What is the correct definition of a gene po;yi2yg irp.zac4 +:bbol?

  Which would not cause changes to the allelejr 2i9l2 b-vr) 9m;,uhrttmiw frequency within a population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity anm v+n58*( y qygzd3vg1bkwke. d difference between natural selection and selective breedi1(bkm8kznywg veq + 5vd. gy*3ng?

  As pollution levels rroj,fz 36,a ziise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will ba ,6rizoz3, jfecome darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can be tly q/x 2tde4 e m.a3-sx4a s-lyz+m)e,ad1dkused to support the theory o.z 3sdxl4msa,mk-a yle4e2 +xqd t1yd)te /-af evolution?

  Which statement(s) about,x w ,dy2i8n( xahy80g7 fzvji natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true of punctp(dtrg b yno207dq41 *lq5w7qj, zrkduated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the ad ywy (:iro m6t32e5vcfuxy4oh kfmr)00:m5 ddult neck length of Masai giraffes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifespan. What type of selection is shown by the gr :d:f mf5yyikt(w236ry d5oo04mmr cv e 0)xhuaph?

  Which of the following could lead to tur-d8hex.mq ;jl-vbk *go ;9r he development of antibiotic resistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is oql8don i; efuc(olvs2)6+ zkdnj-5/ kften used as an example when discussing industrial melanisdkeok8 oqd-2(l jnfu+s)v5 6cz i;nl/m.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual diver6vgofncxag94 h kl0,(+zclb .gence provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, l: eov2jv1a5s the frequency of finches with large beaks has increased relative to the frequency of finches with small beaks. What could have been a cause e25l v:sa ojv1for this?

1.Outline the possible causes y -bnqm1 w75iv2h28fs (oz, : diwaodcof changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are examd:zk0 fin y w z3qyns7-/.h,bmple(s) of selective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the effect of growing bacbc.d, ox2pzwk rvr *-5teria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the d c*r- xkwdzv.p25 ,boregree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were taken every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is inherited in a cod ft36ddz.m 8cu0t2sdpix* v+aominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people who are homozyg+tdu0 t6d dz * mv.8afsixc3p2ous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of female African elephants (Loxodox 07zl,algz0cav9 c5 mnta africana) born without tusks in Gorongosa National acgl 7z,lz0v x95ma0cPark. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, sand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bj mi d+r921iwmar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest parts of the ocean. Wh w219ri+mdmi jat type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements best describa8-a1 d*mwzfe4:zgn 0s, kuf. ch,wjnes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each fs+:i/pj9b ovno)fh e1orelimb shown below, which one is likely to be analogousfbeon:is hv/ )oj+p91 ?

  Which are examples of direcwo6sh ps qw4 7oyi5+;otional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural kclsqlp,9.l jawvj0++ht. iw , fu;u8selection?

  Broad-leaved plants are often found near the ground in troprx2f+z, 7bskw ical rainforests. Which characteristic of the xrw,f 2sb+k7 zleaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted for sucking nectar from fl6zyabar bpo(8-p8 u) zowers?

  A population of plan -oo qvxbltrr*e41c7* ts with no resistance to herbivores may develop into a populato* 17erblo*4 tvrqx-cion of plants that secrete a compound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents l0qlm4yr /5xl/l ( 8dmkfbtp8 the evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from the oldest ancestor (a) to modx40m(y tll88q/mbkpflr5l d /ern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result twjt o 7r4g(vh6); j u:wqz*codvcw;-in variation?

Darwin’s finches are a g*pr a4b7 uwu+/ vvva3lroup of approximately 18 finches which share a common ancestor and are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these fincl3 uv+4* rwuava7p/vb hes are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the following is not an example of speciation?0b jt) fqqjn84tn: h.1 qm4yqu8m7 q-ctt-onw

1.Describe how mutations can result in natural selection.:owl o6mq 9r vv**q*uj

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe-;7e;j n1eeh..1 iijxti toanc wb+,r adaptations. Which of the following best describes the term evo ,hiej ajn 1c;e1-.x.bo+i;n7tri twe lutionary fitness?