The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kilao2;s9v7k e9p:lbwh fler whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of tfbk 297lhp:; a wos9evhe following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following woufwp(lhj 5;atj;s iay;8 5 epc*ld not be considered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habitati.z8w x 5l6 m9+/w fwhzzonl/c?

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and aqq5kohq7em7p .g7k 5g large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurtqq7g7kg.pkq7m he5 5oure the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor foreat-6-u ;sres eaf/ u8g4)thb plant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor requir5l)cjvs*w : fmed for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the n77xm8xc43 3ecf xdlimost appropriate to measure using a line transect?c87xmn 4delx cf 37ix3

  During a field day, sji(juhxtv+t5o9mo k-c 29q 3ztudents were asked to investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that -m3t5ok9(cioq9 uh2 v+ jxtjz measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following fact yds, k5mbrj r+mc))0bors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by high temp gvs0 dh6p.l4l) 8n uaqas2.theratures, high rainfall, and high humidityp sagla.8 2u)dtv 0lq.nshh46 ?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often fo .ct u5e2exre9m(axk/ und growing on sand dunes5uek cxr(/e9.mt e 2xa.

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured below, is found in the tropical rainfocfz2m+r24e wcrests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for i cc2 wzm4e2rf+t to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms spe jf*-hm/+wba wcies, population, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.