According to natural classification, organisms in the same mea)x:5-wv)k vc*wl;na;w7cuxz f 2 lgroup had what in comc;wf7v-xvue:k wl);an xl2wc *mz5 a)mon?

  The diagram below represents the three domains of life. l c2utfkbpu: o/q/; eqm5b0r*

  The organisms in the table below all share canb-xz00iyp 7a1 5io0q,jnb a common ancestor.


1.1.Use the data in the table to draw a cladogram.

1.2.State the source of variation which allowed organisms in the cladogram to diverge into different species.
the name is   .
2.In cladistics, state the name used to describe a group of organisms which have all evolved from a common ancestor. the name is   .

  Which of the following statements is tu:rz23l78hqwf 4 lrzdfkl zv f:3h9z:he correct definition of evolution?

  Which of the following representqidkwnh53tf)+q 1dw 9 s the correct order for taxonomic levels used in biological classificin kw1fw)d 35 +9qqdhtation?

  What evidence can be, and has been used, to determine the membe;f3i e(9shg zlrs of the same clade? zgef( l ;3ish9
I. Base sequence of genes
II. Amino acid sequence of proteins
III. Physical appearance of organisms

  In cladistics, which is the corq+orp; ry.) l v1xi rsmy;4yq8eo 2r0irect definition of a clade?

  To which domain do organisms with hfp)rw * ek7 q0ae+ux-membrane-enclosed organelles belong to?

  Which arrow correctly identifies a nodel35 hyp;ij/ gf in the cladogram?

  According to the cladogrkrb3*u;hw3k/4xye(x ldg. n w am, which two primates are the most closely related?

  Early cladograms were construq-gg-kok ;5 srcted by comparing structures of organisms. The cladogram on the leftkko-s5 r;q gg- is based on structure and the cladogram on the right is based on comparing the DNA sequence of a particular gene.


What is the reason that the cladogram based on the DNA sequences is a more reliable representation of the sequence of divergence among clades than the cladogram based on structures?

  What information can be deduced from the cladogr v faqi1 ja;0onz-*h0aam?

  The cladogram below shows three possible evolutionary orighjg871 8 gxfnrvr;qa 6ins of the platypus (Platypus r8681q hxgjgrvanf7;X, Y, and Z), an egg-laying mammal with webbed feet. The italicised taxa are extinct.


1.1.State the taxa most closely related to marsupials.
   are most closely related to marsupials. They are both members of Theria.

1.2.Based on the taxa shown in the cladogram, deduce one reason for the difficulty in identifying the true divergence of the platypus.

2.1.The cladogram shown is based on morphological traits. Describe one other type of evidence that can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships.

2.2.Suggest one type of morphological evidence that could be used to provide support for Platypus Z over Platypus X as the origin of the platypus.

3.Taxonomists classify organisms according to their evolutionary origins using a hierarchical classification system.

Outline the principal taxonomic ranks in the modern classification system.

  Which of the following would not be a reason for reclassificat)y3cha(voy / y5uu6i fion?

  Which of the following is not evidencek* qbjez2 x(z3yi*qb. for organisms being in the same clade?

  What is the relationship between the number of differences in DNA base seq-b;oh 3v/ t6j*qq /+mgtugqihuences and time since divergih h//;q*vq m6-u3tqogtb+ g jence from a common ancestor?

  The table shows the number of z lg xhx9+)/ v (btvcfxeeqq,. 4bu6z7differences in amino acid sequences for the Insulin-A protein, between pigs and othert+ e()xbl.7f zx9g,h6xu vbeqz 4 /vcq organisms.

Which organism would be furthest from pigs in a cladogram?

  A study was completed on 2lubpol8 y 5v4ehr;5othe Cistus sp. of the Mediterranean to look at the relationship between the different white-flowered species. Cistus is a genus of plants that are shrubvl54l5u ybo82 o e;phrs and are commonly known as rockroses.

The cladogram below shows the relationship between species of the Cistus genus and also includes the genera Fumana, Helianthemum, Tuberia and Halimium.


