What is the best definition for a speciesy9z2kx-wj pqd+f*/ w z?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Ita 61k w:gimw ,7owx2smev 1ue:gvv/qj 2ly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that couldo c, /ce.gwt*4sgwo a5p78skr u u:5gd describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Fac5 pgw74/w, : okc5gessda8tcu og. u*rtor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popvh85x8k2 qadkoies8 0ulation


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomxtr25 (amttc gk63 *gwa species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble tvsv,6 djxd4 +lhe zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mov,x6vd4 jlsd +ther’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisma8ho,xm,p mlglh lr ;,8l a)h8s is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur nat;kevgn fya9w)loze(vv903 x6urally in North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such 9n)gvez vwf x0yk3oe6la9 v (;as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a population over 9 2 rxu fmkv--0apa2-zp s9zgmtime.

  Crabs, earthworms, mite5b:f;my vu4ehl/ht q,s and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animal fv;5,u e: lmthhqb4/ys.
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food ch5htqh uv0i;dc jic5e;+ wa7,k ains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed se4 ekfid 3x2zx2al, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms live ax 2zi4xd3 2kfend interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost fro,vth,aj5nfo 5m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known t wpr3wu3h2 p07uaxry 9o have tall trees and a large biomass with high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been wpu327ah 9yw0xru r 3pknown to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is(ql 8krcw:-o; zr,2poba cr) c a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymwnpil.,,ld*g v -b:kees into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying :eb* kw.d,i v ng,pll-leaves, and the fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated ricv cs++b 8fmd5ke cultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyramids of energyay:mgrcgn 3s:, r8a3j1d0 a vm.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Facy i 2 0m2::l twrs tz)/sj9m,yggt.kdctor 1; Factor 2 and Factor92:,smtm yy. )tlckiggjrswd/ t0:z 2 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at diff2m u-t2ld v0t(jjqep /erent temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice c0npfqky7nvzrzi: +0 , ultivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hassxfz8 rmp;+9f.tu j 9s stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they caur t9 +xff9zsms8p;.j n reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy 61i3q ppba0h im 1e0wdflow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food scx5chrz+pr4pp9 pn 9zlj6qz zrcf ,zr2+6 7+web



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae th n+7kp;tir ;h *ayi/ :bljkx;tat live inside coral. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbon dioxide, water,x;bkl triikhj;y* pnt+ a:7;/ and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the followingj9s3jme ew (+y chemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movemelzs + ,86h j:ym)pjn :lbdg:wgnt of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following t /e2(pkeik/wfh/ 8 qeterms best describes organisms like earthworms that in pihq/e2tfeke(/k/w 8gest and then break down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr+ mmn-7g ymsu,amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatoz6b4:apr4k b( 2 ijdkfr and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethalyd+tb*77bwk3: )h vlly3q2z7v z s utne (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercislbp :h+p+/z oally available seawater-filled gla+:pzl/hbp +os ss orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of tranbdsf8sa f-5t :jl5, tadf c(g/sformation.

  Figure: A natural ener) jz0wi f r(yn/y yew4qb,q*+3d) slazl2yy)pgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains im/2 cpty:r5b37 dzau




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of tha) yz og-0:gj xm;0 sxbj28pz.k;plbme following statements is false when discussing a pyramid of bio b)ps;8kgx ; gyp0zaxmjz2bomj-l :0.mass.

  Figure: A pyramid of e reb3gl.2n u)wx/el6inergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unit,eq -xfqs06t es for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food )fk,sj 4yhqt) web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem 3jwl.wwwtk+ -




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurately describe a ju.1go3 en .nmfood web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers that could exist in a savannah system with parat+rwg46n y-ph 5p3nvefgct 2 (sites on a consumer like p4hf(-w6+get5cyr3n nvp 2gtthe lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from thtmn: yrcb( -kai6p3f(e options below.What is Photosynthesis ancf-p:(r atnimy 6k(3bd Respiration?

  Identify the statements thmqg4: he5avny5 cpzel m:8h:5at describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ener-ai2es-+ u z gwb37(vk.rwcht gy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in th ,ut tkbtg +29lhn1j-me air to carbohydrates.t+ h2b-tnkgl1 9m j,ut

  There is continuous cycling of -x6c+jwbkj g2zk;9:p t0 gx cjcarbon from the atmosphere to other carbon sinks.2-k+g; jwt xjcjzcp0xg6 :9k b
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longest time.i)zxj5sc) 1p0cw7v.qs wr3 q o7jn5jw

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem /an5++d rx)yg d per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemen69q ha+ l9qsf0ks9fbc ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity (NSP) can be cap-f ya,2k,.o a :jicg(yiu7j 8qr; qlclculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine caecvc719hv5 rsjx+ ;3j hwx wj7x,i5l orbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon througmx-hh 7:q shq3h the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in ua/f7qjlx42-fu p; rinqf,)man ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrml m75f,:hjw k l49hepestrial ecosystem in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of denitrifying ba26f 56qmbefwjn mxm:1cteria.

  Identify which of the0mpxfr-89+dqrhy x4c following is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle.mpyrf dr-q +0x 8c9xh4

  Figure: Average per capi )y 1jvi79gtrps*, kytta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP ass *:h vs2)qy3ho(6m putjwu;s primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to 3yh2suh:6)*;sp(tjv woqmu sa climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transfo un v9r g3opg:wg(b(p w:edl:2rmation.

  Figure: Average per capita n0.l(iut *hoy $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out us/6(dbp mhjtp 87hab -bing bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light an7 bb-mt6ah8(bjdp/h pd the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual fl wr8 -*rtyc: gh gg;f7-)zswtcoa5 ln9ows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-2y80qdflh5ue 6e/x dy hubu1./020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a bio2qa w0f8 uy7e5rof (blme

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, z b1agmd+l5rrv rz9 80,tj2slItaly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statements from the ;mf9 nac+l,ejfolmj;ef la9 ,+nclowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physical variazgm ai3s ;3)yables. List the main factors that characterize the terriz)3s;aa3 m ygestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforest bio1ky b/1ft su3xme.

  Identify the correct statement related to7 :r b:s9;vba 7evjxykny.9tvd7 d gvcu/(to - diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome,zm5 ;8wdg;f bg Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomas9 (f3bl)zc 0eutmt *xos of two herbivores in different biomest te09x f*mz3ouc b)(l


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession vq1;zx0fd1 6 xsb83g lu;fs xxprogresses from a pioneersxxv306; fq b1s8fxl ;x u1zgd community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the cha73 :y:rvb vjnd syv8q.nges in 3qyj8y vnd7. v sr:b:vproductivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured usingmi**wl45xp m5lnsbn2e3 ) l zs a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of g d)m6/x)nm w 8ecvz;e,kgv.xtemperature on the rate of photosyntheg.mm)gdw nx)6vvze/e8kc; x,sis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fie9focj .y*qs-j ld



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a sex2 pnq8-d; eyiai)ig5j ;:uhrries of insect traps to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects wg8;aid 2njqi:u)ephxy r;5i- ere caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of+g m .n9/aze8uvqd-fnyk(rz9t(au d - the data, it is important to take multiple readingsqn-ekd vz9mzf(a9au- .8y/+nud(tg r of the same factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological sampcuc 9u9 5 kmi x1lq:xq:b/.jvhling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two sampr0*tnyy/.bu-qi ,s:b2 nv o mwles of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species dataaj2/qa/z 3ubd for species sampled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective ,)pc6a)8gvnn1 i nczk for sampling motil ck,)nnz8 nigp) 1a6cve (moving) specimens.