The diagram shows the hac*/qnoxtr ey7j,+w-r fgg22oh +z bl8 ploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number of chromosomes r7ntw b,xqe-8yl/++oc2*hgjgzf2ro for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a enu ho5fh x/rjwm-/i .e qz*9m:gu7+ bwhale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to*5n/h-+grf oez.h97w/ b:um mxjui eq as?

  Which of the following is thlu3ma0w 9bd6we strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two difl 93dwa6mwub0ferent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potential female mates by fwm-kbwwb,kxiw(9q9tmw0 wig) f+ 6)u lashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will0(b6q xwkwfg9)wm+)m uiw,w9tw ibk- only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organi upl9j*d0-mnwsms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolao6atc 69b +ynag6mo;oct;z3 l ting mechanisms in sympatric atb ao9 yzctloc63go+ 6;mn;6 and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between seqvp t7rsfg3cz)-z4f/ ( sc wj:ml3 n/pecies?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous andqgn1g9 ovi x38 analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result ing44 fp wybhmi, ,g8z)c speciation. Which word is matched to the c wbm448igp,c,zgf )yhorrect definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar structuninw+.l jd/.40tu oit res.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur durrnt: nt):(sifing the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is :y(wucps a1;han einkorn wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. Ip( y;cwu sh:1at is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo ,jxb- -w8zu:pizbza: river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographici, zb-u zwp:xja-8z b: isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolutionhusx -n g2+n+*y6.mkv dff.qc through selective breedinqsf..+-y 2x hu+cvdnkg*mnf 6g?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two spew;gjc b-ouv.1 cies was found to be 78% the same, while the order of ami g.;bw1jo-vu cno acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, andq.qxglg6 p0 utx.6k f8,u.q8idlo 1xz a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which x 0 8p.x,d k6qzlqo8. q.g tul1xg6fuiare correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonany gbhv*r5y- b:7dc m-(gj7ubl contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clam(7 *y:b ybg75ucdv --grbjh nwed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatiobxjz;0 3rc2sz1 spselj9f+ yn+) f(qon?

  Which statement best illustrates the pr.npxiw/*7x(s 2 wnscoocess of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new specihgezdd q35,w0xkb 2 d2es. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most l5 g0zhe232kqd d ,dxbwikely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breedingb9z qn:f8 yj4j, z axt+gd)2l tix/so0.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploi+o9kv070e-b4 ckirsp tuz f0sdy results in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct de2kmjpo13o3wfxd3a- ej (0p c dscription of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows qtqh+ru*5hzc1ck( ):m ovdyp0ls/- b the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setoc h1:du5(c-otv+lkqy0 bm)qz *prh /sphaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation res3-2 t gjgofnt(ults in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related nejo2t 3fggtn-( w species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.