What is the best definition)pu0m bj w, zbnwa9nrx*ljzar5(1 n0b 7 87qmv for a species?

  igure: Climate graph 1k h7f 8r2 qpljaa4zdg* e6mr;of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What dc(p5+r fmybn3 o5dfnb2 2 9cvis Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 9 r5d(nc +p3bnv2ofbcf5md2y3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pts rz0o:hf97aopulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma species 4 :clzenz+pu7j di39op -r)ja



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a sma 7ruygds173 0g-v s3+nifuyrall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass 0su-a3 rvy+ n1g37id gfyr7 suand ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popula5xo4 wui 56cr5 nya/sition.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Northqd: :xf)qj 30x:pnnkr2 zad q/ America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such a r3d/x: p qaq2nd:k)jznxqf:0s deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that bjq 6*h;iys xz2 9qitk,0rjy-o est reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and am,j)4ca sl w8xnimamlj, xw) 84casls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toaa1h m*glm riut-/)q 5 p(5yjjxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orgaw y/ggwkl9k*9 nisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ok lwggw yk*/99cean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystea fw fel gkk3m,4j3ra0a0-)rsms.

  Rainforests are known wn p )gzmny227to have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been 72g2mp )w nzynknown to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chain..c.ru.e s hiq e*hpnuy1w:( l-

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzym utw/lk-+ xew r06h;2brvstu9es into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves-rk rt/ew0x9 wb;t+uh2uv6s l , and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva:t5sk +(/oh igoytxk. tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramidnwc/x:63tzz79su rm ns of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor bd5/ j,obejc61; Facto,ebod5/j c6jbr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesiomd- iqk1 4g l;iu 1/u2woct xq50fk3cs at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system ciizn,:tcd :;9xc0uq


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripesf,lbw2; k icl8 that resemble the zebra. It lives in thc; ,fi82w lblke Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosmn1vjj6 xv: 4sm gsu73ystem.

  Figure: A marine food why6cb4wi: ;dj eb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed obzn+s-c( +m0 /g 7pg h(mktfwnn the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, watcg+nms/hng-b7k((t pwzm f + 0er, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reaction: 5e,fm-7nzvla


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram o )-xb .sq*oxcdnqc/7lf the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms b4ds+*i ykvr4l est describes organisms like earthworms that inges4 *d+vr4skyli t and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyra)gpnivo q(nqu (0,6 kvmid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densiobddw.lh+ j( )lri.l/ties of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichl)vq unghg j:gu;2b)c; oroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an g1ygac8yz )5i,zd :6yjt0 vjc06zo l yaquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included j ,tyzla)0c1 cy5zdo:vg8y0y66 igj zalgae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the foll q-dqy.kldvaj/3:0g aowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion h+awh0 gw) f-z4-sc-pi;ux+2s exa yg system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxk,tfs1er7giuxst q o:hi):1tft01-vins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statementse uux4n2tnh3og/k0u3 is false when discussing a pyramid ofxuk32uo ug t3nen40h/ biomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of enjilpl x8ni:s0 9t0f +tdrkc9 5ergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.zb) k jztcq2.mx w69w5

  Figure: an Arctic mari (dvxg4,od ci3ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ej:*ll thpm1 q;cosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe , ec-. rkvhv6xkclw*6a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbefzfpohy- / 6/ers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consuf/p/fyz6 -ohe mer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bel,l4pvr urs p uq2y-g02v-kp2 mow.What is Photosynthesis and Respip-vuy2-2v rl0pkq2,4 rmsg puration?

  Identify the statements that destvce x)4t9h*tcribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecouz*fgq2- .im5q wf (ga 3tn h,(f7ymmosystems.

  State the name of the process that convegpd4 z6i/25v 5 k9e y-tcovgatrts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.t9v a6ykt5ge/-5 cpvoz4id 2g

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere txy; w0m :2 nl6tty:pivk hq+q7o other carbon sinks. hm 70k+2:tx;typ vy:nqqli6 w
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in tt z8;xu7 x4me6as:jgdtx.ma 9he carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area pedgt6d6en852ezbfsy ))n3 w dkr year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that mgn4*+ +)*b oxlz2 lk kcole,jare true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Produf-njhr2 1djvz,r,0 +3tut2m.xdqjozctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycle in7pnwt6c/m rg /s fzg).fn:.1gf /xrg ,lf,l



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the j .ly:uplzt+5q5+b r( 9mxp9/uu di wgcarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem4xr0n go.o8;d zt).jmi w ha8l


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow t5p9n z 2kkk,.xx; phkin a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacte:uy .)o50eui w6x+loo:iny wsria.

  Identify which of the follo,t5qokf/-qc cs wk:d 8wing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyckqw, q cd85s:otf/ k-cle.

  Figure: Average per kkisl0 5yh(ee, -ncs/ capita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession p:n bu 3r:z1clfrogresses from a pio nz3c: urlb:f1neer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the fol;lq7bvaa 6zjxna. 9p0y rfx/,lowing is an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita k-*1 fb klkn:zv)f )ahvt* rc0$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Ol0b (ur-g68 14 klzqe+ncjp tyne was kept in light and the other in darkness1y +c-tzlp(l4e0u6gb8n rq k j. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in GT9p2) s0 fwlrrf $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries b9t u vm / y+d -wmgnbf;5fbu6a.5vw7bjy region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biomuzb:5 lk2n jx2iud,-j e

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy w -1so.u ch9z bbq.1dk



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’ab gta.xoc9i9(5nil rp ,6g6n’by choosing one or more statements from the followipcab 5go, 6 9atn.l(rx9gnii6ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns awpy6 illk)5z 2nd other physical variables. List the main factors 6iyp)l z 5l2kwthat characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a de d(kcue-sq4a 0 fb*el6scription of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to d7thqff ))almiio,/ayga 50 e ,iversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy tjx-n4:y5mi . e4e cye


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary product,r9.pqfyv7 * sqxsq svdx7*4divity and biomass of two herbivores in different biomes d*7qvx 7, y rsqx 9v.qs4pfsd*


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as prima/zfj( k3.9un,qi 8-k-v btnx p8onvzpry succession progresses from a u8nnjb,vx q v (zk.3/9ikf - -pz8tpnopioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements 9mc syo 33,fwqf35b6qfipu7 ois not correct in describing the changes in productivity oo37fy ,b5fu 3q fi9c6w mspq3during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured me ::oz*a i-nmjw8e ft /qo69husing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of 9 w3rai7ny)wv photosyntwiy)7ra v3wn9 hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aq,- ;1lg5x qzziyoeg+ field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of uq3 q2z9bx4- yk; hcdrinsect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which h;xqkrd2u y 493-qbzc21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is imvp ;j+h dshb)2portant to take multiple readings o2 hdphj)v+b ;sf the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampli+sgj(fl* du8 .chk,7gt ,aqtpng


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willowzj33t.hwf -xp Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Wiz(6 czn;oa e0s9yz s:lllow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the foll9 wzm cx4z tf:w dx/4-z o -yydq+;5wiwp0x7ruowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling mxy z5r+o:dwx4 wqwwi;z7/t- 4 yf z-0xpc9m udotile (moving) specimens.