The diagram shows the haploid number of chromosomes in a gamete. What couldyp5 cz41uhr6 t be the polyploid c6r5 tyh p14zunumber of chromosomes for this organism?

  The overall structure of the fin of a whale, in terms of bones and jzvvegkx(* 2r v;y)e1muscles, is similar vk1vg(z2*e)xy;rvj e to the overall structure of the limb of horses. What are these structures referred to as?

  Which of the following is the stronka )5w*4t xrungest evidence supporting the hypothesis that two populations are two d*4k un )xtr5waifferent species?

The male firefly (P. pyralis) signal( r i0tfjs8dh-6n48 rux rnzt+s to potential female mates by flashing its lights in specific patterns. Females will only rj(0s 6ufrizh n tr-8+x4tn8d respond to light patterns produced by their own species.

1.Identify the form of reproductive isolation that fireflies exhibit. Justify your answer.

2.Suggest one possible advantage of this mating ritual.

3.All fireflies seen today have diverged from the same ancestral species. Explain how speciation is responsible for the large variety of firefly species.

  What can result in sbjof(c 1/nq0z hioh./x .bvm5jlsa.9 peciation among organisms living in the same location?

  Which describes the similarities and differences between isolating mecha /uk h-71:bsdjq3c/sxwx mx*enisms in xsed bx 3/j x1ks u7:hqm-w/*csympatric and allopatric speciation?

  Which of the following are often barriersolm 9*l ;skpm9sv/ s2y to hybridisation between species?
I. A given animal hybrid species has an even, as opposed to an odd number of chromosomes.
II. Two species of flowering plants produce gametes at different times of the year.
III. Behavioural barriers exist due to variations in bird song between species.

  Which is a key difference between homologous and analogous strs;/ k/rnt3v p0mrwsyu 7ix,(cuctures?

  The table shows factors that canepm+lj iia9 ( yn*h)o* result in speciation. Which word is matched to the correct *pi+ 9 n)a yj*imel(ohdefinition?

  Shown in diagrams A and B 8llx;v*s- :2nw t2ltytsy*mkare two pairs of similar structures.

Which of the following statements correctly explain the structural similarities shown in diagrams A and B?
I. Structural similarities in diagram A are primarily due to random mutations, not common ancestry.
II. Structural similarities in diagram B are due to the fact that they both perform similar functions.
III. Diagram A depicts analogous structures, and diagram B depicts homologous structures.

  What sequence of events usually occur durinn fqcnk0a,,dx zh130bg the process of speciation?

  Triticum monococcum is an einkorn wheatiin-w 3pljt v/ meu,z:6:,zi) x1cdy -fd4u wt and was the first domesticated crop. It has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Triticum turgidum is a durum wheat with a total of 28 chromoso6nv:d i/1c --d etm, ijiwu4 x)u,t:wfpyz3 lzmes. It is a result of the hybridization of Triticum monococcum and another grass Aegilops speltoides which also has a diploid number of 14. What is the correct term for Triticum turgidum in comparison to Triticum monococcum?

  It is thought that the congo river divide/m1gzue ny+n f g93+/mzzz y1md a population of the common ancestor of bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), resulting in geographm+/g+ myn3 e91z zfuzygm1/n zic isolation. Which correctly pairs theoretical selection pressures and consequent adaptations of the two populations?

  Which of the following prova5v6c2lk- i *nalz ;t3pm zorho9e-6wides evidence for evolution through selective breedin3teh2 9oznao5;6aml-ip*- c rzl vkw6 g?
I. Phenotypic variation in the domesticated dog (Canis familiaris) has increased significantly as a result of humans selecting desirable traits.
II. Crop yield in domesticated crop plants is significantly greater than their wild relatives.
III. Homo sapiens in many parts of the world have alleles that provide resistance to diseases endemic to their region.

  The base sequence between two species was found to be 78% the sa2hug.cp3 7hh)q;ury kme, while the order ; )qrph3ukh 7c2.h yugof amino acids found in the same cell types between two species was 82% the same. What may be the reason for this?

  When a horse, which has 64 chromosomes, and a donkey,djyd3c4 bg3d9 which has 62 chromosomes reproduce, a mule offspring is produced. Which are 9y jdcb3d34gdcorrect descriptions of mules?

I. Mules frequently produce offspring with other mules.
II. Cells in mules cannot undergo meiosis but can undergo mitosis.
III. Mule gametes have 63 chromosomes.

A study has been conducr+os*uek0) n 0rzluq6 m euq+:ted on the effect of hormonal contraception pollution on the mating calls of the adult male African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). The spectrogram shows thm o :0)e skuur rq*6n+0qulze+e frequency and volume of clicks (mating call) of control X.laevis and those exposed to oestrogen.


1.Distinguish between the clicks in the spectrogram between the control X. laevis and the X. laevis treated with oestrogen in 1 second.

The graph shows the average duration of the X. laevis mating calls when exposed to the hormone oestrogen.


2.Describe the effect of oestrogen on the duration of the mating call.

3.Explain why it is important to have the X.laevis control group.

4.Identify the independent variable in this study.

5.1.Predict the reproductive success of X.laevis exposed to 29.6 ng/L of oestrogen.
5.2.Outline the possible consequences of oestrogen exposure on X. laevis.

  What is adaptive radiatio qiq3ati6y5b/n?

  Which statement best illustrates the pbh4*/e jmotq 1rocess of evolution?

  Two species of smartweed (genus Persicaria) hybridise and form a new spe l-qm36u.noc)vgr1fpcies. If both of the parent species have two copies of each chromosome, how many copiesc) 61rl.-vnq3ofu m pg of each chromosome is a daughter species most likely to have?

1.Compare and contrast natural selection and selective breeding. 4osfvv )gh*a1ffplhlq.eg:;e17 7 gj

2.Using a named example, outline convergent evolution.

3.Using named examples, discuss the evidence which supports the theory of evolution.

1.Outline how polyploidy results in reproductive i+musq 1y o:;7h2q mivksolation.

2.Discuss the evidence for the theories of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

3.Explain the reasons for changes in allele frequency in different populations.

  Which is most likely a correct description of a given - uv b)5zc.eag2rfr6e speciation event?

  The diagram below shows the feeding areas of four species of waj + )w c;j,*t-hzmkvrwpq9a+prbler (genus Setophaga). What is the best explanation for how these warblers came to coexist in such;z,r h )c 9w*j qvwpaj-tm+p+k close proximity?

1.Adaptive radiation results in a single ancestrkj6rdr-;o s+pal species evolving into multiple, closely related new species which may live in close proximity to each other. Outline 3 mechanisms by which closely related species+kr 6p sdj;ro- living in close proximity may be reproductively isolated.

2.Outline the process by which two species may be formed from an ancestral population through the process of allopatric speciation.

3.Describe how sexual and asexual reproduction can lead to the formation of new species with different numbers of copies of each chromosome.