What is the best definition for duem4e,/.niq( p5 uduge.mr1a species?

  igure: Climate graph of Rome, Itk4lw 4*m5df:6xz4jxrvd7lc laly


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Fmyx4; -kog ngb. ph)ap ds6e6c, l0em7actor 1 ;Factor 2;Factor 37a. m;6l 4ys)xgh 0 c, emb-pnkgdp6eo?

  Figure: Growth curve of a popula85isbe*7 f ./;ljx n(.at rqw)s nzxsrtion


Identify the part of the graph that shows an ‘overshoot' of the population.

  Figure: Life cycle of a Schistosomkye sr4ys1)g5a species



[Created with Servier Medical Art. CC BY 3.0]
The figure shows the life cycle of a flatworm of the genus Schistosoma. It spends part of its life in a species of ramshorn snail and part of its life in humans. It feeds on these hosts.
State the type of interaction between the human and the flatworm.

  The okapi looks like a small-sized gi2ke8tmex0 -z vraffe and has stripes that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and buds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offe8mk e -tz0x2vspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Determine which of the groups of organisms is aql377 9uhiwf* gb 3-auuro3gj population.

  Fact file on the grey wolf (Canis lupus)Wolves occur naturally in9/ xisv- 2kvlk/f ng-qs3vg s3 North America and Eurasia.Wolves prey on wild animals such as deer, boar and hares, keeping their population numbers in check.Wolves may prey on domestic animals such as sheep, causing an economic loss to the sheepherder.A mature female wolf may give birth to 6-8 pups yearly.Wolves are territorial, claiming a large area of land for their pack.Humans have hunted wolves to extinction in several countries.Most countries in the European Union-vvi 9 xngss/ k/gq lv-skf332 now protect the wolf by law.Since 2015, wolves have returned to The Netherlands, a small, densely populated northern European country.Approximately 20% of the land area in The Netherlands is protected in some way or another.Identify a factor that may limit the growth of the wolf population in The Netherlands.

  Identify the graph tks. lj 6hfdw49j,bl i)hat best reflects the growth of a population over time.

  Crabs, earthworms, mites and snails feed on thmkjihuqxr6 o8t 11vb4ki+p,(zih2 *me remains of dead plants and animals.2h41 +qv,8k h 6iorkii(1umpmtbjz*x
State the name of organisms that feed this way.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins indgws v7/si3 v v5d(is; food chains


[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg. CC BY-SA-3.0]
Identify the process that is represented by the Figure.

  The Arctic cod, ringed seal, killer whale, polar bear and other organisms ba,askg.m, zgon3) ; ,k2zuhxt j*hi*live and interact with each other in the cold waters of the Arctic j*ts ;,omz,nuk.ghag)ihaxkb 2 z ,*3Ocean.
State the best term to describe them.

  State in what form enlk/hbrl f bj/ s)7dyq( k61vl)ergy is lost from ecosystems.

  Rainforests are known to have tall trees and a large biomass with yicr4oby5pm 0 b7 qx4je 0ty7*high productivity, despite infertile soils. The growing conditions have been kbe4y*cxyi 7r7y0t0bjo qp45m nown to nurture the presence of many interdependent organisms. These species also interact with the physical environment they inhabit.
Deduce which of the following is described here.

  Identify the statement that is a co1 ca-ojo;78 vcehkw cr5 zaj;7rrect description of a food chain.

  Some fungi obtain nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes i;+r kh b k9k6ne)unkk4nto their surroundings. The enzymes break down things such as dead and decaying leaves, and the fungi then absorb knkkk4);u hrn6ek+ b9 the products.
State the terms that best describe these fungi.

  Figure: An integrated rice cult1yoi oprt8 b: d7n);hcivation system


[Created with BioRender.com]
The figure shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by using ducks in the organic cultivation of rice. In addition, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown on these fields because it harbours blue-green algae which can fix atmospheric nitrogen. Using this system, rice, ducks, and fish can all be produced for human consumption in one location.
Which option includes two of the autotrophs in the system?

  State the units used for pyr+)qjvm3pjk;4 j0r+pk dbi;hhamids of energy.

  List three factors that could describe a species' niche.What is Factor amd2r7l:y+i oq hxc331; Factor 2 and hxm o2i73ycar3+: qd lFactor 3?

  Figure: Graph of the rate of photosynthesis adkm1a4y5:y-8am6 ialgtaa d7 t different temperatures

Suggest a possible conclusion from this graph.

  Figure: An integrated rice cultivation syste5u*3 zpezbno-hnr0)la j6 fy8m


[Created with BioRender.com]
The illustration shows a rice cultivation system that eliminates the need for fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides by raising ducks in rice paddies. Additionally, Azolla, an aquatic floating fern, is grown in these fields because they harbour blue-green algae that can fix atmospheric nitrogen. This system produces duck, fish and rice for human consumption.
Draw a possible food chain for the rice cultivation system shown in the image.

  Determined




Which of the pyramids could be a pyramid of productivity (in $KJm^{-2}yr^{-1}$)

  The okapi looks like a small-sized giraffe and has stripe l9ks6vlox28i ,8z wias that resemble the zebra. It lives in the Ituri Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Okapis eat the leaves and xii28,v6lzk98owla sbuds of trees they can reach. They also graze on grass and ferns and eat fruit. Okapis tend to be solitary animals and the mother gives birth to one offspring which continues to be dependent on the mother’s milk for six months. When they are four to five years old, they are mature and can breed, but only with other okapis.
Which of the following statements is applicable to the okapi?
I. Okapi is a hybrid of a giraffe and a zebra
II. Okapi is an herbivore
III. Okapi is its own species

  Identify the incorrect description ofs1d17zzk(92,d la q o/gl0jq3dlg wfj energy flow in a terrestrial ecosystem.

