What is the best definition g*z q2xwj2f4 .tmn7fab9x;ww for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of wffv5r;r;,s3ebw; z/wx 8oqk 7u b3hw Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a specieqv; 4f d*hk)q7bojq, as' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2b* qjfko ;ad 4q,vqh)7;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a population fhc;m;rbl 1 h*


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosom:fmfvqx.g 9zvo 9 v5w:a species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resetid; ; ,/ot(rkliab 2omble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four totidb t (or2/; ,oa;lki five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organi3wgyt8mes qoc; d+.4 bsms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur nt ti y5, xe89vtjqov8ph:;g1 faturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, ht5gipf o19vjx,;ytv88qt:ea small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a hwjp.u(0(u ntpopulation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the r/ilpur h (zryfnnk7:ml/ b 2*6emains of dead plants and animals/ 7lrl*h2i bpfk :zum6rynn/(.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in fooa g3 2:azogz*lmsfi406)wvz j9n w /67afnblid chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms lik1*v;i tf. z*j zgnp)ave and interact with each other in z n v*ag)i.1 jk*;tpzfthe cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystems/m) sg)ocmaxd.x +t; 4ewiw f1zh5,vv.

  Rainforests are known to havoublq 3.k*sng.+ l-fve tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presencefs +.kb n3ul*gv .l-qo of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description *bjro m f7-s/jlur 5/yof a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrix5,aihk)g df0ecoe gjw f3)79ents by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb d9f hgc 73i)a og,kxewe)fj0 5the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation system1zt13wc azp+ o


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of en.3ph plizbg7ad. 2a4*ms*mcz ergy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; bo* *jtxfhm 8;Factor 2 and Factor 3?;*ofj m8*th xb

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynl(0)hl;fdx zdy 7swo 7thesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatiom*aufh8 ktkuj 06+1spn system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe elqk: 0+q fazw ly-oh(/ k;xyy 703jt;szui8wand has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitarkal ;jlfhy0 (ezw/-o+yy0:8 7tkz3 w xiuq q;sy animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a tm9ny07g0 k ees v;5asnerrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wedfsyg-1. b /1a z reyocgg2;n2b



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that l0-9rv . bouhqc3yc- dbive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlighy0 .bcr3d obc-9quhv- t.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactn3gpp6n8ux/pv5xbayp7 i2 n nes.o87 ion:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of )fz9*/w u7 vyljkt* mfb16ygcthe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms e 4kb1a9d, q47n oxuj+4ttv-nqglx 7t like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest no9o4n-kq4 j1xl+ g t74qvt7xn u a,bedtn-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of ngzf(vp qk,/m (umbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and itsrxq1 v94wl5:akn k2.wz 1tglc prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are trumpfyxdc4bl k -g+ m9 a60tj::he about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a rh 6w+ekw-rx/ mwc9/ scommercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student pla wrr /-+ 9ex6c/swkmwhced it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf2t2tk6biryo wj))7l jormation.

  Figure: A natural enerh .xtidj n 6(y*/qb(zkgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chry i(l gn14 mai,ka(1cains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the follk2z26hox1 7jwqwbo, )rpcty f1m(q9 v owing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of biomass)hqt 91wr2q761j (ckp mv z bwo2yo,xf.

  Figure: A pyramid of energuuud 0 ,a+l--v3 xdfksy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an j8x.l-h4v wf xecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food web(c-qt e/iex0sfd : lp2


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soxb*fmec l,*0*pqio bz1 qje ;c24z (hpil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that .c x y5d;r djv3k-kk9mzqtfg)k,(yl (does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasdf9 7j* dks8qsites dsqk89jd* 7s fon a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options below.Whaad0t /u up-z+jt is Photosynthesis and Res d +tup0-uj/zapiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insem9.zfx8 y ;izzcticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is ::azgdyufpw 5zpq186 lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide i-lkc8awx ::87 eftolw n the air to carbohydrl8-7:awt:l8x kew cf oates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from thesgb:rcf(h *(dsphgd-j 1w f /ku,tj- ;+o6rnh atmosphere to other carbon sinks. wkr+:,b o*hc-hfur jshpdftn(;6jg( 1/ s- dg
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requiresfh -e6iwg ou+e5bkj/ 12quri* the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in anr.x3 :h/kkpxnue + c)z ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. 0 wm11s5yp eq 1fh*9exgaj1ss
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can bivsjzge;; n--e calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon cycl:rx x.r ccsp10e



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbf::sv.u57h;a wlv 4h2ccv4 zkf zoh5qon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in)trgl.j-6wn dr .1meq an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosyfn96p-bjeqlw j -s mr965gb,ustem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement tadbx 01d:iurby(2 m b/p7ss *ahat is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following h /y:c-r1cminis not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclen/ci: 1ry cmh-.

  Figure: Average per cahkypnea5nn*0k + w+:c pita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses qp : 0srx7 t5t8a4jclofrom a pioneeo50tptc4 l jq:r s7x8ar community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example ofxz2hh xtero4nc/rxan04()- a transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita+ )gan2j u5 ok h)4gu9l(twgvv0 9zmfe $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodeat qp )c1r4t10dp w+wc.ri- )udpy sz/n plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissoicn 4pprwu0d1+st zycqprw1d t-.)/)lved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in b8yx (/c nzjsqdof6-hu*n7q;6)ff hl GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by65k7m xu aotm/ region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data foq37s)pzcf wa+r a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italy po4na67qp- si



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statemenoraaqp72 4vl- ts from the followinvl- rpq47a2aog.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physica41j wew jb9 j1r,k2qlsl variables. List the qjjlbje1,w w4 2s1kr 9main factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of ttpvo:w( ko-y(he rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity2z es2;s2sux ii2m/jl 7c8 qwe in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Iz*tdyr2++co c :l(v:nut v)ghtaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores5 vxr./ )0p*ir9i4 j0jp ffec/defrmw in different biomes ri*.f50pfe rc4p9)i/0 rmwdf /vjejx


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primaryog f-07(:s +uags wpeo succession progresses frope f(-s guow7+sgo0a :m a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correctigl5t9-* p -5fzb2 fkvam u(ve in describing the changes in productivity during lve5 upa2fb*ig--v z (5f9ktmprimary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a ; xggnf6n5 n,bSecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on h :b.xm bo+uqm+s4isuw,/ot 8the rate of photosynthesi/bu s+ou x8i,ow +mhq4ms :t.bs



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in 4cxz* :/hct5s aexp50f dqb a*a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specime1ozv7 l libiheq7 261xq g(x-fns of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle i(1e l216v7b7 glfqx oqizhx- A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important tv nz+u 7z7ecaa7u .bc.o take multiple readings of the same face77c7.a vu. +ac zzbuntor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplingybcwg8,5gdupj(4c0 o0.aq qw


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of W4 j/jx0vav p.uillow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species su;1xz9qha 1hf ampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the follone)5c)qvg+zrxf 2 + j-vzumy 0wing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving) specimfg x2+ )zjey5u0zvc-mq r +n)vens.