What is the best definition for a s* t9kr , .di2b(f /my9cnohnvapecies?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, f n29lt/eu18kvix tx (v6fn4s Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe ai 4)id*lexlqd6 dc0v dlyca, 1 :a9l+d species' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Facto, ld1 d ca*i+eid4x 0q va:)cd6lyld9lr 2;Factor 3?

  Figure: Growth curve of a populaweo -+o;ejs 8oe 0x+oution


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of 9t4fl(s ./ nuyxu ck5ja Schistosoma species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sizedb j.e8en 6*uwf giraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituu.f 6weje8*bn ri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of lm70 /gedf -aborganisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North Amerbk ct)fk698gcica and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such askkg8 bccf6)t 9 sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the gr .gb s0k3)bxu*vr:bjy owth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails fe snv9/zwtoz-ohp7 )(ued on the remains of dead plants and animals.pvwz)( /9ntzsoh7 -uo
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins vhj8q.x dp (3lin food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar beadx7+ ekp7w *s8c0nyxvd rk :f ):ggtv0 5bmx:wr and other organisms live a:cgs7 rve:8v n57my0dpwk):gkxw f*+ 0bdxx tnd interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is losq ,1*1ru eeaiyt from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with hig7.p oll 6t*52poixf 8xq1fwhth productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These speciesx fwptx 87f6*o h21i5 top.qll also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that;o0nn gt6q 25uzjbg1; yw:o/uoi/to)boe4mj is a correct description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes in kz25zru3nvc1/rk*s yyxfh /9to their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then 3yk1 2hsn9u/v zzr/fx*r5kyc absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation scg j8izd o3w/)ystem


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used mke::-ooe7bh 7qn8rf for pyramids of energy.

  List three factors that couli/;fln)iv( cq27l h bhd describe a species' niche.What is Factor 1; Factor 2 ahc7l/lq;( in) bhi2 fvnd Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different temperatuzry,c7q dh/g4/(ddu- 94ugdxp (pc m kres

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice culwgf w1yz5uh110 j jws7ur,g7ptivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has ;b32ni- s/jfvrai)-/y4kbjtl jvo l3fs 7cl ,stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to/ ij i)3flsj- bcat7 2;vl4bn3-ojky/r s,flv be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect v 14 7s2fiymr*: pzmqmv 6v.vkdescription of energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food web t *rk7zy: c(wm



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside corae qajff,4wyq u *1s;i-0v-cizl. Corals feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthella*i- jfscivq4w0 ,1y e;qzf-aue from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical reactiogrqfzt )v,scg. m-l7 6n:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systemmy.mqc) 8 11a2umsklerxkf.7s diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes omn +(bsd9ti n:rganisms like earthworms that ingest and then break down anb9 n+ts( md:nid digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyramid odls *fm9x3hb99fprmkxal a2 5 6g0ff- f numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predatorqajtn q7 2zgm8k) ;r+l and its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichlor0c v3ln;(0 y yueq;9:wnedifpn)8teeoethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aqut+nht j6y4ok(. x wjb;atic mesocosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to providkw64hxjt +n ty. ;bj(oe a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an example of transform1eu175 g ya )zrtvcz5nation.

  Figure: A natural enex6u 8of*)w a5hf aou31te, zusrgy conversion system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in foou8wz)m.0z aaod chains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following si 9l9;tt a0rgytatements is false when discussing a pyramid of bior;litga99t 0 ymass.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy6xg5gvxs* 6tyse(m.zopos, 4


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units fom 8y6je*h 0v3fgkkitz c8;i3wr representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marinex z0,ws 4 8o7hrqqx3me food web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosyqs g;*wh pdj z*25zlx(stem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that does not accurateh7vuo 8x+de0p6 verc4+ fo;u vly describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of nar o8enwi)q)vt,f4 p (umbers that could exist in a savannah system with parasites on a consumer like the lio (4v8)eif ,qnt pr)waons

