Which of the followinonvn k3r vc8ft(yz7e ylo8fb:qt(l+a, ;q1-cg does not cause coronary heart disease?

  Which component of blood is mainly composed of water and tryfj 3v+j8at3 fcvw* r:ansports water-soluble substances to difjy+:v83 vrtcaf fj3*wferent parts of the body?

  Which of the following is/are s:xbh83 u tcedb8:aob )tj*q5a feature of phloem?
I. Sieve plates
II. Plasmodesmata
III. High lignin content

  Which row in the table is correct for sugar transport inx1. -p:hco)lash ov;a phloem?

  What helps prevent the backflow of bloou 2y+,o4wr,5qleu+yb,yyq u rd in a vein?

  Zea mays, pictured below, is a species of flower;w-z tl9xc nk/fxjh2* ing plant which is often used as a model forxz9 /k ;x2fcn jlht-w* the study of seed anatomy.


A cross-section of the stem was taken from a specimen, and it was stained and viewed using a light microscope at 100x magnification. The resulting image is shown below.

1.Using the image of the stem cross-section above, draw a simple labelled diagram demonstrating the orientation and structure of a vascular bundle within the stem of a plant.

2.State the name of the structure responsible for transporting organic compounds in plants.   transports organic molecules in plants

  Which row in the table below is not correct for the structure and function ofo+38pm 1 opevo different blood vespe31pmo +8oov sels?

  The micrograph shows a transverse sectioap5aq62) bur kn through a leaf.


1.1.Identify an adaptation of this leaf for its function.

1.2.Identify the cell organelle that is found in particularly high numbers in the palisade mesophyll cells.
The organelle in greater abundance in the palisade mesophyll cells is the   

This micrograph shows a transverse section through a pancreatic acinar cell. Acinar cells are found in the exocrine tissue of the pancreas.


2.1.Explain how the structure of this cell is related to the function of the synthesis of proteins for release from the cell.

2.2.State why an electron microscope is needed to view the ultrastructure of the acinar cells.

  Which region of the heart is involved in controlling the fsz wn ck;qm 2cay:9i-9requency at which it bq2z:am cs;n9ic 9ykw -eats?

  The diagram below shows a potometer which is used to measure water uptake in p)l0z*wh*)1hk bhdxxw7 6rnec lancw xe)0) n7hb hrzd6k*1*wlxh ts.

A plant cutting was placed in the potometer as shown above. What changes would be observed after a few hours?

  Which of the followinpy1dj7ue w 1-fg statement(s) is/are true?
I. Cardiac muscle can contract on its own even if not stimulated by a nerve.
II. The left atrium of the heart has the thickest walls.
III. The valves in the heart prevent the backflow of blood and aid circulation.

  Which of the following shows the direction of blood flow into and out of5qdn5 f 08qsdf the headqqn0s55f df 8rt?

  The diagram below shows the structure of the jsvb84s . ogh2human heart.



Based on the diagram, which labels identify the aorta and the left ventricle?

  From which chamber of the heart is blood pumped into the pulmonai7cbg-odvgr08ts7; m jb8pm4ry artery?

  Which of the following carries feun-2b 7-yg g8e.pgioxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

  The cohesive and adhesive properties de8u rl; ax)5gw qpw9) y*6yzsof water allow xylem vessels to transport waulgz ) )ewp 9ry5xdw8yq*;6sater inside plants.
Which of the following are correct descriptions of how these properties are related to water transport in plants?

  Which structures does sucrosm 6zcwyft:;.z e pass through during phloem loading?
I. Plasmodesmata
II. Proton pumps
III. Co-transporter proteins

  In an investigation into the effects of artery occlusion zq1j ,rib 4u*anv o6rmsf5;c7 on blood pressure, students set up a simple experiment. A rigid, hard, plastic tube, representing an artery, was fixed to an electric water pump, and the end was sealed with a rubber stopper. A single hole was drilled into the plastic tube and the electric pump was turned on. Sb7ro1 *5qa fnu;,rsc z4mvij6tudents measured the distance the water stream travelled.


In subsequent trials, students added increasing numbers of equally sized and shaped clay-like masses to the inside of the plastic tube and the distance the water stream travelled was measured again.


Results are shown below.

1.1.Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

1.2.State two control variables, not mentioned in the question, that must be kept constant in order to achieve valid results.

2.1.Outline the relationship between the number of clay-like masses and the distance travelled by the water stream.

2.2.Explain how the results of this experiment can be used to understand artery occlusion.

3.Based on the results, predict the distance travelled by the water stream if there were no clay-like masses present.
Distance travelled by water for 0 clay masses=  cm
4.1.Using your knowledge of coronary heart disease, suggest a reason for the anomalous result seen when 5 clay-like masses were present.

4.2.State a risk factor associated with coronary heart disease.

