6.0 kW assuming that the incident light is normal to the surface of the panel?

  A natural gas plant burns fuayz)1 mj4r u+up- m4)whl4qe4 s :+kgzcrygm(el with a specific energy of 80$MJkg^{−1}$.
The rate of energy input of the natural gas is 1.6$GW$. What is the rate at which the fuel burns?

  1.(1)Define the albedo of y0k1hde1q b 3wa body
(2)It was suggested that painting rocky mountain tops with a white chalk-based paint could help reduce the impact of global warming. In terms of albedo, explain why this could work.
2.(1)Given that the radius of the earth is $6.4\times10^6\,m$, show that at any given time, the total amount of energy incident on the earth's surface is approximately $1.8\times10^{17}\,J$ per second. P =    $\times10^{17}\,W$
(2)The average albedo of the Earth is 0.30. What is the rate at which the Earth absorbs energy from the sun?
(3)Using your answer from (b)(ii) and ignoring atmospheric effects, estimate the average temperature of the earth for which equilibrium would be established. Assume the earth's average emissivity is 0.80.T =    K
(4)Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere elevate the average temperature of the earth such that it is higher than the answer found in (b)(iii). Explain the mechanism by which this occurs.