What is the best definition for a spcxbh9p+qrx0n91 5bf yecies?

  igure: Climate graph ofipgymg3vb /- f;;yv2 m Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fa9r yogk36w4sa9jblw/4 y8oh qctor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor qgwso /yrl43ow899y 4h6bjka 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of rbja+nsm,ei93 j * x-ha population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schis5f2hu )r7frgr(og zzb,o., bwtosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized x-z a)) *lclrggiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be sollar*xlcz -g ))itary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orga uf4cs*.yfp *x ro5 2bytcer8)nisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Ameri.oku,;cajf /rca and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf populac r.,;aj fo/kution in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best refgnwi 7/y.evj5a-dre)8bfk + hlects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snail ynagn84*/xbh- xo*e rd:dh *as feed on the remains of dead plants and anima8grne*:*b-h dxn4axhao *d/y ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chain1u .l3tudqprlui0srz. q-0; mvt,p a:y n3sc7s


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, mt(wm0sq63 z ipolar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold watersm (3wsi tmzq60 of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosystemb(jiq 8dfu;cu, c :/iqs.

  Rainforests are known to have tald ei+2pg+wh8; 6poxcvl trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The grogpp vw6e;di++8 cx2ohwing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chaae,scji(9 mk zyh;8 hj4r kw62juil+3in.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing dizk cz;u+)e6kl5dw q2ygestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying w ;kdquk2+ec)yl6 5zzleaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatas4q krle ely us6 /:gjr*w43/ion system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used .yedcu- fxa jj*g0;gp-s* :da for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What *f uiy)2ejh:r is Factor 1; Factor 2 )r2ji:ue *hfy and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthes/wl1yweqk6-;fa u z n(is at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultikgwb .; ggr2p(t9si,xt 1a+z jvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sizheax+xq:y p(ril w:i.9w 0 my9ed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. 09exr y+wpm:lhiw yx.(a9i:qOkapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrb xk0a/ttzw)zl;zvt p f( ;4/restrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food3aip u,bigyp 0*xf /8+ jgtpzkj1h27t web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that livelv 7q3j-:73j yr/ygzdhk tw-n inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlin:whjqyjr kd33g7 -/lzv -ty7ght.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following 7 ht+ rogn)souxd537zm5koz. chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carb(t96bua+ nj ybon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organ0jc15kjk . a)e9u jffxqjr/0kisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest n9ua0jke1kfjjj r/ xkcf 0 5.)qon-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramipx9 2b(at66-es dr0fp/qos,hq 9k , exu ngog8d of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey /ff4yvll/6 7y +rdph4) alwqk


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorpsl yhw,+rq4fyck qm.6 4cm26dl1:jiodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an rvz ;)2rpl wk,aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, sv2prlk,rzw ;)hrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an eh90pwa: erb foec0 f34xample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion system62v v3ikkdojuet-o3, m5rv j(


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxintr+y 3bv*i2royt3avpqo 5,7 is in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the fow cwo.x;(jp q:llowing statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bioojc:p wx (;qw.mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energthx i*-s4-jl ov9+vcky


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in a8(rrds9sj02- 9pggneuewr ()b bd (la n ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food fur)msjqby:9z-o n2 :web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ec-1z* fwrsa *3wid) srhtq r9*kosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately descqlv ox w l:x(y846pd9pribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah systeab;15jl 8kkr cm with parasites on a consumer like the lion81kj kb;5 crlas

  Distinguish photosynthesis a2leigtm. 6rmy kn/9 s9nd respiration correctly from the options below.What is Photosynthesis and Respirati9k mly m gtre/i6n2s9.on?

  Identify the statements kw1jak8yhl2 ua nt/ 2y2exw *4that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from e- fr cg2.3kdtecosystems.

  State the name of the process thb e:wtkjpryu( j.u4 xz(d2r 9zn( a70eat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydrates.j9.4 purrankwd j( eeb0z2u(:( xty7z

  There is continuous cycl1o vs9+i aa8rb)wfo04 ttb4 vging of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks. bt98ta roa1+v)bv44ows0igf
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon c q6ud*4radj-qycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per ,bmnejwr 5q994r 4aywyear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that arh,kvf,;g j)ca6iidn ,xy0r07z e)zeje true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prod81m9. dgeuk6u2 xqxa quctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of tv(tjb qv t-agv; rf*: n4mo;l9he marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon th4f d; lqmp4 u*5q.5ed kd0sztarough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in7r, 7fjiw.vrztc) 2 bm an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial eco1a 4lq-/ )5bid.owk b yrn0vaosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not nivx x:l.o,6u true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect on the qelnwtm : cwq9+w)g6wd/zo .8 nitrogen cycl: wtd)w+ zw/g wqm98 cqeoln6.e.

  Figure: Average per cyhaifvi5n ( ;6apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progre0j2 ake6g 5rx+n( ku2ve0ild7 + xeqfpsses from a pia6kxe0 jgqkr+np uedl 0+2 (7evx52fioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is anzs7v*+ i.bi ia.+t mfa example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capg5ivlc5 8e xx q8,+ycu)4 fsfbita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plantm) t -y:c s*hpcz8jc,o63 fkah in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at t,h*63:p )8 hcmoc y-cszaktjf he beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & a2osgj ru8x a+h29c8zjnnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re;om n(bivu;2 q :z+nmegion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data qa z1l9ts7rtv )l7u9zfor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of R e4u k+v-hdz,ic:f xn-ome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or9nhg bcpk:-8d more statements from the focb:d9g-kh 8 pnllowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic tv4+z-m 9bjar patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that ajvrt9z-m b+4 characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforfyb 9/8 fiu gfiu5c6(xest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an pxl l e0.9qvs5d2eoe66 yoh i)ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, k kf.haytm vm;7z9e)4Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in difqc0vh5+ tv b+rferent biombh5qv+0rvct+ es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succkkx*89zpvvdikn8*oj1 frq6+ession progresses from a pioneer community to a nzrvi *1p8 d+xv*jq 9fk6k8ko climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of thexo5a7 ss:mis s abkdj1)fz 3nej2579q following statements is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primab57e7sjma os5as n12 3d9ks zifqj:x)ry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be mealro6ob.r ;* utp8c2fs sured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to inz/o2 yc(nxa+hp; f sso0e, cmo5i p,5cvestigate the effect of temperature on the rate of photosyntheao5eocym+c zxpcsf,ih2,p / no0; s( 5sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a h s(ieom q1in kj:1:/lfield



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of inseoqs(ghbb,v.d 6 x)e 9cct traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of v)og ,q chb.b9sx(6 ed469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple read 0wc1e-xl-u, t vxb3jxings of the same factor. j,-x3xle 1wc-b xuvt0
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecologic3tekguf32:r v al sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for(m ;swl (p1mjm.iyb3 owlvc)9 two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled ig4ue0m3p2izf mx8kdl/9+ + x/k zeokgn two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective fmou .8 vt/nzr 1dvjck6e+,qrlb .t;a5or sampling motilezrnj vka e,.obq 8cv;/r t5 u1.tm6l+d (moving) specimens.