Which of the following does not cause co7wi:pm hdl21i*; ez+wiw a:g oronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly comp//w0v3q2a ;;dw+fa fgnlz-9dkdpu d kosed of water and transports water-soluble substances to fwpv /qdda+/d3z0 ; wuk;dl2nkga-f 9different parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are a feature e erx 2 /uv,;yw-ncpwq3/-ltc of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is co4);a,vwb glnhrrect for sugar transport in phloem?

  What helps prevent the backfb/sku */gm g sfn)8ab-low of blood in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flowering plant which is often usehe g5 k fx9vm:we,,q0qd as vm05,h:qgf e9qewx k ,a model for the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the stclaqv efo2ife;9*s k9 gq5 v6/ructure and function of diffec26 lfeeq ;fisk5q govav*99/rent blood vessels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse section through 9c0rd, e xexs8by8jz: a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in nuvl 8j9,qbr2 x n;rwe;z*p7 scontrolling the frequency at which it bee;2p j nxz;*q7 luwbv9,8rnrsats?

  The diagram below shows a potome f 1)o7)er0gp7vzgr laolt)- bter which is used to measure water uptake in plants.e p)vzgr 771roo abl0l) f-tg)

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the following statement(s) /xjdfx0shf v4g/:g :ris/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and out of the heau wl.0u.yqbu+rtlu.uby 0+wuq .?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the human heartp.mgr i;mo+5)irp,irl3ur) l.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped into the pulmonacvyup2 wj4j)e)7al sil l/ p;3ry artery?

  Which of the following cad y ;4kof2c ;0m .ugn5cpkul(nrries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties of water allow xylem vessels to tranj,/w3)geph)r hvh z(p5aar(lq / kkt(sport water i3j htrlehpg /z ,pk) h (aw5kv/(qr)(anside plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrose pa)(98iwu zi/yijb k-df9 . gpdbz,bd1rss through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of arttxg h 7zzv uu3x0. q2q;+-deacery occlusion on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, huu ch zx0 x -7g2tdq.qe+;az3vard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Students measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulatjtp bflm3(snb(; a. 2wory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the structure of a heaoumi)7p 5q okb( lg+af(j)3yd:rm3 afrt.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an electron micrograph 1u:)6zcff9hvpq 1 09pgev) sw iqqu8iof a cross-section of a stem of theh9uev6qpv 9q)i 1)ff s0zqg:8wucip1 monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shows the stru1jqbso) v/2 amtu9:kncture of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the monocot Zea May :g6ry+kykzf :9xxpd5 s.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of water in leaves have on other parts ofd)9:zm6 8ewv9yjlf qq a9mg0c a plant?y )ma9lzq0dc9w:vg 9qj em8 f6

  What is the position of the atrioventricular and semilunare-gp2gwvyv;5-c0fl q8wa r w: valves at the point in theyr:f g0-pwl- w8; cvw2gav5eq cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is the greatest?

  The diagram shows su+tt+ k;2-8sagffgxaa d,(v fncrose being passively loaded into the sieve tube unaided, beforf82 vfgga; stk+d( -+axn,tf ae being transported around the plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vesselgsnb d9ou5c+gb8 k4twc+, *jo s in a developing shoot taken at 400× msg4tdouk*w8 n9o5+c ,bb + cjgagnification.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes to2x dfi )y9scged; 0y0he pressure inside xylem vessels to be lower than aty)d0y9 cf esxd ;g0i2omospheric pressure?

  How are most mineral ions in the soil absorbed by rootsb 3nezw6zwxc)7cv- r- ?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated with plaque bg* bz/ix 7lf-puildup in thel/igxbf 7p-* z coronary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to have the highest lignq3cx1/e *bm f 6+xku5nou0ft(on; ktsin content?

  The graph shows the xx(+onq;jmm2 results of an experiment which used radioactively labelled carbonx2;+xmon mjq( dioxide (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast thdrzc:(v/sp n2e phloem found in the stem and the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represent3 r igh5of m(7yk,-dxjg q9xma)j: vv1 7zni+ys the solute concentration and hydrostatic pressure within the sieve(gv)rf,x:7 7 yg i xakjm93nqd- zmoijy5h v1+ tubes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the cha62iof3zib gtx l361mxnges in pressure in the left atrium, left ventricle and the aorta.tm3zl6 2b16 xg iifo3x

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies features of9 bm w4omj -av4op*h7j sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with its stylet ; tr/j haswr((6hav1 ninserted into a plant. Aphids have been used to study transsn6rha;a(v(1h / rwjtport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.