What is the best definition for a species?z- .tdhs ga(y1 sm2rt27pcq+v

  igure: Climate graph of R pfhh/8i+r2atagg +dnz p4eou3k- 8j+ome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fw0qy a8q0 vk6iactor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3 wa v06ik8yqq0?

  Figure: Growth curve of a4-n. r3, +parz dqkdx7jw-x oq population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schi5 *gc9oet. )mzbet*eb stosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like de p/ap38:vm su:w2v ma small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okap2apw3/m :8vdmsveu p :is eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popula28hnqkj *c cem.-/z*zpxa5g ption.

  Fact file on the grek,j8.ta:f1y+v m st:ewz5 jbgy wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorwt m g ksbfz81: :,jv+5je.yatial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects dqbk:1,*gez d.up8nf the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains 3tzve0ksh54 xz2e 0 sl7,hxjbxy14tbof dead plants and animalt1xzb,5tke h2ye zxsh30s74vxjbl0 4 s.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxi+:.e9/:wmk t ldj oi bvo8z:8jwl,vlyns in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seao 8u0 0thshjdn )pejo;;7*el gl, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the e*js;j)lh0gp78 no d e0ht; ouArctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy isai0wvj;pf a37 lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high prodx(h57wdzc5 ga slmab ;05zww4pbz07ductivity, despite infertile soils. The growing co05z bl(4gddwas 77 w baxmcz;5 z05phwnditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct descr4w; e*fazd3di iption of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients b9dy ) /wlm/zaoe.n6k cy releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the produc6 /em 9z.)/aklyndowc ts.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste/ xkqaeq(yf-w/ l (kd,m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids np125fgjqk)y*s sp- uof energy.

  List three factors tw8 bnc7ft1w*m hat could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor w tb*n 187fmwc3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diffeqk:n:t mr-d,u-niueb6o8 1y d-yf : z1sqf mb2rent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva4,qoh2 *e dqh3za5 z8m1x x/xezr(oek tion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zeyj)jamk*u 8 v 5wnqr.g a1m3x5bra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapiw1j5 vmu) mran3ygqa5 .8* xjks.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrecbbgn 5y7kk.l8 t description of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food w5 (1wpcx;vusgfu72lk(b9fx eeb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are alpw asg( zw+czuv-w:q( gn.x06gae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds producezw:xawwcg6s(q0-g( +uv n .p zd by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemr .hr8/rm 8h 5qcao2zrical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram ov *kduv(shkgl - ys1,8c-k-tof the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best6 osl3-b j3dy85g uj-j 8wredt describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non 63dlgjeu w stj-ob8jyd-83r5-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers2 r8mrjvarg1 ca.)xp4


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a p2rdvzl+ k- a11a gca1dredator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenylta9qe tys00 98vmd,jf:l 4q xoxrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocom98zv rv f)y6q j99vnn1fzgx1sm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light v11 9zffqv)x9 8ngmv zj96rny source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following i0 +g*jra 2wz h/jtpus)s an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural ena er.8nbv;ppnf cp)96ergy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup o7 uu4:elxfp6pf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following sta1blh 8b,iec cis a2ah+l 3f;j+tements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioma2 aes1i+bc lahc,+ hl3j8bf;iss.

  Figure: A pyramid of e4o25wesr4, n;ia krk knergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosystem.3hz4x bppz0 2k

  Figure: an Arctic marine food sw )(9ewymi(c web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sogc7. ((yxgcshil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statemek s,*mpq-ifa.0 ufu;lhn1(n u nt that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers n- rh1ejpa- )u :vobr0that could exist in a savannah system with parasitesjeu 01nh:boar v p)--r on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thgwf0(d:) ;hvfal h 96ic*cyhg e options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respiratf*chwh9) ag f:;gh 0(ly6vcidion?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DDT as an insecticinkqoyt3m4 x1 9de.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy isd0le /7/ f 9mhpz6jrbo6qizs * lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that convergjl 89kf *va.)tpgk9vts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.lvj9fgk 89tg*pva k.)

  There is continuous cycling of carbodeab8u*i5 qhqyp7j(w p-wpz*om8/ -hn from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. h8je-/ ah -dpymq *ww(pqb *z8pi o57u
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carr6q eb-: w.qdt br:9nnbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per yeal-i/o qe bir-b-u-o : ;3vffiar


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements thar9 lftzh /gy)2)1tbm zt are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivi *fr zt1 :*rxfd8x+3r q.ekkg,7mb zpvty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified del)m2- pa:o ij-sms7a iagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon throum80 ri7vn5 vnggh the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow 5 k*g+thvwi5 kin an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in i zh( cjb5k9(hkJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not4on*(cpkb t 9o true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the followi rj3z3 +gnp agwn*x6:ong is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cygw jz6n*p:3 r ago+nx3cle.

  Figure: Average per ca2u491zi)p2 oo qnhj4;n*w1i vac54o e sjcgvspita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succw 7hvbsq 2fj 6mo57nw6ession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax commuh6w77 bf62 qj5 swnomvnity.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of tranmtxz0/h o8x q.sformation.

  Figure: Average per sdt6bcyyp2((t +xq/ ecapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bowp b/y2; +fsxq1r3 pzettles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in ligh3f/p+by rx1;2eqw s pzt and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annualjgu kc265-v qp flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2,n6yq*tk; ;x1y:l pavc em aj/020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome .zzpt +; ync3t,- glwl

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rfrku3cna 7lkt8n sjiy *9g)1 6ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by cheei8u-f 1airm1+ke6n,veg)fja* fj -oosing one or more statements from the follow gjf*)k r 8i-e+ en- feuf1,6jei1aamving.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by aqnlnxh-w:pe qjv o33r6w9 4m u(wf+3climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial b9mnu p6wwnea 4f 3wqhvqx(+-3l:3jo r iomes.

  State which is not a description on /r z1ip,uxp9f the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to 6(*.z)z jicsemb t,xf diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate grap;ps pgg-jlk( jr*tv4yt ab(0:ss b5 i0h of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores izd0ihu )f0jubsb3, 7tn different biomes bf7jut)30bdi hz us0,


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succes5za) nf0u0xxw a69iiuvpjb )1sion progresses from aw) )50 f9iavapznjiu1ux6 0bx pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not cohv,v(k:e g7c hvj*s7 e;x.lem rrect in describing the changes in prv h7*m;chv7 v.j s eeke:gl,x(oductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured ux9-9 xqzchp3v uh 7cuq 71j8 c3dwwj0ysing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigak wgk6dy ;0q+hqs;t /m n5xmq9te the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynth qkg+; x9nm;0 5shytwmk6/qdqesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in (i3w5qhc lr5 yr-cus3/z s,y da field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimensx /+9pxhr/ zx 1igw3zv of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were1vzwx x /xr3+h/zpig9 marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, is .tpf4ja/.an1;5e l7tb7ko -uh rwwpt is important to take multiple readings of the same facphswo74 w1t5j-kr/ne a . tpfb;.7alutor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologi-,b 9uaahcf hh/1 hbplp(:huca6ac83cal sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Willow Cre3v6lm6imm;;+plsq y4wc 2 gspek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sample x0wwpt 5ju2pin.n 43hd in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the folboy7/ 2:r;mr(uut paylowing sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motile (movi7b ru: 2/artmyu y;p(ong) specimens.