The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes vl410( yrq.tub6u hf dm6wk6of( 5t1y*jwr vgin a gamete. What could be the polyploid numb*oljwv 6bhyk (0m 5 ydfv g q1t1frw(66tu4.ruer of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of ) 2yii t6hx0yqthe fin of a whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the yyiih q)tx26 0overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothesis that .b78j- nsmyyao ru03u two populations are two 3mus yr-j.uyo8 ban7 0different species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis)q,xou)-7y)ksty 5 f/lnii -rc signals to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns pro -7 l kfu,csi)ty oqn/)ryxi5-duced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms lividxv0 3b.i*nlung in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and rt3a 3bdb,*j-vh9n eidifferences between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric spetbv3br 93injh* ea,d -ciation?

  Which of the following are often barrieje-lt t6,pw9mrs to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key diffegm*q tq mxqni g /b9m3fr(d*0,rence between homologous and analogous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciati( obqk b8+00(ffpbajyeb ,+w-y zz lq/on. Which word is matched to the correct defy0qz +ob-(qjfk8 a / byw(,p+z0fbelb inition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B are two pairs of similar sltvtygjo2hwu00q /: 2tructures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur durin* n,reuc0m1pvc 0btrqi 1/r -ug the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn bt3b.) )bsvnxau u)c5wheat and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a db u3xs.v)b))acub 5 nturum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population of the common ancestl/b 8(tihgv-exsz(b, or of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adapt l h(b(b-/eivtz8 g,xsations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolutio8s xs.: zpvqqhk89is8n through selective breeding? p vz:qs9 .ks8x s8hqi8
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the sav7 h4g*0q. q aqgmnk9gdhr1p,me, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may brdah g, .9k1*qnmg74 0hv qpqge the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes gk3 q9ikto2r5u;skpw wm2(x6 , and a donkey, which has 62 chromosomes reprk;t wux2rwkp9kom6 q5 s(32 gioduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducted on the effect of hormonal contraception polxps) b w) 6/q5gmqu9jjlution on jmq xqg96sb p5j )u)/wthe mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radil8vm07y wgu8zc/,w:m8ei ph uation?

  Which statement best ,odl6 bcv w8fm)r:mq y/sh2r3xxqk/ l-i ;*qvillustrates the process of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new species. Ifilsg/s9:(p pwg *u17 mni1cnl both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copies of each chromosome is a dg1p(l *1pws:ns/u icl7gi 9n maughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and sele fgcol3z:t2b/ m/u.yuctive breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive isolatim164tvf43 ncsn*qog lon.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correctzm1lwl g7d7 0et-oxd1 description of a given speciation event?

  The diagram below sh+kk16mrj:) ttg th1 coows the feeding areas of four species of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came t+ogkh1m6k:jttrt)c 1o coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation rk q hvwd8s1v3:esults in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity ma3wq 81s:vhvd ky be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.