What is the best definition for a species w9y yso /gbvv .g6kc31x6cn+d?

  igure: Climate graph ;ew+i sg424i7iem v f-b60u)enekw abof Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could d t1;c* w,cx8ui;vnxho;ekr v) escribe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fix;v v ;cur,1 otkncx8h)e;w* actor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve ofpc5x14j.fn0a bv r2yq a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schisttu8+ o nymj5 (3-ld)ar0 nqxvrosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the ze e2+b ,gdy/uyqbra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are b,qd2gy+e u/ymature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orgap r(lc-y( -wlxnisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis ;lhzxl1 o7u4:)ys2dcpn n-0 r o cts/glupus)Wolves occur naturally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may:-;1y u lz /d gc4o7ps0non rhlt)c2xs limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects t;oz2 x:6r v-49cezf2 giorfkyhe growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on the re ,fq*w xfj,5gumains of dead plants and anima, *g,jwxf5qf uls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chainsi.ft6s-nxbjfj g9 pv:af7: 7x


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, kill1kukl px253tm er whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold 513xlut k2kmp waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysl;zl( *umfr/)3hloln v wc1gde.(, kqtems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a lq q-l23fv a5sl3z*2,wr2sn3zf qwpb barge biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presencvzsq*w-q 3b3lf2n,lap s3rb52wq f2ze of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement tnm:ab )1mt(6:vj zs mthat is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing do 4j/qqyw gf+m 3 5;cxww(kdj*igestive enzymes into their surroundingmw o +f(3*x5yd4q/wj qk; wcjgs. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated3xh5 ys954f vlria q.f rice cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids ;a;pz3frlmjov,i8t/q9 p/2 yx pmt9f of energy.

  List three factors that cyr8 .r/c05f x( iz ucjhxh l60ficb8a/ould describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Facto.yi xzrih(/abh 5/cx86fu0 0f8lj rccr 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosy-: b,ygeyt6hd4g9z kbnthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivatig vb zotgc1rdj3;8o/f*gq9b -on system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a tn m.v8f 6*mlesmall-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother get v. 8lfnmm*6ives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrest 78t1vv+care o)cmjfb j;+cn9 rial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web zqk(9.cnkd+ c4s9qg fz a)z+ z



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that y9r,z ;sbw 6rm+8fd3sb ylg 7flive inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, an6g9f83;rryzl w, fsyd+m s 7bbd sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemicadna8d /z:x zm0l reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified sy.d k:r ( dv56cl,oorybstems diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organid;bm pkknr1g1t /3vg0 sms like earthworms that ingest and then break down r 1n0;mggpt1bvk /d k3and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr2d3tr5eg ku 8r ztpy/4amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densitgqz 15 +gv zlymxrvz2m)/ 3.yfies of a predator and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrich ,z1rm5mao /kmf(bk*j loroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocos yjag2:g;w-rh m using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a ligra :jw;2g-ghyht source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an x,n1 3zvzcr 8,g ic*funo1*cs0ot j+cexample of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syst b38lz*x;; znmll2wd cem


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in/(ogu xpxsn/:-gxp7k7e zyp o+sgy*o6 s 8m)o food chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false ww v9 b*ucr)bu)hen discussing a pyramid of biomass*)9c buuw)rb v.

  Figure: A pyramid of t4rk68u: ma9z*hjyjsrq vu6, energy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing product+a c:y epc:1bbivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine q+6snfm :q.k ffood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a sy(yl+o f won5 opv98.woil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accuratepl 1:kgp gi5+ely describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramidkprkvv9mm+/z s;0 mx* of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites onmm0k; v kpsx+mr/z *9v a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctlij:rsecn -q)sj31) qb ;*pf/ m e2vbszy from the options below.What is )* n;qeprbfs -qvse c3z2)smbj/:j1i Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that desc x2aep5vy xt)a dc pq:8)5bpf)ribe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost from ecosysteo nn:+bc:,lzzms.

  State the name of the process that converi+ekjf6bc; 5d;zg u5dw h(4yk ts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohyd54uz65fgyw e(d cb;d h;kk+jirates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atjb-dgf1e(f;ta m+q: hmosphere to other carbon sinks.:dq-amft1+e(fh;b gj
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requireas6u7qm g .ox*tzq3sf1 n+x*k s the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energ2tb9xhm9 9)ha)sfi fq hp,d h/y in an ecosystem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true.xs y8 ;f63xajo3 dlld7
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Prod5itx va 8a3nk)lu1h e6uctivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbon6pt a,lkzbov ep+e9j:w*80c e cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon the.2 dbpsp4kne i)jz;q 7r kr+yr,2v;z rough the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecosyf 27r ds6 20kapdbhwv2stem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial uzpfv d9rjf6n6 zl+l0 -d*rf(ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying bacteri3 9m+lvg 6y/3r nvycu2 miv:sjt:xh6ua.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect o2agyc1jfyxu 2u+28w 2 snren0n the nitrogen cycler0+w2cj2gxysaf 182e2n n uuy .

  Figure: Average per capirc):num, nga 5ta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP . 8z hd6o2 8xh*w)rpylnv z b/*vxcgg0and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communit6 vp/gn2xw8 lgv.xyhbzo*z0cr)d*8hy.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following iaf7e l wr4duds.k)d: )s an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per xpbn dtk;y-fhx9l* mn6*0dsz9ev (m 1capita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an Elodea plant in water. Onuwmoq0; :6-mw6kuh4 cpclmr 8e was kept in light and the other in darkness. Thml r6-p w cmcmhok:q u0u4w86;e dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & ann4vl25 yovgt 0s)(dvq lb (e.4nmqsrh: ual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by rege4lj d3:zhhw. ion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a y ndq v3nz8y7.biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate grap:zyeas-zg1)a h of Rome, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one oardnn. f,;g-m r more statements from the followiadm -;n.rnf g,ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical vkt -4rfv :c-:uldeyg 7eohg78ariables. List the main factors that charak4c8gu: fo g-hve :tr-7dy le7cterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of tkm/yxa957xm- h 7txplhe rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversityh-p38zpon )z -yau 7oza;qc c; in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, 8cdt w609t; n.r/emvn ;l) fhldpkua:Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of r4s:jv2w 0fth two herbivores in different biomestw:fj 4 sh2vr0


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiverl 5n5oxdu.t1 wsity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community odx1.5lnw5 tuto a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in descrjr 878axvgfb,0zt i s0eo e*x*ibing the changes in productivity dz ia7j*80*gx0e xbr,v8f setouring primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a S* q wov 404jn)l.lbn// yedbt; 7uzwfkecchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of p*b zk 10,golyehotosyntheb ol01zey,*gksis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a field j5g,6voj kmvw /brrll ,ccw,p1t c ;/,



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens ws( j,1xnvz; ryj-)l nof beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out ofxwjs;-1j) vl zy r,nn( a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the da(dhw9fg zgoj, 4e:- woawy4 (bta, it is important to take multiple readings of the same fa -g,fd(abgwh 9zj:e4yw( w4ooctor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sdl/3yis 9 kuxpl4rq 6 qw0,q+qampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fto9,92 (pngofk xpdg 6or two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for )b,gmk atw r-2 56/m5fpnjg;sur-f skspecies sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effectiv+bxrk )uw)1sx- *qsqse for sampling motiles*-1qs)srbux +)k qxw (moving) specimens.