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration corr6 pgqfwof ;p:y 0;f4kfectly from the options below.What is Photoyqp f;fgf; op04wk6f: synthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the use of DD2ms,h/nlp2l rgc8/mt. xv 0 soT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form eo( gxf ( il5)36vvf zvcpl*5fqnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that conver*f 68 , rd8v7akl5vplqvcro( rts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydqo6ak flpv7 rr*dvc(8v 8,rl5 rates.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to )mc3sttqfx c*.us7q4 other carbon sinks.f*xtst37qc) .mcu4 qs
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in thmfwgt ddv (1j352mq3i e carbon cycle that requires the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecookxwi1k: ny0 1system / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statements that ali7c 5g a4i;esre true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity mm,3y*m3wa hw9f)d)lu x+lzdon : 3 jo(NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carbihg4r:s 2keh) kx0aek 5rn;7l on cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carb.sx uaj7s:0( t m 6z1d7x8l(bbvouekm on cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow in an /jno /sx /z5uxkpqhy76ii op1(8ugc. ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem inyxc:ye,f:un 7 kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement thatdj h+9(vatzi 5+ sx2ku is not true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the follkf,t+: 9qg kxhko)wh3owing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle gkw:okxkh)qh, 9+3 tf.

  Figure: Average per capita *la9w + 3ykvbc$CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succe5qljg 9ofiw3i..nvelcr3sc )*:yv5ossion progresses from a pi 3.clc*gqiy5s v eni5 o:l)39wfvojr. oneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example o mvpn.76q:cu of transformation.

  Figure: Average per mk8: cg18iha kcapita $CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out usi*o6 ixq9k: /qx(oqanjk 6wj-jng bottles with an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in boqox/-kx(qjaj q6wj n:o9i*6k th bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & x8 sv. 3n awgtu4w(3dbsq*k j6annual flows in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-20205m1i s3lz bz7e


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data for a biome 7du/) fwxth+w

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Italo p -sie86n0vbd ( b70gk,gc85xjz 1ha. kiwlry



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choosing one or more statementfqkgv p /u-6q;+j4d8 yslrn.zs from the fov dq6ln4u pg.yfzqs r8;j-k+/llowing.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patternx1 :7341 o. bdv- emphlcltw9lfxay0ps and other physical variables. List the main factort- xlvy9x1laclemh7.o0p p3w1:d bf 4s that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description of the rainforiq 4-5wyhqui n s 02g(dqqu(2zest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diver1aiqz-o997 j,sid)q vg 9a5ve- jrnqrsity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, vk4. qo2.uyrkItaly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two gl v*esul9 ,9km7sc:i:t so+mherbivores in different biomse7ml9 :m*toc:vg l9kis+us,es


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biozj1io:g1b24sae3 pv0t5wc/h- l ocvc diversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer vhcl1j2 oe-i3zo:5/cw1 a0b gv4c stp community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statem(f.fc8rx)b3 mfcy u .3eqb2hdents is not correct in describing the changes in productivity during primacb d me(3.fqhry28bcxu3. ff)ry succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be me; tjl vgc-xa 8 .wfs*k+evp02gasured using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of temperature on the p6hc 1aj.noy+rate of photosynthesis o1ch6ja. pny+



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat inuujtnc5 r84x. a field



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to ce/.*s(qu ll; 4t18bcta vfzihapture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held(.izf /a41ul c tq;h vtle*s8b 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is05aqxubu04;kbid+o9 u kd o/c important to take multiple readings of the same factkbixc0 9+0;/d akd4ou5uqbo u or.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ezzrgi qd0v.bsxvpq 1h o - p791vqy1:-cological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data fonn57kkn:7xlurt nuuq+mx 54 zao94l9 r two samples of Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two parts of Willow8 ndp1w;m eva12, cnft Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sampling 1xd 0njcfn -8nmotile (movi nx-8 nnd0cfj1ng) specimens.