What is the correct definition of a gene pobfn.g+e y+, x 3gmr1s+0uuhg ool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele fret pb9k g3)cm:qquency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity1gzgu5e;-b 2 t-2 f/-lhz 9evlg yqxes and difference between natural selection and selective breedingte- x2 9s2 15-vyzzgeggh b-ulfeq/l ;?

  As pollution levels rise, the trees that the peppered moqhm(9qin ych7a8+xrofv l )34 th (Biston betularia) lives ifv)nal8y4q 7ch9 (hq+ mo3rxon will become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to support the theo;g- d6lmo2gayh -g0 gcry of ehy2m-a6 o ggdl0gcg-;volution?

  Which statement(s) abo(mxau 2*m f7 u1y6n3e+cbklyy ut natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuay qr6v*mhs( m,ted equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the add5 v g21qv1-1lm 8eojfd3zffdult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average l2d1lgqd 38dofvjffm ze 1-1 5vifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following 0r(fxj4/d rk5r4wb jz7x fgy. could lead to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used as an example whmn5*7ukj pt:7wjt) pf/kg2g d en discussing intf pnt/j :5dk7gkpw ju7)*2mgdustrial melanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provi8: h 7cbbbdy/xde evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the freq a )ejbl2urb5:uency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. e:2blubaj5) rWhat could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene pj1uhvno(,h 2eu 4rvq8ool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are examplhg d3rqwk .c2sg s ep)5gkf:/;e(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacteria with different antibiot9*4ru bitwawf uf ;gm*e03kc*zp6wr 7 ics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of t r0k eb *pgfu ztmwcarw;36*wi9 u7f*4he zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codominant man; ps38k,r nj dwi4sl;fner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozygous affectek sfjdn;34,;psrwl i8d (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the n fxp,flcr7.wl(kms5 / umber of female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shownx7s cwf,mfl5k.(l/pr in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blen( :5xuyzlcf) /zw- zrmd into rocks in the sand bar and d( mxf c)/uzlz:r -ywz5ark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describes an analogous structn 0a)fqe0 fosqixwn;:po u)t )5/ s,teure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimpsr7 g+8tv1cp k,haj f+4jtc tla*+u-b shown below, which one is likely to be as1g c,tvj k7cl 4atupj++ *hf+p-r 8tanalogous?

  Which are examples of directional selectigb d6.xif .zw.on?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example ofd+(rz(vm, r q9)7s)fkjed t tq natural selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in tg u/d1-o hxzf- 0wmkq.ropical rainforests. Which uxdm.q kf zhg-o0-/w 1characteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is bt jc7 g l w)if0vpx) 64-6yk1okdgswv8est adapted for sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a tnt 8c8s o6bh(zk(3ldpopulation of plant38 tolc(k 6sbtzh(n d8s that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in the forefooth7)d/(a npjbvk 3 orlrck9-t5rlc40g of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to4rth b7l(j ravkk30od5 l/-)ng ccp 9r modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vari -jsrwgd2:9l(k50 hp2wlv ojcation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of ap-o2 :b: xjvk1ingrmw)proximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Fou-o2ngbr1 )x wmk: jiv:r of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an exampl,r 6bylbxen+4 xn aq9+e of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can resul:n8rcr2yik ; n49nqhzt in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term usewtin(lsv)( v lq*y5 6auzi6w2d to describe adaptations. Which of the following best describes the ( wni(v5sav itz q6l6y*2u) wlterm evolutionary fitness?