Which of the following does not cause corcwq m( )q/1nqt,xsbmca *2u v4onary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water and transportse7 fj;by6 s p )x86c44sqzygns water-soluble substances to dif86g xbssj4sqy6 e4 ;yznc f)p7ferent parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a qpsfpt 1b(89q feature of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar transport inuj3 p6ty8kbu, phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of blood in a veint x9amuihr6; 5?

  Zea mays, pictured below,s1 2xuy)(v mjf is a species of flowering plant which is often used as a model for the study fv2 xysju 1()mof seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct foeitq-g9g.) v4 ff zpvq:/jj(kd12 ohhr the structure and function of differenqo fvet1k2h-vjpd )gz/( :h f4q9gi. jt blood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a tr3hjw hzklq-7 :ansverse section through a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling the frequeaytebvd z nrbj0d8v:4, 7i5- mncy at which it benb rde7bivymv-0:8 45, dztaj ats?

  The diagram below shows a potometer whau s jt81ekeha0sw8 , +q7;7; mlfyieuich is used to measure water uptake in plants.ek sel7hw80sf ju eqau1i+;7; t8a,ym

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statemenw9ou+t,. uac , j(fk 57ngubest(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction osnieu,vz s0b(ac+a57 f blood flow into and out of the heart? iba+ 0 euszvasn5c7,(

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human hea//lo*;fr 1(/.mfr ncj ie:y,qru as xdrt.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped into the p0zhebrz 0x)z 2ulmonary artery?

  Which of the following carries oxygenated bl;4t bjer:h;ul ood from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allow xylem vesm ic/ra: 1jz.or, whyd3bk,w;tnlh.15x9so gsels to transport water inside p :jnh1ig3rk5 d ., 9tlh/sby ;mwx.a1,zoocwrlants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pashq hlxb3:fzhx.akh *d-ra03, s through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the 3 (crw1wb ;iowks 4x0weffects of artery occlusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to anw4o(k sb3 rcxw;0i 1ww electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below reprjsnwg(6 wh:ch 0wf,. nesents the circulatory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of ( kkb;ksi 13fra heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an electron micxbj76pgv o,1 b l+afp(rograph of a cross-section of a stem o 7, ppg bv6l+aj1x(ofbf the monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the structure of thogs 5md;wh. z*ph3mlt, 2s8is e human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the monocot Zea Mays. y.p*9js9kbi 6*a jr3oyl2mmq

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of m0b)ia b2 )dquyf7p:nwater in leaves have on other parts of a plantay2f)b0 imd unb7: qp)?

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunar z sk6n/*y)h.lpt zej)valves at the point in the cardiac cycle t)pn.ly kzhzs *j)6e/ at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being0j q3y0 nvo.g(*es3,ccbuhwz passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, before being transported ar0,gc(bshj wuq3 3v.y0oez *ncound the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylb7abq h;k40h ui859tecx5fk gem vessels in a developing shoot taken at 400× magnification. h8 eiq 0bgct uf4k5x hb9;ak57

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pr;wzl9(cf5rc oessure inside xylem vessels to be lower than atmospheric zc5l;frco(9 wpressure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil abq9guh9zg t:vq/8 xf/ysorbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaque buildlu 8gmzbmd1c k 6c05)cup in the corong08ul kcbdmc5c mz1) 6ary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to h9z/g 9s an;ojvv/g7fgave the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the resulw dxii; fd*7c9ts of an experiment which used radioactively labelled cx 9;ciwf7di *darbon dioxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the stem and the root of x rs 2v4/ec3zda plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represen mup4p0-i jlz0-uqvb 2ts the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure within p- p-i 0zj4ubl0vum2qthe sieve tubes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changeh3nnj,f m/ t7ds in pressure in the left atrium, left ventriclefh7 jn/t3 m,nd and the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies featur+ml1johs) q; /ej1;gf7wa i( gsxgcc:es of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet in.mvga fm f1r uy+9a8r7serted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study trv uary8+fa mf 9gm.17ransport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.