What is the best definition for a specie5;tafb. syjafqdrwp. e* .;.o s?

  igure: Climate graph h5h1 jl 5iqq-yof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could3t od,m;9c:.iykn :yn n2zmpkj,,zo w describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3n;:n:z. mimjw,n3p ct ,zo o kyyk,29d?

  Figure: Growth curve of ar,d7ashj esg)h1t1yo*v 2qyy1u(o ky.8v:u e population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma snj p 4z0h,( gscfa2ii ucn,1+tpecies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-3smnjgwf* q0 .sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature n3wjgq0*mf.s and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a population:ffvq qb0:dm:yne/l;39ojcc* *, d rugast7t.

  Fact file on the grey wolvlyo.vq n8n 5;5abxy) f (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their p nxqb .av5y5o8lvy;)nopulation numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over hs7 /1vv6apqutime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the re1ibm , bwa .ew1r,4p h.ezn0 m4kmwi-xmains of dead plants and animalsmh impkxna.e4 m.zw,rw1 eb w- b410i,.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsise z f58s,5ci


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organise 5 u,xtjz7u3 mvjfr b9+/kfw:ms live and interact with each other in the cold m:fu 3zwrj xfkv e/ ,7t9j+5buwaters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems7b*vwd*.vl i98ig pcj fy n(;k.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees andn zx- ;ktehh83 i(v4et a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also int- kie3t n(v ez8tx;4hheract with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description y-ru*dgmbj m74*q. udszq4 b; yea8,g of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrien.lq8wn3 d v.ue.m5 5jpgw7k outs by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, akq.jdov. uunp58mg 7we5lw 3. nd the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated nxabh6+y 9i e4rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energy.p20 u++ xqai rd+.i)2rjxmszr

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whr hpv,67gwb z zri2f2(at is Factor 1; Factor 2 anr2b67f (z2 ipzhgwr,v d Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaf dk,+ e tmxm,i4:jmb3tures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatapbtq2q:vnw . k45 l)gion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-si am7m;/ni 6t(kh2 5mg-syctcfzed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk fora 6(h;s 5gmnyic/fk2- ctm t7m six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of enerv7q: jwj)uw:ee .z 3 f4mhxu*hzd5+ctgy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web jvjgp5iaga-050 w a8j z(,qpj



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae vrf behh*-3k w2j,v-k that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by h3w hk v,j-r-b*vkf e2zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical c wgzq:5 0 qw49y:zyxqreaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of thgn :h n5r/gcbzxk 75y+e movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following t2lzd7 kvkvt6r)vyv62 erms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-livi6l2r )k6dvkvv7v tyz2ng organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers o5w05,* ig9(pj1o gaahahkl g/ phs,u


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and 6u fg2/u/1jqx /wws k08dkmiyits prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichloro7zcr (--yj w(jkhtzf (diphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawaterft2wc8t)-rswf h 2,+j bup6uj-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lbww tfj,us2 u6+ 8trj 2f-chp)ight source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the followinu,u8 w swavo4)g is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion sa1d9wkym y k6ms7/;jaystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of pz1+cwfu+k/op *jnzb -n4f m0toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discuobz ly*86tagay5 fe / 69ggd+hu -3wgkx-4n dxssing a pyramid of biomxnhg4gef6yt a-d395uz 8lx+gab*kdywg/o - 6ass.

  Figure: A pyramid of env cyt*pugpu ia 1,829vergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivityq/r g+jkabu ;. in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine foodcz63d c(s7p xc web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosy6 8ckx m k+nw t)a20smq26 cusz2elg7nstem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not 7y1e al ajoj(4accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wkkgb6iq e-8 /mi29jrc1m v0 fpith parasites on a consumer like ti 1g/mp q68kb9m kerfjvc0 i-2he lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bna82;dxl0d w h w qy;g74yhk8ielow.What is Photosyndnk 0idgw 82; 7yqa8whyx;hl 4thesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements thd)1y kly*j8slp 2ljq7at describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is sqkjilq,0 *x i+ 1.rpa:e4jtylost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that con1,hbgjvh 6 nz2verts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates. g ,61n2bjhvzh

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sqkt2, mri-ra0afj 77x inks.a7j0ir q2tx,kafr-7m
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cyclo,:h:nzx.;. nmm3 :0qdfi m rjf2hrrue that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area perhtp3k w l+x8col0e0.l year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that 2jmvwqnva: uu l3zqlf8v96ztzf, ,+6 are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) cafqi/b7iqv; :cn be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carboeaoyaimld k1 cbg6992 +yff6 1n cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the c j 5zvv6 6tmws44rijf d5bx2pma ).p8oarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in om;h: p )m8qvban ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow injq+lbn5 2kvxku /; x9w a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement thrnqz- 6/ikk1 kat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrovhl8hf e/2 hs/wg :zi;gen cycle.hs2h :h l//8vf wze;gi

  Figure: Average per capitq .8o h4kdk ,dhfqj-k0a $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, G-cjiq8 v dtk)/ tklb,8PP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer communivk)i8l,cqt/8 -jb kdtty to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the49 -g q5ia xso;iszy3xe+li )s following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per cap jn+-qtme.c-wam+ o3s ita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Onefa-*;lfyb 2 li was kept in light and the*2 l b-lfyfi;a other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & aqm4+ zr pup4 d7bxuz+br6*8 fbnnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198q0t.f u)-qkmt8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for7+mlufkf xt. go ok(t+ gt-1wq,z-;dm a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome o q.e7ua q3kpv)y1:am, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statement nb0ikrfzf m6v4/62jvs from the followi brm/64kni zfvfj 02v6ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical v4.e 1k ecegpp+ariables. List the main factors tha1pe+kcpe . 4egt characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptn5ac or3pgb 3(4r awbh) xv/r+ion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity ina.mya0vgn +*a an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of R /nn*whpwb(f iz:l -7r)iw .cgome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and bioma/d,h-ro v2mw 5jdq43fspq -qgss of two herbivores in different biome5 q,/jf p2 -w 3-gmqodrqsv4dhs


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, 6iph) ;-q7jpph fwcy4 GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commc4h7jp 6 -hqfw)ip;pyunity.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements b /l6yi pa6k(f (acm6mis not correct in describing the changes in productivity daa6(fmml(bc p6ky/ 6iuring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi:*z71wd )hqp x;rpygb,rfj5 q disk.

  Figure: Set-up to invesut)8 bpbk ggw8)z /0urtigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesiu/wr) 8t08zgkpg ubb) s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ag 7/z:w figq.v field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps j,. iwog udlg)rlk9+g 33 15q0pgbpzrto capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 5gkgj +orllgip) 3d w bqprg,.309 1uzwere marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple resyt0lly gwj49.,p0 l madings of the same factor. mw4 y. 0ptlg9,j0ylsl
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecosy65e6og u8 .nhxde* llogical sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Creek 27i tzbd8oqqx1(b lf3




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wm bi9ndpy /b1+ar38e cillow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling tecmh, ep;i+o ) nh bqj+72)kgikhhniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) sp)hgq+he bj +p)i,oh2 mkn7k i;ecimens.