What is the best definition for a hx1/ pbb:q;g 5c+yo2tm,uj t x*dlo8lspecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome,97e cwnxr,sl- Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factoqxbre4uc7xo ontu c- 8l0 /m0-r 2;Fq7mo8/-lr0cocu0 xt b nxu e-4actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a pd30gh x06 xjjq3)ke *pyjag,jtp(my0opulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomlrj2;ljt bezrz 0*f 6/wk;p;la species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a sma)b, 3ogpgufacl,f7p ex )i/x/ll-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring whi3a cp7fo gxbg e)ifu) /,xpl/,ch continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popux0w0.t on6 m;mg y2qfblation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in Nortpw pl7; qw 8q;;-kxueih America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sh7qk ;wpue8;l-qpi;w x eepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects thee es ;2a fy.,qjkq*9he growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fg.a m j52y0 dwvnr40wdeed on the remains of dead plants and anima4g2dy wmvd0.wnja 5r 0ls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup onu u1pamy/j):25w1vis. fe2t 4 x msdof toxins in food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other orgabxq1 o*c5r4.fw ac:m /bp*wrinisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctfm *pb1:iq.c*brxcw 5w4 /or aic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy ykt3a/b*u 2 ;bq*0akrkr j/es is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and xq telv8 rs5;,vfs4.ja large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The grtv qj5lssvxr8,4e; f.owing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that ish7wg zbads6rr),0/i jf 63 yeu a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymezv ljj j )oo3i+z9xfe4 9f4-jps into their surroundings. The enzymes breakj3z io4)-9 fj +ljjoxze v9f4p down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated 3f4czmgj0,+1ygpw f 47ivqt 2hj kbu(rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pynw/om:cxo il ;f2d3jf+mh y.:ramids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe woe;1u.mo.m i a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto.;um oo 1wmie.r 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at difuc:aad0 czc9- udc z*:ferent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation v:q ; i2j/o skbk4hq4ac8 b0unsystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gc,5 0te+mtj8 f *0rm1a xhgbeoiraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be de fm51,mhetecr0+tjg b0a *8oxpendent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description ofa( ,ffr rwor69n.hz/sg9:qy y energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web r/z5x / rcr j0nvl2rqblcd x.0wh/,q7



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed r, s /4 ,u5hrd:kacdwvon the carbon compounds produce s,rd/ak4hw5 vruc:d, d by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chem8el/ yb s626g2lpyemu ical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the m7jple,ajd :o 3-chosv,c 2 j+ea8wzi5ovement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthwtmplo-5 f:olzddb1 ))orms that ingest and then br:)olddlotm z1 5 bfp-)eak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbers n5mw v x*rqo*0


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitiesot hmnjymjx8( f6*u 78 of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true a3/y-eik si5 xabout Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesovj +n-6kw8e b6j7ifrk:, uxtocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provivw8 6ejxn7-kbj of+t :kr6,iude a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tratl:j*/h-c7 u mv3ubkl nsformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion *3hc u)ox; d sgzu+jov,k12jp system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup oo6kou -cufi n-g1h 1/cf toxins in food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements ij+u8ly:l p-tni r3 h)1n+gyoq 4jdp 4ws false when discussing a pyramid of bijjl+3u+hl o1wgnr:i84n py 4q-dy)tpomass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ (*vld77ayqrz)v f /g.fr ad3ly


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representnbmo48l4mjvu* u +b(izxh 0y) ing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marin:rqo4(.k s 8zaatnq z0 gzuj0,e food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web i:81dmjj8ylr8kj8 sq rn a soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately dez9/thw 6ufyk4 scribe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could /+ 4 u0eg m yqo1kll*+cg bxa1vmjm.2texist in a savannah system with parasi. +ockv+glg1 m/t 20ubylqamj e*mx14tes on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options)fif26wh:ys)7 jq ah q below.What is Photosqf)q hh2)a7 s6:yj iwfynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statemenj(:voh(b ep 02mn 9qrrts that describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form enere t.5b gh; og/bx/w2ylgy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process ci1h 6a ,dp-kuthat converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydd-i kcahp 1,6urates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks+woqay y *3fk5.f+*a3y owkyq 5
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requl f1h*csf 5j2ypsd-w: ires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecgsc; z-x +sk4 ujjs6x,osystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that nm(cvg1b,er9are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Pro 88hpp(pxd5pw ne,g* uductivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of th*krv3q :d4a g3p *ljcle marine carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of caresk*x1 (igs g.bon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosystem -l vs-tu1v0ssp 4h: dm


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow v/x ks p:3lflgvhh6:1in a terrestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyinmuqj x)6+g 7 qch d0vk2px3n9ag bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human:6 ryh ifl6-xr+mrk7x-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclfx lyx+6:7rrh6- im kre.

  Figure: Average per capita ;jsndx: ()f9rlg o,k-8 rhvls $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses fpmrm6*3r-eoz xo re9 :3-aokfrom a pioneer community toko:3rxrma-* rmof96epzo 3e - a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatio9dkd3;3gcz5 p jn6fktn.

  Figure: Average per capit ( il1dj8o8rraa $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plantmn3.t7d9 f7s11c ; nljpwvwbt in water. One was kept in light and the other in7w s ml1j npdwb.ct13t;f7 n9v darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ac: *yiqa z.1uinnual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by re z:5xxt9vrg+9;fvsefgion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data 4 /du r+3jzw;ogj8saafor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rtfo0:qe13 plp+ ;ymolvy0(qlome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choos*cg e61xxnw u+ing one or more statements from the following* u+wg x6c1nxe.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatiuzw* +pv)kv2 x x8xp5sc patterns and other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the ter +2 wpzx*uxv k5s)px8vrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biome6q0; qq6 :idunuf7xzj .

  Identify the correct swef/5aou m79a tatement related to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romenzen0bt;c :4u , Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores ig.d4q0*owa jw4 eow+kn different biomes odwqo4 g.j*ka4w +we 0


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP y8aa():wxk mt and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer comxt()8a:ak ywm munity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statement( bd; 9 hsjzipqiwlg1 ,fz(cf g.9w.y8s is not correct in describing the changdcwg byfhlzpi99zf8 ,j.is; (g .(q1wes in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured uscxp0 k5 q)7gmsing a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempe) rk.rpz w5bvo:b*od,c0v :iyrature on the rate of photosynthesiow5obv*i )rcpr.v0:zy,bdk : s



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field0tqj0sq y3nei+ + hpwj) fb8ltg4i.p+



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to captb/n itd9zsve*l2xf frkxd7)bi d3 86 2ure specimens of beetle A. On the first8 drk)d 6s3ft9e* 27bvf/dzinx 2 xibl day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the;- iwpj)f1 akn data, it is important to take multiple readings of thw ni1)pf ;jka-e same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used i11m askme q 808dae;nnn ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples wxe h)ptmr0iap 13 x+6of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for speci uufxhe 3so en)5/t/i+6yp r9jes sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectivechrysjx5l:(e-9 z ah+ for sampling motile (moving) specimensls e(j5acxh: - yh+rz9.