The diagram shows the 6*qfulky1g y s; ;y8 5sky-uzzhaploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What could be the polyploid number oylykqzz;fs gs 8k5*u ;-u1yy6f chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones an knwgvk +iiq)a 1)r5w31pic4 bd muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the ii4a13np)br1g ik)w5 k+q cwvlimb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidencr i75dz gb5i5le supporting the hypothesis that two populations arl5rg557ii z bde two different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potyhpqgg c2kh/ enk(;9 i)*fj7 qential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species. jf(k 9/e)i7* nck;pyq qhg2hg

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among orgas-ho0fggzfn.yh 8 5r5 nisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolais/b l9a;ft rh 1k1ol,yoyj01ting mechanisms in sy0;t/lk19s b1j1ao fhiyly,ro mpatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisa9s9 e h sg;v21.+awtf b+wwliution between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference betwee+ ta* po-+rfc, auk-ben homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciationl 20d bpt+ol)ads(j/x. Which word is matched to the correct/0x)tjop d s(bldal2+ definition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar f,ljaw4 j/p s6structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during dz7g z, (go2msoz-z n/4g0arm the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat and was the first doel/ qkr9om, a3mesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops sper, lm3ek9qa o/ltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the z;; fpwz(q3ac e3xy3z congo river divided a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geogaqw3 p( exfyzz3z;3c;raphic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provno eue/cu07l4r 1zc6 aides evidence for evolution through selective breeding? uc r zn0617lu/aece4 o
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found tomwt pweu9w rqkm d5c*)r5 d.p(*5 y3mg be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found i dq m5dem(mct)9 5wur*y.ww3k5 gppr*n the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has cdmz 235 5i6t23bnnrf.fkk tg64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a 6cm i t 3f2nr.btgz53n52d kkfmule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contfc75ejhd: 7ww ibeb 40raception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (matinb e5wfjc7i4 d0 :bhew7g call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiation?4 d*bus ruhb55i wn*dk4v.h;c

  Which statement best illustrates the process of7 m)5o;rq -+pb gzd 6lvcadpm/ evolution?

  Two species of smartweed)sm ngrs bu+65 (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each ch)5 +s6rbsgmnuromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast nu * tw./b) oiuhk:h7f m,mqp5oatural selection and selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isolatio(hugqek1r- zs ,ze -iy37td-oxls9g- n.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correcv7t)f-( dn0pqo.t6-jo8gfy 2 fhhz 4sq )ygdw t description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of wcpi *xuoh q-0nrf;d0;arbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such close proximi0;fpqi;dnc-u0ro * xhty?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a singletslc 6 bz 6bwv4y-az)4 ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species livingyzvw-6a) stz c4b6 lb4 in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.