The Arctic cod, ring i .ol/ko dv36lf5v6cqed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best descrii3o l/.6q lcko 6fdvv5bes them?

  Which of the following would not be considered bc-hd5 f m:i.;z eubw4 g;+evkan abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habit;:q wv:j 5pcitat?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high produc *e2mew,u-2k-o qujy ;si6r mbtivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence ofu;-qy eib2rku2-e, w *j6smom many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limitingvy4; fk*wii 6q factor for plant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a f/n2 p6e2)z3 m/z wbnt* xe:knyejtpf 2actor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is td:nvrkk;4(l,ub ; c:yl lnx pl,wx 8-1j/ raifhe most appropriate to measure using a line transect? ;lx,i8 rxbllkd:j/ryn p wvc4lu-1n(f:;ak ,

  During a field day, students were asked to investigate the effect of s,6st-d, rfiet d7f 2skoil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in trf 72tidte6,ds-k,fshe table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors create biomes? .oey-cy cc,i;
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best charact0r 2 je;hsukfvlm3x3*erised by high temperatures, high rainfxe f*s3 3;2vm jr0hkulall, and high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often fns 8bhz) +)c8hhnu 9la dsd02/+vah pwound growing on sand dunhn)s +wb azn+ )dc u0plshv/had28h 89es.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured belowp1nu j/b*el-k , is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. I1nlpb*e u j-k/t has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and co67 by28c zwc ;p2cy-l0tg+t9::y efjwu hfafemmunity.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.