What is the best definitionle* wku743js8)d f/mcti :bug for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itq+kpqw ;si2 a2aly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors tybpry c8p*v2f a4g62zh j/(hfhat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 26 8pyh(fc p bf vz2r4yagh*/j2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve o1ttgk e:q th:1ey2 1ref a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma spe:xm.; eq3i/;3qqjb o z0 xlgy-npiux9cies



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and haskvxtn;(mpuu9b ;o)1 x stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother9 x;pk)xvu tu 1n(o;bm’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is ag5bu(w 0s ev,u)a+irncm +- px population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occji gfcwk 2j ,j hfftg1)/)t8-kur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to kt-1 jgh)82gkfw ij j,tff/)c the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popu.8pqy/ arrfvj u0a1snj+y67 v lation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and anilom4jf yo07k2 mals o024ofk7jmyl.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of todhzo7*:6dei sw*6 m uixins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, pzv, -c(bgu(y./szeq )cw oku 4olar bear and other organisms live and interac/obcqyv, 4gce -( zks )zw.u(ut with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemso92t*khul h+jfz 0ud rf8e+5 ya 7nwj,.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hi,o0 ygzxx,5 6f; xgjymd 5o2:-mkspeogh productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nur 0mxoyf5j;o:zsgd,p2xxom6 g, ye k 5-ture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chainiy) p8jp+as4 v.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into lsu 90 n;:p jh/z rk16,vznxpgtheir surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the prodp01/g ;9v6 kzjsnnu l,r:pzxh ucts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult rjnb8kr5rpqs .31gw 1ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enerz60fzw s(-rduj2krcww 5r 4r 5r2v uz:gy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factorbm. /;87p7c uahl: zk,rzaxwh 1; Factor 2 and Fac r.c,zhmh/7;u lzaa7kx8w p:btor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperaturesaj fg/oopy 0;jn g62a8

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivationg ;jnzymuno3z 4u sao9mr2*-0 system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemb dy7msf2e;h:ble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years oldhf s;bd7:m 2ye, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of eh ul90gwsx)9d nt7 w3c;bv -ncnergy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wetmyx tg s4rqw*+8c4 7)g7 j11zvrpv cwb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon vbvs3(i -nl ;+ dhvo)dplc.a0 compounds produced b(dca hd)sb.0v+ pv-n l l;oiv3y zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemic8b/ 7fbsc,n3n:kgm syal reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocea125t7ab 4f byec gebs;n


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best descri9 af2slent2 -wbes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digests29-2tnewf al non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of dhfg ua8m-/h8 vzx) o2numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator ana8kltu .dt-ky5 -z( r4 r seyh,;p8nwwd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that ay k;rsil,ao 6gk-o1ou wi+5i*a,m1 u7rm gj,rre true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-fvyq 8 4g6xh91iimq9-p,h,i wscl-oa x illed glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a lig x-,vqh86h 99lix oasyc g-iqm 1iw4,pht source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfoyg,yug5ihse/u4 tp 0j 6hqa,+rmation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion inqn7m5hnha--*t l y1xr q* 5isystem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins *a0 wf k vkfgdv)dvyp+4*r*6 fin food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a pyrato j u5m8j+t3amid of biomasjm5 o3uj+t ta8s.

  Figure: A pyramid of ener ,7 em8+4 gu lf2:1wwd3as fdczyvdb;vgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unitq,ty0pjfy 4m5,7rdd3ry qy5 ns for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine fo5h30l oddrt(rod web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sw-zd1g;y ivau) -uzu4u9744dk g vjnrir q1* yoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratel* ) d,*dihdvh58awxrl y describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers th4re 1g bdr(.zlat could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a z(.4 ld rebr1gconsumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Wha3ylgqk7 j0(r nt is Photosynthesis and Respirajg 7n 3(y0qrlktion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of0zc6 kwrn;0ob DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enthf;u 4e h4ywg/jk*w)1w-iu sergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon yk8)(c h +5twss3zn6b tw.pvh dioxide in the air to carbohyd + )z.schbktt5w6n8( pwy3h vsrates.

  There is continuous cycling of ca 0f3cyxekf /n498 pakarbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. k34k/xa0 f89y pa ecnf
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processesy.bji 4s w5vyr54 yf.c in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an eh *c kbp4m/qtq9.l3to cosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements t0kz c7xnu;ou-nb 2,pvhat are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Second,4;0;il jy7jki au d wpctkt)6ary Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycl iirj7l1q6xb,d/x ky)8 2ijibvc- v5 ce



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon l3 jk m+x,.borthrough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecj 0i wgvl 5rn8k ftrm7u4j5:f7e6w6zwosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestri :s+toizs1y)bspjw 6 5ex (7wc1ufu l+al ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme+.mxyfi 6fqai2)gml( bsx- -wnt that is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the foll69ugkfa :f;p bowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.96 u:fgapk f;b

  Figure: Average per wt 1fpg-we kjm.f6 s;2capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiverqy/rn5w j x*p;sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax community/5p*nxq; w rjy.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the f4 6k-*1qya m orbkpk2zollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capit 0l)1 s):t qblpi2qkwea $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carl;,.x;; lud8ncncxpai d b2k1ried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experime,l2d8ukbn1c ;;apcx.ni ;lxd nt and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in f*5p0wof/ c tca 6r3om;z ko4uGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2024carg2/padqy j2,: tb0


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected datapk5rs9)f o;)5bw wy2km c2jtq for a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph)ewsw hg -b.-n) pocw; of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more sta:lz0 a )22webx(qcj fgtements from the followin202qbag:jzfc )x ( lweg.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical vari: vw j;n9bsgl(ables. List the main factors that charasbnl:(9 g;j wvcterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rain5 6 i*vikj3yj4x7mdw ni1xx1tforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement relatdzy)r w p(mr0atk.c 8p9 8hg+led to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of s +vw4j+4zn cbRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in differez4qj kg; wk cmi951(uknt biomesguc5kw 1 kj;i4( qkz9m


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, ,zte t. )p5hf fp3kt0lp6j 8gcjcj7w 6GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer e3twjclt60ghp) 5 . kp6cff,pjj78ztcommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in/ (kpldi*d ;l/fwt/hr describing the changi* w //hf;rlddpl (k/tes in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can 7d slhqf1h69 oa rc/m8j7u3jabe measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the efktyq (2rp(0m d4sk 9dffreg oq32: 9olfect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesilso32(0 qrdq:( pef d9 r9gmy4kktf2o s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in afbm yhvp:0a 4ub /r7 bq*8;9sq v9blyr field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a serie9 m cakm4fd*d7) zd;tds of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were markedda)9kd 74z; dmdf*tcm. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is impobf03w l3w jn9odw.kz, l.yz(x rtant to take multiple readings of the same f j (f 3wz03.nw,9 lx.wdbzykolactor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological 9-,u 7vk.dpj 8ib uoresampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cr9vc4 nc74qln8gmn 2lrn,a ww 4eek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two 9( dqs9y 4g*q;jm kxmwparts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling mr;*ok klvrb.vso;,vv m en( :.oor ev:l,ov;v. *mv(bnkr.s k;tile (moving) specimens.