The diagram shows the hqiyl yf6yh 6(t v:6mwp.eg 5l3aploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for this organismmv63y(qfw g6eyh 6: 5.ly iptl?

  The overall structure of the fin of a wh fk +4ndo4 sit4qsdln+:. ihfu)mdc4rp5v0-k ale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?44h4 f :qm-k)+vdsulofr kit4n.5c n psi0dd+

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence suet:u0wl6qa : ujvq8 *mp v.mt3pporting the hypothesis that two pop:t8tm: vml.v j qu0wp6u*3a equlations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signl5 irxov23p, -arzo6ic hs20 :*fpy2meskcc)als to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns pr 6kyzar0) 2ps:*co5opvsm l e- i23ccfh2r ,xioduced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciat :f5s3optpe5 ;ijo-igion among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differencealejlg +n 2/4js between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric spen j/glal4 2je+ciation?

  Which of the following are often barriep;m.m 78gnxne:ufgy2 +msq o1rs to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differenys4 gp4gl4d;21w4dda1y wxmvt(p 3 urce between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speriy0n,o0xt g,y3z5l9bfa) s ociation. Which word is matched to the correct drbn3 ytog0 ,yi,)zs 9l5xafo0 efinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of s3 h r+qd22ug cgsgl5fx6cudp7s y74.iimilar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process of spec4s )e4*aks m7flbjy --u)ug 5ll-mvu t7m9unwiation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and w22 ax+h djtm ubn-.ble,62yjras the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoidjuabt6yj x2r e22,-+b.dlnmh es which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancestrs4k / ,2qrlgjor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographicqsrl 2j,gkr 4/ isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through birk8n3oqj,pw+ l ydjg0 a, /2selective breeding 3b ,,jpr0/yqng olidjw k+28a?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two seq7c)s hg1 n:c g2km1opecies was found to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cces)12gq 7h :o mgc1nkell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 ,fz m2o)bukg 6 rmbxrmhhm,o-16+r5c chromosomes reproduce, a mul56rm+6oz r - rmmo)bb2,hcfm u,hxk1ge offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of horm-qttdjk2 . nj0onal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed0.tjk2j tqd n- to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?b6ui;a x-*3qjcy6mwbg bg-q:q91rqj /p ;txw

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evolzgn,8 cojym0.,gng) f ution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and:;he l2 j yo.uw,tghn( form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to j .g ht,;(wu:yelnh2ohave?

1.Compare and contrast naturaljc ,sz -;)bbxi41u1 xnj.h oaf selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isol ;ric +woe*uz6ep6lxx 6z1y5nation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of5-tw-im vj2.tx fk( qo a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four sptbgir3 ep8l w26( ohn0ecies of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the bepn geho830wl6r(2ti b st explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving into ,.;*ap8a nvcvu( g+xg ip1feb6q lb.smultiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in closea fisg6v1aqg.p*;uv.(8c pbn b+,lxe proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.