What is the best definition* g94y nhe ibjw86phmktj78.e for a species?

  igure: Climate graph owf5drh,7emkl ca;n+ *0f,9pekbu rq :f Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a sp:rb4ya xt b m:edo**b/ecies' niche.What is Factor 1 ;Factor 2;Factm/tye4 bdab::bx*o *ror 3?

  Figure: Growth curvet 9h q-he ko9jm2q5z2w of a population


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosoma speciestn hikqok.ir2g a)) /4



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and hay.4jvn/ in8+* d dxiegs stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five yeiy.jdne/xv 8i*g + 4ndars old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of orga)mda epl.g7/zt ta() )5ebu olnisms is a population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in North aufcht8w(4t9 America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large areh9tw8ca(4f tua of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph that best reflects the growth of a popu2- g o;i*ok qkrtv20xalation over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mia qj(zc :r49oetes and snails feed on the remains of dead plants and animals.jc zer(qo 94a:
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins inxt/i) g8k+xcr food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, p9fy+s7:z y .+pmilzwl54wdl j,k(* nc:jf tfwolar bear and other organisms live and interact with each5*wnc (7yl .f: wz,zf+:sdipwj tklm4jy fl9+ other in the cold waters of the Arctic Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form energy is lost frokdrruxb 8*c ,:m ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass witev pm59pe xs18h high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been known to n8ppe9em5x v1s urture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a correct desxvc zib84:aw *he(mf.dc/p7 ucription of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by regfo57gm9vud z+a9 40gpe wc: yleasing digestive enzymes into their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and tovyape 94cwgf7 gu+: gmd0 95zhe fungi then absorb the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation+mcs (siks ,jmr-a 6d0 system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyrvm( /hj ftak82amids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.Whscpint8v-mutf u.w 2w q ,22r7at is Factor 1; Factor 2v wt8wqsuc.p272r,tfin -u2m and Factor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis at different/;78 *q:u6fqqs jl j8yolv i-,cilndh temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultiva pky/yxve3 +1ction system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripes that resemble the oo z9jpasf0 qo:n5dmko /sx,s fb lv43)3 ;(dizebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. The33njib5olm d:fpq( s;/o d49vax s0)oosf,kzy also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description of energy flow in a terrestrialn , 0ved m wg:vu9pyds+qi)l47 ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food lr- q +gg/)qlnweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Corals feedckwfq o)9e6b.fd5n 5u on the carbon compounds produced by zoox)5nf9. 6fb5uq kwe cdoanthellae from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following cokd i05l7/x- tc,vbauhemical reaction:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systempxjhxi 0v:5u1 s diagram of the movement of carbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworms k/rrs y-ehvo, 6q7 n+vthat ingest and then break down and diges+y6vho,e k-rnqv s 7r/t non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pyr) s7:(6pbkq..lk(iqblgd bm 18pjhu t amid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator and ie f- 26a3ybzqbts prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements tha2m/ ovvt3gk ;;w xxai:w38u jlt are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesocosm using a commercially available se:a3etb2rxb/4im+ ao j p3,gvm awater-filled glass orb, which included algaepe,32m /4bxv3 :agim tob +jar, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the following statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the following is an exa3ipw0i1:2zpjh ddpm *0;bw u *cck+symple of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversionsn,t5- x, rl/n rbn di;8/elcc system


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food cnfn(qqt y-*s/r-w)f shains




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is falch(4)r iu.h5xnbn * acse when discussing a pyramid of biih(ncx.bu 45 n*c )ahromass.

  Figure: A pyramid of egp ( i;p;rino0nergy


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct units for representing productivity in (n8h1ucdta-l a0 . tigija4q )an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine ff jpu 3(hm(pay+e+v 3jood web


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soilhua (+rg1 e/ot ecosystem




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that doesx h:j)zx *s*kh not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers)tmh,sat hk9w19(d18fatz c c 5-v4i3dyv wmg that could exist in a savannah system with paras dic cm19a4wt(h yv95v8 zt1-mwskfh)3 a,gdtites on a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options bqt9:pt/ jcrfn/xyp0 pmyt. 5t1wyj: sf6e5 ,xelow.What is /:jmpe0p /f,n . wt6p5 t9js r5:yyc1ttyxqfx Photosynthesis and Respiration?

