The Arctic cod, ringed ,vg4ucrnz(ak+ qqa -m-+a x(zseal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the (z-r4a(,z +g nakucvmqx+aq -cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be consideredll+ h8, 0wq qiylgr6e.coq+ m, an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habip0bix+ef(3 y l9,l0 jbabq) va9n x*mqtat?

  Rain forests are known to ux+dlr,b q :9 a -a :*v2qgufjtwu)7nxhave tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they v ju+d xqfq)9n:rlau-w:27g*au,bt xinhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for) (oa5c73zj m8qh;lom fp xja dlm512i plant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is not a factor required for coral reef formationw8 3qicp1w 8ez?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure using a line transf2 zvs9hu*- zject?zz *2 uj-9fvsh

  During a field day, students were jzvw0e*( d8w pyx0my(asked to investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measured the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication o(vy(e xd*yj8wz0m0 wp f the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following factors creov j6ysy8)q.b ate biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by h;0qvm)w zhme) igh temperatures, high rainfall, and high hum wqeh mm)0v)z;idity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often found growing on zda-pz6/u c ld+t*4a o yw./umsand dunes.z. au *+a-lpo4mdz/ycud6t/w

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured b k1)v)rt t, o99grokcyelow, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South )ct99 rogk ,v1 rokt)yAmerica. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to grow tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, population, and commul 8yd4sfbitf.vhs;5 )cfy.oy:h: +dp nity.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.