The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other ofhb-p( /qzons ;;, ,(xk*wm kocd gvr3rganisms live and interact with ea odz, (g;kf-ncpm*b h /;3r(kvq,owsxch other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean. Which of the following terms best describes them?

  Which of the following would not be co(7lu3 6dzinzckn8l d1nsidered an abiotic factor?

  What best defines a habitat?j+6 tws7up dc.gycy+).i;;wm z wsbd;

  Rain forests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high m0 qp4 t.rudx(y*xg7u productivity, despite i7*txguxm4 yqdur0 p.(nfertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.

Which of the following is described here?

  What is a common limiting factor for pl4zw (h6hkfl2i ant growth in arid (dry) environments?

  Which of the following is n4v,r:y etnr.wm p9x s7 m5t+lnot a factor required for coral reef formation?

  Which of the following is the most appropriate to measure us(yejz/ p zfqvr z:83h+ing a line transect?hr qze(zf8zvyp 3/j +:

  During a field day, students were asked )sdao) 2j57unhc(* cp -r6pdvr z4sd oto investigate the effect of soil salinity on the distribution of plant species. Students designed an experiment that measu4 nd jus65*vccrd(hzao2 r p)ps 7od-)red the number of plant species found up the shore at varying distances from the high tide line. Three groups of students investigated three sites on the same shore. The distance from the high tide line was taken as an indication of the salinity levels. The results are shown in the table.


1.1.Identify the independent variable.

1.2.Outline the steps students could take, and the equipment they could use, to collect their results.

2.1.Suggest a reason for the discrepancy in the number of species sampled in areas 1, 2, and 3.

2.2.Describe a way the students could reduce the impact of discrepancies on their collected data.

3.The different species of plants found in each area were recorded in a table.


Calculate how many times greater the number of plant species found in Area 1 was compared to Area 2;
the number=  
4.Evaluate the students’ investigation into salinity's effect on plant species distribution.

  Which of the following fac8jby:upikq 9 q2n8/ogtors create biomes?
I. Annual Precipitation
II. Air Temperature
III. Keystone species

  Which of the following biomes is best characterised by high temperafel, )5ng.it-(xo tu y:tzg 6ztures, high raiynt:x e 5(gzttl- oguifz.6),nfall, and high humidity?

Marram grass, pictured below, is a plant species often found gr7gt9 7 s m;b.lxy-qtevowing on sand dunestv7l.etgxq7m-;s 9by .

1.1.Distinguish between abiotic and biotic factors.

1.2.Suggest adaptations Marram grass could have in order to grow on sand dunes.

1.3.For a named abiotic variable, outline how the range of tolerance for Marram grass could be measured in its natural habitat.

2.Describe an adaptation that allows a named organism to survive in desert habitats.

The kapok tree, pictured be6i zx,eyk3hq6/1 tffb low, is found in the tropical rainforests of Central and South America. It has buttress roots that extend above the soil in order for it to g/f y6et 3 xk1qibhz6f,row tall.


1.1.Outline the climatic conditions which are typical of tropical rainforests.

1.2.For a named organism other than the kapok tree, describe the adaptations it has to live in tropical rainforests.

1.3.Tropical rainforests are an example of a biome. Define the term biome.

2.Explain the need for the kapok tree to grow tall and fast.

1.Define the terms species, pvftqyo2(qvcq gnc,47 ,8 xn .,8lke8ebafq0mopulation, and community.

2.Explain the conditions required for coral reef formation.

3.Using three named organisms, describe the adaptations they have to different environments.