  Identify the statements tha kcb85scpx *j22v 8mvbt describe the use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form ekn/ul0z1mhd2vi j p z)k.86jrnergy is lost from ecosystems.

  State the name of the process that converts carbon dioxide in the air tomzcwq+ ff 52u;p5fi- s carbohydratesc5uf+pzwf 25 ;sqmf-i .

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere to other /rvi/ 1 i4qhvkcarbon sinks.vkq 41/ h/iirv
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requir ji 294u .ejlr fpnl;m)-gmka5es the longest time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystnfj*90 jkbvo 8,kea1qem / per area per year


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the stateme9x 4vbt9.pc,m awz 7mbnts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivity rfu7h7 uym1 fzrek- +,(NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the mariner7f lbaf8( zc9 carbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of carbon through the carbon 2l;.iz n+2en3,m*opon ybk xpcycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow 6v4pch;-avfy ( ks 54 gohqp4min an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem in2 8uygr cph9j)c g8hecgq9f :3 kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is not true of da,w/z5 f+oi sg9anqd:enitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the following i8y;sea/f1v*1v:ugv:ikg-b dzb sk o;6 wmem0s not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cyclzk-o8m dg yi*:g v:1b6/ eb;wfmau 0s sev1vk;e.

  Figure: Average per capit x: 7-- suyt zr+um8je*do1h9 ud:elzta $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progres b6u0cpsqa/ x/ph4h1xses from a pioneer cs4q uapxbp/h 01 h6/xcommunity to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is48r tr/-em a; haa:yuv an example of transformation.

  Figure: Average per capita ea62 2g4my fuc$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles witg m3jcj/-vyb 8h an Elodea plant in water. One was kept in light and the other in dar8m j vbc-gy/3jkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flot paed/+ )juw: 24uqmcws in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by renpue213c1fdn: devg :i/8syygion 1988-2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data ffta4zvta ; 5i ovgayl.9/ 2 zdrn+b65jor a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rodikd rg4asylz8)7 k )peqk5( 9me, Italy



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by choo;. pgpp-ir/s/ 4lpfj/ h/d.iqe5k unmsing one or more statements from the following./ujp pp .rnml4p-s /. f/iie /dqk5hg;
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns and other physicygt5 h/.o4fe gal variables. List the main fa t/e45fohggy. ctors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a descripap fa+u dk)q6+w ,mtm;tion of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement related to diversity in ant(5g6;ko)tnl vy ljd2c3msx* ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph of qxir-ni5k0p5e1x +w/ p3 papcRome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two herbivores in different t98,hr9lsm nlu,rxdw.tm v 88;fmrc:biomes rr;89f,ur:x9,cmt v8h m8tln.ld ws m


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in biodiversity, GPP and NPP as primary successio: 7pjz6d 3c-x2iakijb n progresses from ajxzipki36:ad- b7 c2j pioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in describing the cha 2+p90gouf2,bawvs l mngess2lauvf +9m w2 0g,pbo in productivity during primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measured using a Secchi 4tjhw(jaiz4 7,vpmrn9 9/ciu disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate thei i;3v31muujx- x i)8.i x-xof: vlnkn effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesi 3m.xni8)1:lufoxvx ;iui v nx-3k-jis



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fieldb: cn: oh6ovitt9-tal9 6c/ g5jo4e wg



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect trapl8aje d ,pwx,1s to capture specimens of beetle A. On the first day, 1656 inspw ade8jlx ,,1ects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important t u*f/q/9thloco take multiple readings of the sal9ufh/ ctq/* ome factor.
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used in ecological samplinepxsxy0, bq;cot5+z n g/n(9 bg


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of Wim6 aez)w s8fd6el o,cc 02mn8ullow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species sampled in two par 8 mr38b7keriaq wtcxu/ w2-a(ts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampling techniques is not effective for sag: c;pj)rl g6ampling motile (moving) sp6 gpjga;:c)lr ecimens.