What is the correct definition of a gene li3w6dhur+mn*o ;9 mhpool?

  Which would not cause changes to the alr) rf;pt ndf. z1-hlj:lele frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a sim4z07p uoia6jj f77i;y 6ucfus0p ,qcdilarity and difference between natural seleczq0o,a6 f7sjfy47p;cdpi60uu c7i jution and selective breeding?

  As pollution levels r /f 8k3/6btroven bvv(ise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will become darker. What effect will this have/fronb( 6 b/e8k vt3vv on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be used to ym q;u/s2jkg 3,:ji i-r2ncni support the theory okus,m - 3/iir j;:cnnq2ij2gyf evolution?

  Which statement(s) about natural selectionlyt 7le0 wl(q y7b+o6x is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctuated eq a)mm zy6fyg3 e+,fli,uilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of zye6/0dfd,.0. tm t.veha osg Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchisdy.0e f.h.g zatmd 0oev6t ,/) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could leag2xa ta )9a68 ui-mdssd to the development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Bistonfc. +k8 ittb+n betularia) is often used as an example when discussing industrial +tt+ ki8nc. bfmelanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergence provide evidencosy6dy c87l fb/k. a)te for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequen,v e fage1q(/epmw0v1cy of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the m1evfg1ew v( ,/ eq0apfrequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible causes of changes to a gene pool. hhrofjv 1)l(/ulvq;(

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following isqjw/j7 dh6u,)gt;d cn/are example(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of grotr cpol rs(37y dcx0z ;.xnf/-wing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A studf0ccy73d;tsoxz/-( r.p nr l xy was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a codomc-so9mch pb/)ui/y )(/ awkklinant manner. The graph sh)i /yl/)k pa- kmo(c9u/hwscbows the proportions of people who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female Africa.o,5r +8tjbi ty)biain elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection expl )5bib+t,tir8j oiay. ain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand c7y0,co2f b*vn5n pznxoloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. What type of selection is this an exnbpvcy5o nxn 7,f0*2zample of?

  Which of the following statements best kp s41aq u7z jv-k618ae -rfp6oxu gb)describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structur kg i opqzp3y+b);27:shf(zs dz5 kx1be of each forelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analogo h zd5;pf:g k1ioybz+qs7xpbs (z)2k3 us?

  Which are examples of directionalrfp/fmu(8(7 g jkl1 jf- ,qaoc selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selecti/q)jqd+x8 i4 gmzmm*ron?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in wv )mn,i+5ajv,hca a+ lo9p 0btropical rainforests. Which characteristic of the leaf is an exampl),i0 ja p a9vmcoh,b +lvn5+wae of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for su/ t ;t3zecp 5ca-d*fx9np 2mspcking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a3ksfay:e04w q population of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivwsf ke4qy 0a:3ores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents the evolution of features in t)+uxric(c 9mn,5xi .9 xckwhowx x5 :the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e). 9x wnuk c5.o5 x,i(m9c)it:wxxhcx+r

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis res m+wuznjmqo 5hc0;ul-rf j gg,x1-n70ult in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a pcla pw,u pm.8-l0z:yclpi+: group of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are show +,.0ll-pyp 8u:pw :cl azpcmin below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is d/q 7yx eu85kc1sn/lucz*y / d4 +ndgbnot an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can result in naturdtf9l u-c8a(oqlp42)y -b zszal selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adapta,6fug ,,mhj.kp;tll)-rz htrtions. Which of the following best describe-6f ,mzll,) r. gp urjthk,h;ts the term evolutionary fitness?