The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. 5bnc4)y .qcpyk; ,3gg lxi)qeWhat could be the pl p c5bx3gk.ci)eyq)gq,;yn4olyploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is ydy2v4r/v 4 .uy*na8ry z2 vpdsgkuvp.u+35p similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. Whyv.gn / 4.r4*uapr8 svdu3vpkypudyz+yv225 at are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidencdmh0l).a 71 bqou * gay56d 2vooyn6hxe supporting the hypothesis that two pyg1na 7v6 )dly2uhm o*h bo6x .q0dao5opulations are two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to qm2 gga/m*m i5hn3 zzd 0+2jqzpotential female mates by flashing its lights in spec0 q2nm zm* 5h/zqzai+gj2gdm 3ific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation amon:+p fbi*sb;gbssi*y 3g organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and ds 5ixt 53w5/bco9ro adifferences between isolating mechanisms in sympa5 3bxw at9d5o 5c/iorstric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between speciese3gwo-wi,xa w iqx5 15?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between ;poft0kf, ni3 fwi7y:homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which wv(0 ga4ze*6tmvu3mnh6oru b-ord is matched to tme4um*6a3 h(bv6gz rn0o vtu-he correct definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar strucv( (acdm.y /kztures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usuan4 gk0,vdoc amcxj1 /r*rtw/f3l/ h h(8iows,lly occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was vadv91tu.. t ;k/ku pothe first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Trittu1 ;9 . kkuvavopd/.ticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common anl l w-1t nf4io*nssc(-cestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geograpsc(ni*1otlns- f l -4whic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evid6u d7ahy;vwtle7 ,zdp/ 9cg2mence for evolution through selective breedina77l m9ywt pg c ud;h/2ze6,vdg?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the sad)ta/ yyi5)pk6 wp*e pme, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What ma)dy*aiwy5 ptk/p )e6py be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which ly)jah(ilm;9f54 vurhas 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are c9vy (m)ila5u l4;jhrf orrect descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormo5x(o+b:j 3w )pjind *kpr2 gbfnal contraception pollution on the mating calls bo b2j:3(fjgp*n kp5x)i+dr w of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive raducr6sf 1 5:kp*xli8v exlwq6 /iation?

  Which statement best illusc bt-kn(4)bxwx;pwj deu e *8*trates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridpumgn jpl :g2hfd0(); ise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of eacf(l0hgpdm :u )gjn;p2 h chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast naturai nk4l53: fj.qx)g/q iik0gagl selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy 120mfti fy :oxx3a0yu)cs;rmresults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given 6nw kdp8/kbv*+h4 dguqbm9 0pspeciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas : bskirohfv/i1re n* j ;w6h6:of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in sb:1fsr: *irjiwh ; 6hk/n6eovuch close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancheenp*i ko-m6rh -ng0ymf,*2estral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closepio*0kn62 e,g-mh f heynmr *-ly related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.