Which provides evidence for a higher level of biodiveyt 468t mpn+bfrsity now compared to any tm 4t pt6b8fny+ime in the past?

  Which statement(s) are ,lim//gbnar *possible solutions to the biodiversity crisis?
I. Promoting rewilding projects
II. Recycling and reusing products
III. Increase meat consumption

  Which is not a cause of thpsqida.*yq s8(b u) - v-7f1mrfyzs a6e current biodiversity crisis?

  Which is not a cause of anthropoge 4:;leh5jj:/jececohe t tf*8nic species extinction?

The image shows the extinct North Island giant moa :p17luutknmzzz /p*)9jffki 7b 8 5uy(Dinornis novaezealandiae), a flightless bird that was native to New Zealand. The Moa became extinct in the last 200 8u:nz fuyk 7fiu*5p7t/ zp9 1l)kmbzjyears, during the current sixth mass extinction.

1.1State the key difference between the current sixth mass extinction and the previous mass extinctions.

1.2.State one possible cause of the extinction of the Moa.

2.1.Outline the physical evidence scientists have collected indicating that the Moa existed.

2.2.In the past, scientists thought that the kiwi (Apteryx haastii), a flightless bird based in New Zealand, was the Moa’s closest living relative. However, this has been disproven. State what evidence scientists may have found to disprove this relationship.

2.3.The Moa’s closest living relatives are the South American Tinamou (Tinamus major), which have the ability to fly. Explain why these birds are less likely to go extinct than the Moa.

3.Evidence suggests that the Tinamou and Moa shared a common ancestor, but they evolved independently from each other when they were geographically isolated millions of years ago. Explain the evolution of the Tinamou with reference to natural selection.

4.Another animal at risk of extinction is the Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), shown in the image below. There are thought to be fewer than 80 in the world. Suggest two methods scientists could use to prevent its extinction, with a reason for each.

  Which definitions are matched to t ;o/sq.pw,pqb he correct form of diversity?

1.Outline why scienti7f(bi vw6z wo4vyef83 a ljj*xhq,l y9*7f5ovsts must have several approaches to conserve biodiversity. vjfof6(4 7 lbf75vl*z w j3h,oyev* y8q9waxi

2.There are approximately 80 Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in the world. Discuss the environmental and economic implications the Indonesian government must consider before volunteering the Javan Rhinoceros to the EDGE programme.

3.Explain why rapid human population growth is linked to the current biodiversity crisis.

  What is an example of an emerg2d+sbcv 0z8,8 ic-b;f-w nhfo8ronbtent property?

The image shows the changes to a/3uy:qjd8*7dffjkj nyi1hfw 4dj nj2r9p4 5mixed dipterocarp forests in Southeast Asia over 100 ydj/f jn uwp3y ik5h 48 1:a97fydrjf42dj*jnqears. Researchers have concluded that the changes are mainly due to anthropogenic factors.

1.Distinguish between the forest coverage in 1900 and 2000

2.State the definition for ‘anthropogenic’.

3.Explain two possible anthropogenic reasons for differences in forest coverage between 1900 and 2000.

4.Suggest what evidence scientists would need to collect from the forests to provide evidence for a biodiversity crisis in South East Asia.

5.Suggest why it might be important to increase biodiversity in the area.

6.Conservationists in the area have started a reforestation project in the area, in an attempt to restore the forest to 1900 coverage levels. Discuss what effects this would have on biodiversity.

  What is an example of an emerge4r3;i,fq el n +5-y voo4wvufknt property?

Mediterranean temporary freshwater ponds possess a distinctive quaanwi 7- ga,l(ozuz+rb o988nplity: they are shallow bodies of water that exist independently from permanent aquatic systems. Subjected to periodic cycles of flooding and drought, the plant and animal species that make these ponds their habitat have evolvedin -a wlzp ng7ab9ur(+o z8o8, to survive within these dynamic conditions. However, the ponds face an array of threats stemming from anthropogenic interventions and the escalating impacts of climate change.

Within Greece, these ecosystems host a variety of approximately 36 bat species. To find out more about these species, an investigation was undertaken across four distinct temporary ponds situated at varying altitudes. This method involved employing nocturnal acoustic monitoring over a span of three nights per month. The objective was to gauge bat activity levels within these environments. Notably, the assessment encompassed two specific zones: one near to the pond's edge and another situated 300 meters distant from the pond. Of particular significance was the identification of certain bat species that serve as indicators of the ecological health of these ponds.
Graphs (a-d) show the results from each location by season. Graph (e) shows the mean bat activity for each of the 4 locations, calculated from the results from the seasons when results could be obtained.

1.Identify, giving a reason, which area would be the best for monitoring bats in the summer months.

Insect species present in the ponds may continue to attract bats even in the absence of water. Therefore ponds were monitored with and without the presence of water. Results for the four different sites are shown below. (The site at Brentanou was at a lower elevation and considered to be marshes and swamps, so mostly wet at all times).


2.Comment on the activity of bats with and without the presence of water in all ponds

3.Evaluate the use of bats as ecological indicators (indicator species) for the presence of temporary ponds in the Mediterranean regions

An abundance of a variety of aquatic insects in the temporary ponds can increase the survival rates of bats. The biodiversity can be measured using the Simpson’s reciprocal index of diversity.

4.1.State two measurements that are needed to calculate the Simpson’s reciprocal index of diversity.

4.2.Outline how the variation of one of these measurements affects the diversity index.

5.Describe the similarities and differences between a biotic index and a diversity index.