What is the best definition for a sp qgincg t u7 jf+./;.f14dzyw4mq6exsecies?

  igure: Climate graphbs/ h 0-tv *hkba7d wlbq.:+vx of Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Fmn u-wxwh 6y24ney 0k1actor 2;Factor 3 me6w 1uy0ynn2k- x4wh?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula)5t mzm2mi m;rto x7)curd0 5mtion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Sjgg,s o37u+n1pzre- gchistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giqa*,6q(z5u*g1qtg ru )vmm zle 5; cplraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are fp5 vm16rtqq)q z(*;c*muu5z,al elg gour to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is a popuhynfo /9)e u;kc-3 jmklation.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur natur728io8man nrially in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Nether8a7 2 io8nrnmilands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a populat.rmu.(wk l(ymu2 yq w :u7yy8sion over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed ru667yy h8byuon the remains of dead plants and anima7u h6y uy86bryls.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains3p0pa;7* yfd folthwy t0;,cy


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killepjuha53i y09 jr whale, polar bear and other organisms live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic ap05j ju9iy3h Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is z3kj7sg,yqn rvw- 1yt8e+ lmt0*ts 7plost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with high producti*:ujmikqmaz381. e bd vity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent omk*ime.: aqbd8j 1z u3rganisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct description of a food chz pzhdr;f9;f35k* k tiain.

  Some fungi obtain nutr30d c 3 m8imu-j(wkhpfients by releasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying le kmu-c3p3 m i8j(fhd0waves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice culti *bb,-r1wy7 nk0c qzixvation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrami2+d-sji saf;t ds of energy.

  List three factors that could describe jai2w q0vjn)b:d. vn3 a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 and Factor 3n:)aj3wjb.id v n0q2v?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of pn(tjyvi3fhmdnpf9)+r6/ y z2hx o a6z46c u;dhotosynthesis at different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiv jj33rpy isn(l81ys+ kation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sik.aq/lt 7+keu zed giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspringukqtak7le+. / which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrizcro swz1/l0 :--eoznal ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food wm1mmi eq :h; r3f84aj6h.lqn w4 z6emveb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feed on thebivh.alh, k hvi)(y8n8*t ;c0:mdjbi carbon compounds produced by zooxa;dmyhjvi:nh k.bti,8h(v0 i* c8lb)anthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following ; v;9o2nir:( n xpb..xpyryg8nokg1 ychemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of g( 5tg51n:vmdvs a d;ethe movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the follow/ivm-wz zu7 qo -d;i6jing terms best describes organisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down and digest non-living organic materiau-7z o;mj qw/vdz-6iils.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid of numbe0b sh6c 0byv ,g.8 j;riyvtdi9rs


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and its prey d8)f w6wvnx:v n nzf3-p(ngcws00 *dq


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlr8( rwffgi1 av (9o*bnorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquati8w ujcl;5ky:5obj 2ynm kgf,9c mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filleykcoyg jnlu 58bm , :;fk9w25jd glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfod -85 u5jjax:l. jxurk39b4 zse0 4lovwdimx8rmation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversi /vq w4ps6g+l0au2 bydon system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chbhao.( v;bfikj x x,,wmq8n/. ains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false when discussing a p-vs.6 2 moxzm5sums 0cyramid of bic os mum5x2 -mz.ssv60omass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energ vnkuj h,4x4ub-5qt c-y


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for represe,7ajths 8ou.bk(xk tn7wyol;cy;2* u nting productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic mari4 lapvlc*23lz ne food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in an lrlh81*fwn ; soil ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statementmyqn(wvy 41t4ho ( x0t that does not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist i 1( yqm y64+ -3g4hdjt4wu kga kghs1ho;fxy)gn a savannah system with parasites gm;6k3g hw y14k )gxh4qa4y1 -dts+yfj(o gu hon a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the optiol de+ (qk9d)ylr-e+m qp+.zfhns below.What is Photosynthesiszd+lfqh9-)eyk. r +eq+ ml pd( and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use (l l,w4dj9xab of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost r(qsi7a b 2pn2from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air to c5lwsgijv nqmb+zb)o0l8 5u9 -arbohydj lbmnws)5q-lb895+vgz ui0orates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other y k woatb+n61lstwe1, *+2kipcarbon sinks. +p,y2bi6es1tknlw ao1 w*t +k
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the card5e e g7wfo;c(3(axqm9m faxh5 9mzi))c rrp, bon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per year g9yf/, k9z)zn falzh7


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that are true. xen8 a;am-w h/jba/mkye*(/gx *nrc0
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondar:n,htvw3z( c vy Productivity (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine,7 el hpv.ucle7c y56r carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the ca n4v(0(0,4 lbz8pszvf ygt vwsrbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an ecfw d.4nd2w;igosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosysf+w4mmarj :9 )lsidu) tem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifyauc 1tbu y5 18xei6,sping bacteria.

  Identify which of the following is not a human-induced effect cn ljoz5)5tly*xc -tpepu 7.;8ohlm8on the nitrogen cycle5-pcp ;xthln)8cmt7l e 8zlyo.uo*5j .

  Figure: Average per c*tk x*joys -h uopovzu6*;h9/apita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPPlmyxt (i0c;vo ws88;a g.i5j i as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax communitgimy. vji(sc8l;; w 0oxia8 5ty.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transf.tv6 kdu+mm nf4a+jd-p7 plb9ormation.

  Figure: Average per ca iwf k 1t8kuxfxrd*0.:pita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bot enbb:ue1nv50eh 1q1wtles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experi50q ebw 11vb:u1eenhnment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & au(v(fky czsku,;b33 ennual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries bs9s 3wbg nto4q-fjo5w) /yq6us2 vu k*y region 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data foq-qqgx-o , g3ir a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Romepkb 9 1m9zzv4y, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more s;32a ad tr;xk .iqxv9c;cb2qctatements from the followavqtc;b c ik .9;d2xx;q 3c2aring.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns an8pa0 n* (r qy0h)g;6mp lkw lylu1:ocod other physical variables. List the main factors that characterize the terrestrial bioml10c()pg0lymo :nyr w6aupl;o h*q8 kes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest biwg8x(y;(cudtk( 5a/nd 5zzsuome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in an e urhoe3oudd5etxx7c3q s/ 0(+ *wta: ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of w1y /-yklrs xl,mn )w6Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of +,gyb1r :n sfrl6j;tptwo herbivores in different biom+sjg6p1 ;y, rn lrtfb:es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succes:b(4 zi)xz:txt6z:f .qrsfpssion progresses from a pioneer community to a bxfz qsp:.:(r xt)6s4tf izz:climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in 7j2lgk196puw z yfmk a161seydescribing the changes in productivity during primal12 y mgu k1z yep16afwsj976kry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be b8 mz1(olavh 5rg:qq3 measured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effe 0 m1m*b)9fp iynfuuw2ct of temperature on the rate of photosyntheym fuubw ) *ni210m9pfsis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in ags*u g1 ej19ep field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimens of b:85ua xib+ rkleetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 weib a :u8kxrl5+re marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it i*d/600yadxuz irk6u 6hvw 7vuy:fblu7+zm , ps important to take multiple readings of the same 7d:h z x 7wda/uyi+ *vb fukp,my0z6 uu60lrv6factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment usedn8l6 mp.6pnn t in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data 8 b * :klgipc5mcy(ah/for two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for specisxdmvb6bj8 -* es sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniqu 3ui ;l zc5kdb(gen 9x);wa)hies is not effective for sampling motile (moving)ewki3z; bd (nc)5 9i;x)glu ah specimens.