5.Identify a limitation of using the plastic tube to represent an artery in this experiment.

The diagram below represents the circulafqa-wemj5kp .a6r6zm f ;w:/rtory system of a fish.


1.Distinguish between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system.

2.Describe the advantages of a double circulatory system in humans.

The diagram below shows the stioz f/5b0v pe+sbt(4j ructure of a heart.

1.With the use of labels, identify the following in the diagram above.
right atrium
left ventricle
atrioventricular valves
semilunar valves

2.1.Identify the location of the sinoatrial node.

2.2.Describe the function of the sinoatrial node.

2..Describe how the heart responds to messages from the brain.

  The microphotograph below is an electron micrograph of a cross-section of a stem8dqy 6 d)yci+g of +di8 )qycyg6dthe monocot Zea mays.

Which letter identifies phloem?

  The diagram below shofo+*sxnvd24 uc yb ;tgykb*46ws the structure of the human heart.


Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

I. When the walls of the atria contract, blood flows from the atria to the ventricles because the atrioventricular valves are open
II. When the walls of the ventricles contract, the increase in pressure causes the atrioventricular valves to close which prevents the backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria.
III. When the ventricles stop contracting, the pressure falls and the semilunar valves close preventing backflow from the arteries to the ventricles.

  The image below is an electron micrograph of the stem of the monocot Zeaxay-i *f5 5dp xd4d2sa Mays.

What function is performed by the structure labelled X?

  What effect does the evaporation of t*f7l6oks/ lf water in leaves have on other parts of a planl/*fko7 fl t6st?

  What is the position of0h ;bnrp gvvpy8.6q *m the atrioventricular and semilunar valves at the point in the cardiac cycle at which the pressure in the left ventricle is tby6p 0p8;m.qng *rvh vhe greatest?

  The diagram shows sucrose being passively loaded into the sieve tube*w 7q)3dwrz y,ri au*h unaided, before being transported around th3y d**iw),hrwr q7auze plant.

Which structure is labelled X?

The micrograph below shows the xylem vesse 2jutn9,l:x npls in a developing shoot taken at 400× magnific9ln pu ,:jx2ntation.

1.Draw and label the structure of a primary xylem vessel in a developing shoot using the micrograph above.

2.Describe the features of xylem vessels which enable them to withstand changes in pressure.

3.Explain why the active uptake of mineral ions in roots leads to the absorption of water.

  What is the main factor that causes the pressure inside xylem4;xqh87 p( jbpaj-hcqgkt14+9siq0)m qj e bi vessels to be lower than atmospherim;bqq974xpqh bqh( gs1pjt jki-)ai084c e j+c pressure?

  How are most mineral ionsgl0j 7kg3 3nyx in the soil absorbed by roots?

1.Outline the risk factors and consequences associated .n(ndpz6kl(v cp 1j6 xwith plaque buildup in the corocdlpv1( j(nz6.npxk6 nary arteries.

2.Outline how the pressure changes in the left atrium and left ventricle affect the surrounding valves and blood flow.

3.Explain how the structural features of the arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted to support their functions.

  Which of the following is likely to ha;g- k mtpw v*k5,xq e8eoes2(vve the highest lignin content?

  The graph shows the results of an experiment7gut8i8uagc3cg,5poju 4 9q (- avpo a which used radioactively labelled carbon dioxidivp(a3qc ga,p4-cugu85o7 t8g jo9aue (14$CO_2$ ) to investigate the time taken for sap to travel to different colonies of aphids present on a plant.

Which conclusion could be supported by these results?

1.Compare and contrast the phloem found in the 9u5s+iof3)5x. k .zqtbnb ssy stem and the root of a plant.

2.Outline the mechanisms by which sucrose is loaded into sieve tubes.

3.Explain the changes in hydrostatic pressure within the phloem that facilitate the transport of phloem sap from sources to sinks.

  Which row best represents the solute concentration xjfp+ub) yr(4if 4g/57jpv;tzpa9naand hydrostatic pressure within the sieve t(yx ig+;n7bru pj t4v)fp/p5a49f jzaubes near the leaves and roots?

  The image below represents the changes in press;pa) 90naszf zure in the left atrium, left vent a)f0aznz; sp9ricle and the aorta.

At point II in the diagram, which of the following is likely to take place?

  Which row in the table correctly identifies featw f361tu7dvupures of sieve tube elements?

  This image shows an aphid with udpp;ypzbh7o t. ;0tudfc 641its stylet inserted into a plant. Aphids have been used zt;f7u 0p1cuo ;h dbd 64p.pytto study transport in plants.

1.Name the tissue that aphids insert their stylets into.
This tissue is   .
2.Outline how scientists use aphids to study the substance transported in this tissue.

3.Explain the differences in the contents and rate of flow of phloem sap at sources and sinks.