What is the best definitio9:p2/ empx*ziu w )bzjn for a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, y zz2lpun9(w0 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species.35gqpr ,uwx(oq1m u d' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 3up,q1 o. wuqxrg 3(5md?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pop qv4,k1yclsxak cmd2v7z) 5(p v3 ovz;ulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciedzv).hodq d ,gxxt.;.s



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giriyw 4au79wvgd2c ,-xnaffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspri9du4iw7ag xw-n ycv,2ng which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms isdp9ofkwuqol 79:5/ as a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amzcrmw(m(g:p:2 sfy d0erica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals suw (2ymmspgd (0fr:c:zch as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth oft0 u0 y5 pd1j xzx9*j5-cdsgaj a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the remains ofr1+d8o e,x gi8lssw6 c dead plants and anima+d 1 8o 6wxrci,g8eslsls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainq35 l:wqcnw)v b)pim0s


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bearf*eqk8e0qku* ;n :,y -fibdqg and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of t,ei;b0:kyeq n g*kqqff 8u -d*he Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosyste)1 fk eta3x mg ke 60oo8s2eu6fcuoi;1ms.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large bioma7*s vi(p )jzor7qyhl 4ss with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependentjpl)(yz7 s74rih * voq organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that ifm(wr6 g n7/pis a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestx5w:jyr(g2* g4d 1z.gqmgiwm ive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and g:zg2.m4gdw yxrw5i1m jq g(*decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culte+yzjxao (+5e ivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of enq:tyb ymfhh(co6 xl/r 8b2-h.ergy.

  List three factors that b-x+nll rxxl1vc .3zb3( e1nr could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Facto(3- r nbv+ln1xler3xxcbl.1 zr 2 and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatjf1x )g p1bcrpf;ox0 x;/4 drnob7p *dures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice c/xlk;ev 02f)w5yhn wk ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe an(4kn fbvu +d+sp-ya:jd has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives(:y- +kjsvu dfbapn4+ in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect dequ8biyv t.+5)xf(yy u scription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wj o99zlap y.k e0q6f(beb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on the c-mh;pl0f o1v qarbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlightqv-l0p o fmh;1.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followin*7p lfm0md k)vmtwx +1g chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemena/) b )23pef*dbnb57qe my qkit of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwook8ov) kl96 enrms that ingest and thn98kl6e vk) ooen break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of n1 m+u9 0plcvq5yn lnf)umbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator ka;mmhp q. 71eczr- s+and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlo0)) u5*a3w k ku6tmjho2vz ltkrodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commerciab2k/l soln)l78ds7h 7i0xk owlly available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the fol/ 07k sws7hk2lxn lo7bido)8llowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformam3.lr4oih c (ktion.

  Figure: A natural energy coxm/k.v +c.pxgnversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chai mk2toxt.9 i*-qwn0i bns




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements islsg*jo ; 6u dma5mv-s5l/* lse false when discussing a pyramid of biomaeju5l5lad* lm /*ssms o6;v-gss.

  Figure: A pyramid of en l9 3iyh5z cb,tw*kxeyr x+936dtqp 2jergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in an ecosyst+ qqev;n7 )pfqem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine za5i4vz/2o6 qgnpxr7 bl-hi+zk .tb e4f+r2a food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a ;n 18kt2pcliun5 qr ,zsoil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement thatdncu01w m9v4) cl j7uk does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of number7j leq0titl72 xkb.5zs that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consume it .t7b llk5jeq0x2z7r like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and re8 5o-hjr wryr2spiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthj yro-w82rhr 5esis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that desk/ -pz 4u 2-8ameof,f d i6*fmfaa2poscribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eney8 ihrx8 dig89rgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process thatxlcd )sr(nipm90 4+wohu d) u. converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohy9)u smx+0wduon i4)h c(lpd .rdrates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atogv6;yxk: lwyw- (5wcmosphere to other carbon sinks. k6cg5; wyy w:lwxo-(v
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires 7pxvey k(21j xm9ouq. d0(dpdthe longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystegt -kp( o0gkuyzf9,w3 m / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that tzjo1f 6.9 ocbv);pti are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity d5dz4 eu4rd-t (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified v 1 ) j8vio4cl+ni)ff(lgifd 6diagram of the marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the c60;q 6oxpg mxlarbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyste2 e3vej;dk cqk6cn1sze3 d0 w,m


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a teo h6+v(djf 3b*xp;(vos j.v yr*: jumrrrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyingnggg4 tv.3 *bi3e*sv)qoa la:pn5 g)n bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the nd2nkm( e23j o/8tjf42 qcoldpbr2s4p itrogen cyclnt bs2lf(kp42/c8ooe3qp22 md4 j drj e.

  Figure: Average per capita di(d 5b5 t8qmaohr,f, r :sr8m$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresscpf h7-d811s2 jnzezfk q8 /wves from a pioneer community to a d kj782vfehc1qwz/-8 1 fpnszclimax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfll t+uk3kouzh+1 d29hormation.

  Figure: Average per capitac3hhk*(zwxfq9rphc* 77n7+ o o5ti wt $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea pla we 7m oed(-hh: witotw/68674x cwvwdnt in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of t doh 7wtm/6vewt ew4(c8 :w ixhow6d7-he experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flows in r;(15qb b yscpGT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheriey37f;l ue6oo o /ph; iqy wm0bu(5kkdda 3n2/ks by region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biet:vxr3owx,f0q 80 +iz ,os viome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of8tjk hh1hd qel-2z4u3 Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements fb r*i(5x, o 0jg.meqpxrom the fol5ge(q0 bxj, *mopx.irlowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterizeg- yinxm0(y fu9f x)s9d by climatic patterns and other physical variables. List the ma- n(gyfum yf90i9s xx)in factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforestpw 5rw3z bqi p3:-k575bt iicl biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an e xp(v)-7vs 1qgsi, znbcosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,bgdil-b m,x)3 Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two a92 :3uqmzbzy herbivores in different biomyma:u 3q 9bzz2es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successo dla)/s xv*+wion progresses fr+ /asl*v) xowdom a pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing thx:s-n hy) 5xrc.w,rqle changes innhrsw5c ):xl,-yxq r . productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured upd *-4sn6 eplpkf(diy50jeo.i o u2q*sing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosy ftzi302vefzt0,ed j 9nt 0z9fdvj ze,f3tite02hesis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in aq99 /gpo.opvbo1kn ac /1 vo6x field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist usedb6e5 fk+ vohp( a series of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a tot(k 6b5poehfv +al of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to takvp ryo-ag(9 c8e multiple readings of the same factor. (y-a9vo cr8pg
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological s8 c*h33v )nurhpxhx,tl6w-x iampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fo*byz yt)/(i8we/ wkfdr two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts o/z1mf h:te-ju f Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the followcy* .f.x)yjtcplm uz+a+-7 pking sampling techniques is not effective for sampling motl +-.cuckp+fx p7y my)z jt*.aile (moving) specimens.