The diagram shows the haploid number of c(wp8 ti:1/ 0j* (sfc hqtmzkiuhromosomes in a gamete. What could be the poly(j0cs z 1fi (t* 8qi:hu/tpkwmploid number of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a lwca q,3 +q(qjwa+d5i whale, in terms of bones and muscles, is similar to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures ref5,al+3cqaj dqw +iq(werred to as?

  Which of the following is the strongest evidence supporting the hypothes7naz -2hqn9o kk9sj;uops 6 )qis that two populations are two different specieqjo9a;nn7sq skk-9u6op )zh 2 s?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signals to potent u wh4evp5aw4ew+lf: 9ial female mates by flashing its lights in s+whlu9 ew54e fa :wvp4pecific patterns. Females will only respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in speciation among organisms living in the same)hdtttb)a1 e) location?

  Which describes the similarities and differeogpa k,1;xo*7r gx wja3gj71i nces between isolating mechanisms in sympatric and allopatric speciaiap ;aggk3ro711,o j* g7jxwxtion?

  Which of the following are often barriers to hybridisation between specfhro1j njgjlib:69.ks c *2 x4ies?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analog1rrh90z/ ijq eli-hz t0 ,g,syous structures?

  The table shows factors that can result in speciation. Which word is matched to/..c k1pk tpkp the correct defi.p1c pktk/k. pnition?

  Shown in diagrams A and1nf+cba/6nzn ( sil1 z B are two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur during the process o6f7xhu6y( ilr f speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheat ac 7rvv ik/ lf*7t/2uql*fzhp ;fd7/i bnd was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of v *7f cdiikz7/2f7l;qb*uvhr/tl p /f 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromosomes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divided a population ofd xe*jwfx.m hct-0*q4c /4hwd the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographic ifx *cq/mctjxed *. hd0- 4h4wwsolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following provides evidence for evolution through selectieqz; ,fpx w32xve breeding;fzwxqx e23 ,p?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was ts qv(1 w2t,pi3ls7*cj,o/j n an c6ghfound to be 78% the same, while the order of amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for tpqasv(l oc6wcn 7tjn31, gs/t*hi j2,his?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey, which has 62 c,ni.2, tkfvarhromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are correct descriptions of mukr,iv2.tf a,n les?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been con:czbf 4ff8 .e,n:vg9o *omryeducted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows the freq fg:89 z:noec,rey.ffmob* v4uency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiati a;go z1j:owdjhny//:on?

  Which statement best illustrates the process of evoluti-lebgbeyzinp- 0x 7( (on?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a nu5 eapm,8p(wl ew species. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how ma wl p8e(m5,puany copies of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection an dmf-j7ut,cw (8 a8lhod selective breeding.

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy rihro c 0)r0jbr g,p c6e:vxq*,u6aq t,esults in reproductive isolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given speciation event?dt8r79m f0uvtk3exi /

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four specieukqw8yjbt0g 4 e )3u9ks of warbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how thesy9kw83 b 0jg)uu ekt4qe warblers came to coexist in such close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation4 lvd n87*mr(rfmn5dh results in a single ancestral species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close mdld4mrnn8 r7(*fh 5v proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.