According to natural classification, organisx9* vc6.hzz3+skuwv3 lsvg+ vms in the same group had what in commonvx3. vgvkwu c* z6+ 9sv+3shzl?

  The diagram below represents the three/i.gs, e-k qoiz 31kbn domains of life.

  The organisms in the table below all share a common ancestorga .*n*xww r/z.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the followiy.37f)y - htcvlze)osng statements is the correct definition of evolution?

  Which of the following represents the correct order for taxonoxoyz(gd(0mvw(rtw mmd- jp599 9 a.yxmic levels used in biologi(5-9.ydw9wmxda0 (o 9trmmy(z jxpgv cal classification?

  What evidence can be, and h-)ir-hh*hztw as been used, to determine the members of the same clade*trh)z-hw-h i ?
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the correct defini,gay(vl e mkvwkh22 f 8i0rg2;tion of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with membrane-enclosed organelles d v.2l31fru3if5p ax l lt9i 2tfwuy1kcz4: 7vbelong to?

  Which arrow correctlyl3 3 qdjedni-6 identifies a node in the cladogram?

  According to the cladogram, which two primates are the most closely rel -t-8s5 p mrwe(yhp1gnated?

  Early cladograms were constructed by comparin(4 .pg-qbynjq g structures of organisms. The cladoq-(bq pg jn4y.gram on the left is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced fr6 gkysq :hht8rkc 5n/.om the cladogram?

  The cladogram below shows three possible ev uee.)q*gz e+zak;es-olutionary origins of the platypus (Platyp sa-e)z.e*ug;+qz ke eus X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reason for srh8 9.b i*liri-fexa)b1t;b reclassification?

  Which of the following is not evidence for organisms bein1ojq k*yms3,b **np tkg in the same clade?

  What is the relationsieba.d:pd;50io*b krhip between the number of differences in DNA base sequences and time since divergence from a common ancesti k5d abpobrei0: *.d;or?

  The table shows the number of differences in amino acid sequences fsvs1f2fh,+gt(ky1ak m7w-c qor the Insulin-A protein, awm ,t1cyf+ v(2g71hkf-s ksqbetween pigs and other organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on the Cistus sp. of the Mediterranean to 6kbvw;lux ctkz,.g ,7look at the relationship between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubs and are commonly known as rockros6t 7g,u; xklvckw.,z bes.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be used to construct a cl3h1b1h6lh- dvzm: xrgadogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two diff-w6 u2 r8hkk+wucu s)werent organisms is s-w+wuwkhk s)uc62ru 8hown in the table below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cladograms for primates. One cladogram was made u 163zuzf7+ fo vbf:7xqc ; sw6qi;soiusing data from DNA sequ7i: z uioq+fo3fss16wzqcxvfb ; 6u7;ences and the other using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified using evidence from cladih. p ztukops(f5pvx 9cr9,6g .stics. Cladogram 1, based on DNA compariso p.6uotfz9 x(9sv.kg rcph,p5ns of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many more species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group organisms with common ancestry 5fa:hqjm9 4id z e:/9*r qszh/ ufyir+together, zhs9fur d e4a9*zjqh ryqf/ii5 +::m/based on similarities and shared characteristics. All organisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.