What is the correct definition of a geygl w2- hmq.1hne pool?

  Which would not cause changes to th1*fxc;hqdaeg)wj nx39u s.r 2e allele frequency within a population?

  Which of the followinc o3*h+kvi8q, y lxdi+g identifies a similarity and difference between natural selection and selective breeding*x+ 3 ,yci+ihv d8kqol?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betulariajzig6m5 a(7fqhudnpp 0w) v6() lives on will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppera jvg 7phf(mpw0d6qnz65u)(ied moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used tokkn;4r 0:b byb0 jdxd3 support the theory of ev3dy04k0b bx;j r:dbn kolution?

  Which statement(s) aboutz3po-lz1g/t0hc bwk 2 wh3i1g natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of pik-h(l 1 zz)(3o lhpmmunctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relatioaik( (3/( nm5ewd bazvei7h0onship between the adult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the averagvk0 5e7(3 ioiw(am (nd/azhb ee lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of)*.kt lyc3 v9 q:vvb:xmp9ih3p5hfef antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often 3:mzzbx4s2/glioa cw71nm3 q used as an example when discussing industg:37b z2iaczo /nws31lq 4 mmxrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide (;ns1qhftoldtoe5 )1 evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finchz wc61al/cw08 jc c/0kkm5b nces with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small bea6zkcn5 c/ bl0kc80wc1amc /jwks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of chang*fkdh(/wlclf5 uj dbj p 996u4es to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are examqb1 p,jo +y/reple(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with l7* s vj h;x3whbnc/f e.xm,u-different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door ha-m ufhx,c /3*hw; jsnv.lb7ex ndle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codomivx;:olyv2 4(ur ymu1l nant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous xyl ulvr(yu4;v1o:2 m affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number ofdg/x/xf.a/84b bge.i:q q kye female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) bornx/4egg d./bi.k e/qby:fxq a8 without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sav4(nb c19vql0 m nvg; by9hui:nd bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an examplhv4nvyci9l;1 (ngv0m9q bub : e of?

  Which of the following statements bgzgam8z f9r./ est describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which o3k0n gq5/.h sbwonkr0ne is likely to be anawnk 0b.og/k 0qns5 rh3logous?

  Which are examples of directiox la,fc3)-42faizixryn* j:bnal selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an examplftr.kdz (+ )o58qdnmb),l be be of natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants arkx8x1+(e dwkpe often found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is ankx1ped k(xw8 + example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from 28 lev30mj kwyaxk;o2flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistancscod ,jbu kuvsmt7/(x-d/ 8w:e to herbivores may develop into a population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could tjc d/7u ,xwd us/ vmot-ksb(8:his change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of feam,c8og+o1 tz1 u3 eqowld3a* etures in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).o+ zo t3qcu1e,low 1*gmead83

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in variat *s2/5+8-ti(jhje bdjrr.hc 2 lijd ddion?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approximately hx h1at; acjpjq45(fw;v(t6q 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found ot ahjqf5(;x1;jhqact 4 vwp6( n the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciatio3wld:j.(ygp18ce0k cx9l(xxl tya 1y n?

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selec 51c 0x5kkok v)mcburmg;*(v+1s upnstion.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptationb e1h fx0w-/yns. Which of the following best xwh1f -0e/byndescribes the term evolutionary fitness?