1.1.Determine the number of nodes between the common ancestor indicated by ‘A’ in the diagram and the clade of Cistus with purple flowers.There are    nodes

1.2.Identify the genus containing the highest number of species in this cladogram.The genus with the most species is   .

1.3.Calculate the percentage of species that belong to the genus that you have named in (ii).it=  %.

1.4.Based on this cladogram outline the relationship between Cistus and Halimium species.


2.1.Identify two species that are the only white-flowered Cistus species in their ecosystem type.

2.2.Deduce, with a reason, the ecosystem with the greatest variety of Cistus species.

2.3.Discuss the evidence from the cladogram that ecosystem type is a factor that contributes to evolution.

Log-Bayes factor is a statistical tool. It was used to evaluate the influence of the environment and insolation on three characteristics of Cistus species.

·Environment is the type of ecosystem
·Insolation is the solar energy that reaches a surface

The three factors studied were leaf shape, labdanum secretion and leaf pubescence.

·The leaf shape of Cistus species is linear or ovate
·Labdanum secretion is the resin or gum that is secreted by Cistus species during hot weather
·Leaf pubescence is the fine hair on leaves and stems that helps to keep leaves cool

The table below gives the log-Bayes factor for the relationships between: (i) leaf shape and environment, (ii) leaf shape and insolation, (iii) labdanum secretion and environment, (iv) labdanum secretion and insolation, (v) leaf pubescence and environment, and (vi) leaf pubescence and insolation.
Log-Bayes factor between -0.1 and 1 indicates ‘barely correlated’ between the factors. Log-Bayes factor less than -0.1 indicates ‘evidence against correlation’. The greater the positive log-Bayes factor, the greater the evidence for correlation



3.1.Deduce, based on the log-Bayes values, which factor, environment or insolation, has the strongest correlation with the three characteristics.
3.2.Using all of the data, evaluate the evidence that the environment has been a significant factor in the evolution of the Cistus species.

1.Outline how mitochondrial DNA can be used to construct a hb8q g* p)g4e 7/wbk.: tfmefxcladogram.

2.Explain why organisms classified in the past may be reclassified.

3.Compare and contrast cladograms made using molecular evidence and structural evidence.

  The DNA sequence from the same section of DNA but from two dif/ w :3+fnrw85i(g1 gsbpz qqrbferent organisms is shown in the tar z83 w:gi/s+n(qgwr1b5 pfb qble below.

Which organisms are most likely to have diverged from each other most recently?

The diagrams below show two cladograms for primates. One claftit5w2d 5gbf 0;a 1rn8 ce;spdogram was made using data frod;a0fp e8 tiwc;21nrsg5 5fbtm DNA sequences and the other using amino acid sequences.


1.Identify the organism(s) most closely related to humans in the cladogram based on…

1.1.DNA sequences

1.2.amino acid sequences

2.Describe the advantage of using DNA sequences to construct cladograms compared to amino acid sequences.

2.Suggest why cladograms made using physical features are not reliable predictors of phylogenetic relationships.

  Organisms may be reclassified unofdiy /ymge1hq 900 +sing evidence from cladistics. Cladogram 1, based on DNA comparisons of several species, represents the historical view of relationships among arachnids. Cladogram 2, based on DNA comparisons of many moreq igd0nmy/1h90+ef yo species than Cladogram 1, challenges the historical view.


What is suggested by Cladogram 2 that is not suggested by Cladogram 1?

1.Natural classification is used to group organisms with common ancj ry)79:4/ :ml t qdclpv4ikwxestry together, based on similaritixy94q7d/rim :cw:vjlk)p4 lt es and shared characteristics. All organisms can be classified into one of the three domains.


1.List three characteristics of Eubacteria.
2.Distinguish between archaeans and eukaryotes.

2.The plant kingdom is part of the Eukaryota domain. The plant kingdom is further divided into phyla.


2.1.For the plant pictured above, deduce the phylum to which it belongs. Give a reason for your answer.
2.2Distinguish between the phylum you named in (i) and one other named plant phylum with which you are familiar.

3.Individual species can be grouped into families, based on a shared common attribute. Identify two changes that can result from reclassification of a family.