What is the correct defini2o9mp8egf* h /8f pqzjtion of a gene pool?

  Which would not cause changes to the allele frequency within ri:2k/;vfj- t p0g x:jvck w+ha population?

  Which of the following identifies a similarity and difference between nz /eesq:w-ao ;evr+ g8.v)tlvatural selection and selective breedin)relv vet qa-e:v;sg w+8oz./ g?

  As pollution levels n3kzr 2vi)n k0rise, the trees that the peppered moth (Biston betularia) lives on will 2kr vnn)izk3 0become darker. What effect will this have on the peppered moth population numbers?

  Which option lists examples of evidence that can oijebrq//y c1(y t22 ebe used to support the theory of evo21r2je i/yye (tbqc/olution?

  Which statement(s) aboel*3aal0* sxo ut natural selection is/are true?
I. Learned behaviour changes over time.
II. Individuals that are better adapted are more likely to survive.
III. It decreases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted.

  Which statement is true9mi iziyhw3( ) of punctuated equilibrium?

  The graph shows the relationship between the adult neck length of Masai girafvx/ th4;l3 tiifes (G. tippelskirchi) and the average lifes/;3xivtht li4pan. What type of selection is shown by the graph?

  Which of the following could lead to the development of antibiotic rl3t(n l3lmwm,)e c+ kfesistance?

  The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is often used aslp c)png- )7c)lne 9li an example when discussing industrial mele9))-n lp n)gil p7cclanism.

Which of the following is responsible for the increase in the proportion of the melanic form during the industrial revolution?
I. Increased mutation rate
II. Natural selection
III. Sexual selection

  How does gradual divergencq/n :jse67 (fg zayua8e provide evidence for evolution?

  In a population of finches, the frequency of finches with large beaksw+9)giddr ) ge has increased relative to the frequency of finches with smald+gwgrd) 9i)el beaks. What could have been a cause for this?

1.Outline the possible cau2zfen g+; lqg;zjw:rx3/d: fhses of changes to a gene pool.

2.Suggest one possible cause of the gene pool getting smaller.

3.Explain how a small gene pool could have a detrimental effect on a population.

  Which of the following is/are example(s) of )4 j.gu8p7x mzftmj4jlwd (5iselective breeding?
I. A puppy is taught to sit.
II. Cows that produce high volumes of milk have been crossed with cows that have large amounts of meat.
III.Development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

The diagram shows how the efyf+da9w- ga-nfect of growing bacteria with different antibiotics can be investigated. A study was conducted to test the degree of antibiotic resistance that bacteria from a hospital door handle had developed. Measurements of the zone of inhibition were take-w-ng+ dafy9 an every 3 days, for 15 days.



1.State which antibiotic is the least effective at preventing bacterial growth.

2.State two variables that must be controlled in this experiment, other than those already given.

3.1.Identify the anomalous result from the study.

3.2.Suggest how the anomalous result may have arisen.

4.Explain how natural selection can lead to antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

5.The researchers suggested that vancomycin could be used more extensively to treat bacterial infections. Discuss to what extent you agree with this.

Sickle cell anaemia is a trait that is is0xb0wi-xp5*(y6pr mo .o nub nherited in a codominant manner. The graph shows the proportions of people b ws0x5ouy6* 0(pobpi nxrm- .who are homozygous affected (Hb$^S$Hb$^S$ ), homozygous unaffected (Hb$^A$Hb$^A$ ) and heterozygous (Hb$^A$ Hb$^S$ ) for the trait over 50 years in Nigeria, West Africa. Malaria, which is a parasitic disease that infects red blood cells, is prevalent in Nigeria.

1.Using the graph, explain whether the sickle cell trait is likely to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

2.1Describe the trends observed in the graph.

2.2.Suggest a reason for the trend in heterozygotes found in this malaria infected region of Africa.

3.The frequency of the recessive allele in the population was found to be 0.62, calculate the frequency of the dominant allele in the population.

4.1.Assuming that this population is in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, predict what would happen to the frequency of recessive alleles in the population over 50 more years.

4.2.Outline a reason for your answer.

5.Explain why, under ‘real world’ conditions, it is difficult for organisms to be in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium.

  The graph shows the number of puyvi *n, zur( xb.b6/female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) born without tusks vxu6r ip/,b. n( b*zuyin Gorongosa National Park. How does natural selection explain the trend shown in the graph?

  In the Indian ocean, s(xm7g*e u8r48pj)5r(j zpke kwi/rzvand coloured oysters blend into rocks in the sand bar and dark coloured oysters blend better into the deepest partz(ki w7e/* 5u4 pr rjk8)pexrzv(g j8ms of the ocean. What type of selection is this an example of?

  Which of the following statements tksl bg 2yhg3o,)yec yrqc5; 33,t 2ohbest describes an analogous structure?

  Based on the structure of each forelimb shown below, which one is j;*tygw8qjb, 5xs;xy likely to be analogo5gy;j *j sx8yxt;qw,bus?

  Which are examples of f yz)+ .aeojlr9/4q4tw ugj3jdirectional selection?
I. Human babies with an average birth weight are more likely to survive than those that are below or above average
II. Black peppered moths are more likely to survive than lighter moths in industrial areas as they can camouflage better
III. Larger salmons are fished, resulting in the better survival of smaller salmons

  Which is not an example of natural selection?i sbka5+i21 ms

  Broad-leaved plants are often+cw lwltz7 ed82gaa ,,io1ok iue6tv9om;5;n found near the ground in tropical rainforests. Which chaagwvl ei ak,2ic7 5e ;,o6td+tm9 81oun;zwolracteristic of the leaf is an example of a useful adaptation?

  Which bird’s beak is best adapted forgfqix err,,1 3ce6 a)g sucking nectar from flowers?

  A population of plants with no resistance to herbivores may developr nlv w g/h,uys*+rs*t( 3qcl0h5 m2dw into a population of plants that secrete a cor/ sm qcwg(30ydhrsnv*+wu2*htl5l,mpound toxic to herbivores. How could this change occur?

The diagram represents v *t4:ui us0vuthe evolution of features in the forefoot of horses from ttsi *4:uvv0u uhe oldest ancestor (a) to modern day horses (e).

1.1.Distinguish between the earliest and most recent forefoot.

1.2.Explain the mechanism through which the horse forefoot has changed over time.

1.3.Suggest what would happen if ancestral horses were brought back and introduced into the wild today. Justify your answer.

2.State the definition of evolution.

3.Different horse breeds exist in varying geographical locations. Suggest one possible way to show that these horses living in different geographical locations were from the same species.

  How does meiosis result in vdr8 -cvxm tz)x,m3.bfb+ (vxj ariation?

Darwin’s finches are a group of approxiw g0j 5)eh ,bhm.iaq:wmately 18 finches which share a common ancestor andg , :0.5wjmae q)hbwhi are found on the Galapagos islands. Four of these finches are shown below.

1.1.Explain the differences in beak shape and size shown in the four individuals A, B, C, D.

1.2.State two possible causes of genetic variation between finches found on the same island.

1.3.Discuss the hypothesis that the finches found on different islands are different species.

2.Species tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support. Explain how this contributes to natural selection.

  Which of the followicu 32/zus6dp) 9bobf/zq 3nz j ,xd8oeng is not an example of speciation?

1.Describe how mutations can resud ge6*r/i 6explt in natural selection.

2.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a population producing more offspring than the environment can support.

3.Explain how the misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of bacterial resistance.

  Evolutionary fitness is a term used to describe adaptations. Wq 9y6wo,) lnbfhich of the following best describes the te6w ybo,q 9lfn)rm evolutionary fitness?