Which of the following does nowx)dqe; 0xsu 5t cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mai42 4e; dfqdyssnly composed of water and transports water-soluble substanced ss2 44dfeyq;s to different parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature a0hn fk3/xl* kqp9y6 f5gv j6fof phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar tlzku :g*wev*7ransport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow ouw 9f 5vv,8rpam czi 3v1vxp00f blood in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is az7z1 u)qrtwy*.x ke1g species of flowering plant which is often used as a y*r. 1e zu)wkztx1g q7model for the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the structure and functiz-f mb,so v(w-on of dif vs f-z(,wob-mferent blood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section through a le que xl;/nymktuc)3 :m-iy))baf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart56 0 wp(z ,gje yytw;sic9cg)a is involved in controlling the frequency at which it be csw) z e90,y6p5gc g(wyijta;ats?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to meas)fv.apx,c* tb ure water uptake in plants*., xf vc)atbp.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following ji13 k/ve0tz gr.vlu5 statement(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into anbn udncn x0f- 3,:itp* h7mp/gd out of the heanb3xh tg nn0m* df,i7upp/:c -rt?

  The diagram below sh1cy q(34brujw*az/ ee8dyb i(ows the structure of the human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped */9mu2sfwgbeinto the pulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated blood from the lung5 9+maus3mmk (x1i yp:b4.oye5a svoks to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesivexjq3gren.4-io o;op 2 properties of water allow xylem vessels to transport water -oin.43rgox;2 joqepinside plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pass t :)yip*09 ou7a g8p9 cnwrxqnihrough during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation inthh8mn18k y wm;g6 f1zao the effects of artery occlusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tua 18z6gn w1m8kh fyh;mbe, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represe*zy q ip5an03lehv 6j9nts the circulatory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the strucgiqz3*wz *(qd ze uhisx 26 (r.jwvb19ture of a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is5rnasw snmb*+ap) :w8 an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem of the monocot Zea mwr)wa: 5samn8b+ nsp* ays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows o9,h7e 8vq.gs zmq tc1the structure of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the monocot Zea Maysl5(f:hwdh;xxf mb7soe l hx80pr149t .

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water in leaves have on other p.;zdy f,zy(c 6j ver3t tbvic79cqj.- arts of a plant.67cbvc cr ., -tzyedyqj9(f 3;vi jzt?

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves at the l/;wj7 9kq0bh xnj2rpk 5u2v bpoint in the cardiac cycle at which the pressure in th7np/w2 9; bjrxlv52 hjqu0kbke left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, be6z+0lgqi6 .l uxcz7kqkd+ b) hfore being .7blc0izuh+q 6 x )k6d zl+qkgtransported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vessels in a develou zk8g60jp-pkci fo(/ ping shoot taken at 400× magnifik-g/z0j( u8o6pipf kccation.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure inside xylbs 2sk+kr1iyly3lbmux3o 8a )10 vwa4em vessels to be lower than atmospheric prey0auy3v)11 skiol4 s xbrk32mw8al +b ssure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed/z)i jj3p30vyjl ,uxf by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaqueh-k04w88cfb ufyn8 vvrjod(5 buildup in thhu 8v8obw5c-k fjvdr0fy8n(4e coronary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following ;hkgg s)2iq8 uis likely to have the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results o y0(fkdac drix +v*b2pdj1k m(8rku/,f an experiment which used radioactively labelled car+ax f(bd 8*jiv0 drm u,rdy2/1c(pkkkbon dioxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and the root opgrw bmm 8f (v133 krbo9xv3hhu7r 98wf a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration and hydrostatic pren7 a(oyv8fs8tssure within the sieve tubes near the leaves and roots vas y87tnf8(o?

  The image below represents the changes in pressure in t ) wru85xz y,46wpphjohe left atrium, left ventricle an5wx8h pj6p4roz,ywu )d the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies features of siev04tw dl*7hx0p u vij9ne tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid whl,g6boqu;r+(f *uwtith its stylet inserted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study t6, *o( tqub;hurw lg+fransport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.