What is the best definition fo5ub++ 9r 2z .tme,oenh)zsbdcr a species?

  igure: Climate graph of(y37b) xxq)*llec,w- dr-vm tjhqd )c Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could des pc9p39ijll( nx22xopcribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factorp p noj2p3(lxlic x992 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populat hb5*s4x 82.lmvebc.it qpar+t/ z, abion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sc bqxrr1j) sjp9(pg3 j1histosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble k43x*ged3 i.s yxu* efthe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other ok d.xy**3s4kifexu e3 gapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groupnfwdws++ /bq ; x8w0rcs of organisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Norjb5, :5t9 gpyaiwzee -th America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a smallp5ezi5 -y e9gatw,:bj, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a po* ;nn0/ ;i clq-a*nvlve aupz;d;em e*pulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the rez*j yi 0l5aq6xmains of dead plants and animal *y5xlqaz06ijs.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of e n zgf7:hkv3,qdf/6my /i6:v/sbno x7y* cpn toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other or - ho :q l*kuwjvfxl;erg:y394ganisms live and interact with each other in the clv4-ryx:h l 3u9*geo ;kqjw:f old waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form e:uosoe*/ lj)zgx*0 g cnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to havez7bm7zb8f 3s(r4qvr p tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment the8qfz 3zbvr7 ps7 rbm4(y inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descriptpov gfikd4 s03k-e2h5ay2x*jion of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes inugt,::x -dz* lmavp1-x pm/gfto their surroundings. The enzymes br1ma,puf:m/ glx xtzg-:vp -*deak down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rfczw8 rr* ; :ybhj4*)cz 3plhpice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidsf2;q1n u 1iikb of energy.

  List three factors that cou)z jli-u0d9y)q 6smfmld describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 anu sdqlm6)9y0-) mzfijd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photou y5 eutu oa w9rh/ec/z213has1+m 9ahsynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice xow3x ,8 w5k0rpribmc yv7b02cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a s+e4yjvtapf *yq)i j3r do r9h2m 6)ei6mall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six mqdreri 6pj )mofve6y t*4+h i 29ja)y3onths. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial 0 0skx bartavoy /0j:*ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food weyty3s; :m)yzevf9um ei n/+x*b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbonm( hz5vwi kp vj0:1+7act4 zuznun9( g)p )msm compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide,j): zn5w9zpvas7m 1c ( ingk4)+0umh(zp vumt water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following cm8b r1ml60p kbhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the m3; uso4 2fjwnxqp3e6x ovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like e 1fm,izj2z1vnmj ct)6 arthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living orgmnf1,) 1c jti2j z6mzvanic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers +6pww/16vkj nxg+vrg


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its preyum a.,bp 4o otslg+d1) anx7u7o;l 3fr


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true aboutsil (gue,e)zou(u+xl) a:wg e( k,pm* Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawaterzp jj 7)/(dydq-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Whi)q/pyj7d zdj(ch of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the fa;jk5 isa) xw0ollowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion systembteub/ja4d q+)wg6lkt 4 r85t


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in pli .nkgphv q, w80/e:qyi,g- food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following stagrg2 x2 d7ho:otements is false when discussing a pyramid of biodgo2o h :xr7g2mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of ene+gek9s ouc4d-3uz) +)yu n lt)ox wbr+rgy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for repreour():d1b:0 yz ig.j 6rgr mip) wa/2olgsg 3usenting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food 9bdr -f+sxy*t1/g k6x janwq* web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a d*o82/dvgdbl(l dwj26ue f4c soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement t14j.pxwok / ixzku.p*z-t o 3khat does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system wi9w,4vxp)jddl th parasites on a consumer like td )w,vjp9dx4l he lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corsu+qkj2; cg :lrectly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirati;k:ugclsqj+2 on?

  Identify the statements that describe the use dwzvb c q :1qtry.w a05(i26loof DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from eco+hcn8y8adq(wf ( t0k psystems.

  State the name of the process t o d4gyp9-a*sy7c5fzm hat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrpg f-m9osc *zy7ya5 d4ates.

  There is continuous cycling of y1k1b-nlp-h8n. vtyjcarbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. 8k-bp nt-y1jyl.nv1 h
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that reqslve dxa .0,v;ld5 -rnuires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosysj-b r a,c2o5 cd:lpfv-tem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are ,ji 9 mwzn00ha+ z- fk0an8cuj)-rqgotrue.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be calculatzscija )kew4xb 9zds)f 2 k.-)*2fopged.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine24 p lzaa 1vee4h.mu* w)xyp)v carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throk9 mngd)5hw . 1k+xqlqugh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in a y) i0guspss;c*jckb nso,(5 -n ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow g ;pdcg7 )j/(yxxk-spin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true b;1x ,ngpfg,m of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the folnh,. r )y;24tbai)cxkjmkq*;f/h o twlowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cy nq a,;tri)/cf yw* )txm. kk4bhohj2;cle.

  Figure: Average per 6fb( 5v)mjuuqcapita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima ka)c wl*2fcloc67z w(ry succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax7(*a)lwz6 2cc cklofw community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tr n- d4ejqbs;*h .tftic7:dhc1ansformation.

  Figure: Average per cay9yzo/no11 vqpita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an o+jd nv/n995vjfugd0 Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxyv9j+df0jodug v /n9n5gen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & t0w xhd2l6vveeb*v 1 0annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 198: 3e0 u-blg53-pd,a fgizbcep 8-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bimmt gp9l :4bp4n:cke6x)ecf*ome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graphk /lmwglgc. 27u2qz a4 of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonatio)b5bgpus i+4 mn’’by choosing one or more statements from the f4bpi+5) msbug ollowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and o1dnkgh / i7i72sgwl1 mfz 9g5q6dw 4buther physical variables. List the main factors that characterkms1 i7lwgiz51n qb4u2dw96 gg7d f/hize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descriptiowk-ci o:v1yxf5yp3* zn of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement rwo +u,n(im xm6elated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph ob k8hk)91r zfmf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass ofb6:x qz4h(wg8e m. jrokm uo4: two herbivores in different biomesqu6:j 4mbgk4 e(.h : moxo8wrz


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession h uft(,w 0o03mgnu1orprogresses from a pioneer co31n0gr, hwu( uom f0tommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fo6 l3-6h:.ing1jl5sp cl a z0n c3zhvlrllowing statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity durih 6ic53:0 n1lzhn3jc .glvsarzp-l6lng primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi div eyp,vl2(b g(,fx3pjsk.

  Figure: Set-up to investi-)k d9ucztaf,q2(z jo 5aw7pngate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis-q)c9,f(wkod uant2pzajz 57



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiey h gwu1ucfj58k) zj en2ygk(i1:7b( old



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specrmf89n.jy3 d,v n5 q5lua6oev iy*v m:imens of beetle A. On the firyoi*mqr.uv 5a:ny59e 3m8j6vvfl ,ndst day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to takevmv w(n,gh*s4 multiple readings4sv*gn(h v,m w of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologicmtc/-gcp/ (*fj z( upual sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples ofjeh kjs9 kx )7i0x:j)g Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two partphf2 ; 9,grqzz 9f,lbrs of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling te ( m4dq*0iutmy,vtbbc1 3od/achniques is not effective for sampling motile (moviy/ (v m14to0*i3abtdmu c b,qdng) specimens.