The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gametm z hhd hkx f++y,)vhwbwe/d, yr-4m79e. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes for this o/ k-xy7m)+rhbdf hz ,w,4vhdhw m+9yerganism?

  The overall structure of the fin o: al., yu1w-mea2 j0rsqf) ijjx.cmo6rgz 7c7f a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall iurcj goa6.1smj,2f 7)z0alr . jc7yx-:e mq wstructure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is th1xwy:ffgs 2-eb: wu6 xs7ej5 ue strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are t x:e u- ejxsfguf7y56ws2 :wb1wo different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by flash9 *ujsvp0cnu0 ing its lights in specific patterns. Females0 n9sc *upuv0j will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in toxr:s7;s8. om xkgzgmgt2q 33 he same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences betwe0llq r6c8uj ;yen isolating mechanisms in syyul 8lqj; 60crmpatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between spj3lt5p d5d8xxhr )d h6ecies?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key differeo o: 9wj4iw omxv.qw:+nce between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that ch9r1qb uvz+y i1y1+krfn+d2pan result in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct de9p v b 2rz1uyyndrh +k+1q1i+ffinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similk;)(meq2zn t llf-bml2n8er (ar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usu/nlt r-/z.hrr 7 -dqksally occur during the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. ln z; 5qlrk+:pIt has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum r;5nl lk+q:zpin comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population 8iuz 9 fg(tz8aof the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theor8 f(8agzuiz9 tetical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selective brej ;* enix uy )pbi-jwu0y ;66muu6uft;eding?i ;*umye6ux)w;60if pjyuj uu tb6-n;
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the same, while the oee o+ gc: e,mu t/9). wixpcq57ibpe,order of amino aci/m,epq.gw +e7uc,i)b itee:o5 cxp9ods found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey 0a tnlp17,acm, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descripcn7p0l ,aa1mt tions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on (y(8qbf 47c,ltpr 5ouum5qccthe mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevirb,5uqut q4pol8fc (y 7(c5cm s). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiationg(m2ynf/w2hf rjx (4f?

  Which statement best illustryw 9/scc1 ku8hates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and foe(nxl 3t, cv8;*x(x/lya3ltw orujz ;rm a new species. If both of the parent specvt;lt, wa3znxlc(xu 38jer*;/ (xyl oies have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective brz7,k soi 5jeljsc2g59eeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploit2 qml8 cxqi,2dy results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciy)2gofd0 gfa*ation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding w,(y7 :5kd3rg:fv5n obxl sicareas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how tc,k(5voxr5 fiws3:7dnly :bg hese warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestral species evolving (a7c b4;bzjj qinto multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which clj(b aq7jc;4 bzosely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.