  Figure: A marine food tj2vc z gy.4ikd 6 pj,;q-;3fd4dqg rjweb



[Source: Cmglee. (2003, October). File: Arctic Food Web.svg - Wikimedia Commons. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Arctic_food_web.svg. Copyright under CC BY-SA 3.0]
State which organism is both a secondary and a tertiary consumer.

  Zooxanthellae are algae that live inside coral. Cora qbznbc5n;0//ig. uz sls feed on the carbon compounds produced by zooxanthellae from carbonui./sb5 n0zqg;/ nbc z dioxide, water, and sunlight.
State the method of nutrition of these organisms.What is Zooxanthellae and Coral?

  Consider the following chemical ren68zn 7isuc4x action:


Identify which of the following is not represented by this reaction.

  Figure: Simplified systems diagram of the movement of carp(*0. syl*v*:+k ln uyb.ezgki;kdmrbon in the ocean


With reference to the figure, identify the processes involved in the carbon cycle.What is I;II;III and IV?

  State which of the following terms best describes organisms like earthworrb6fo), rlxe x5u/8 irms that ingest and then brex5ri6u ),brl/ fx 8eroak down and digest non-living organic materials.

  Figure: Ecological pa33yh b(od0 :/gofxr wyramid of numbers


Determine the food chain that might be represented by this pyramid.

  Figure: Population densities of a predator ancrkc6)z 9b.j3 +osbbc,ba 1uvd its prey


[Source: Adapted from Hczam (March 2020) File: predator prey.jpg - wikimedia commons A generalized graph of a predator-prey population density cycle. Retrieved June 18,2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File: Predator_prey_curve.png Copyright under CC0 4.0]
The Figure shows the population density cycles of a predator and prey. Describe the relationship between the two animals.

  List the statements that are true about Dichlorodiphenyltrichltl nw(nxky h0v5pm/- +oroethane (DDT):
I.
DDT has saved millions of lives in the battle against malaria.
II.
DDT is biomagnified along a food chain but does not bioaccumulate.
III.
DDT is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) that has been used effectively as an insecticide.

  A student set up an aquatic mesobnmp0lhshp ; -y-0tcvi1n; 6m7 6jmr:3bjoabcosm using a commercially available seawater-filled glass orb, which included algae, shrimp, some corals and gravel. The student placed it near a window to provide a light source. Which of the jnb3 thppjmbv7 06ic6;m- 0arbn :l;hs - 1oymfollowing statements are true?

I. The algae are autotrophs, produce carbon compounds and provide oxygen for organisms in the mesocosm
II. Saprotrophs present in the water and gravel help to recycle nutrients found in dead organisms
III. Herbivores usually present in a natural ecosystem can be excluded in the mesocosm

  Identify which of the(qoyu2n 4p8ye:scca0 following is an example of transformation.

  Figure: A natural energy conversion syste(n)7xpcpgp 6d m


Identify the trophic classification of creatures that would best fit in the green box in the figure.

  Figure: The buildup of toxins in food chains)2fy ,7lh jps6ohis9 v




[Paulsen, O (2018). The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain. Wikimedia.org. Retrieved June 20, 2023 from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/The_build_up_of_toxins_in_a_food_chain.svg CC BY-SA-3.0]
Using the Figure, calculate the amount of increase in ppm of toxins from the algae to the fisherman.

  Identify which of the following statements is false wamfl ftt.n i/.a3j85b hen discussing a pyramid of biomastnl t f3m.ai.f5ba/j 8s.

  Figure: A pyramid of energy )1ae enxe.+ j2jh+ksg


If the sun provided 5 million joules of energy to the phytoplankton, estimate how much energy the small fish would be able to provide to larger fish that might consume them.

  Name the correct unit5 heh(pgk: tkjj--ko)s for representing productivity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: an Arctic marine food weuws0wz: e oi8.5*ujqf b


[File: Arctic Marine Food web.jpg - Wikimedia Commons. Example of an Arctic food web. Cmglee (2003, October). https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.jpg Copyright free CCA by 3.0]
Draw a food chain from the food web shown in the Figure.

  Figure: a food web in a soil ecosystem hn(w/*npnq c 8




[Adapted from Ingham, E. R. (n.d.). Natural Resources Conservation Service. Soil Food Web | NRCS Soils. Retrieved April 16, 2022, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868. Copyright free.]
Deduce which organism in the food web is not assigned to its correct mode of nutrition.

  Identify the statement that .on;-nir 1*cvqdd i+ tdoes not accurately describe a food web.

  Identify the pyramid of numbers thatih 6e-avs8807us kihn could exist in a savannah system with parasites ona-8u hsh0 es 7ii8v6kn a consumer like the lions

  Distinguish photosynthesis and respiration correctly from the options i;elzu(9)hx uax 9pa ,3k sp*cbelow.What is Photosynthesis akpxhep; u ula9)(9 z*s3cax i,nd Respiration?

  Identify the statements that describe the40f- nv4l) t4oyo*ns ccu x8mx use of DDT as an insecticide.
I. Certain chemicals tend to concentrate in higher trophic levels of the food chain.
II. DDT is a chemical that can be added to water bodies to control mosquito larvae.
III. Populations most affected by DDT due to biomagnification were fish and birds; therefore, this chemical has been banned in some countries.

  State in what form energy is lost froe59e rmppbr 5.m ecosystems.

  State the name of the procesdj8r6,nqjs .gzr zp:9 s that converts carbon dioxide in the air to carbohydratesz8.9s,:rnrj6gz pdjq.

  There is continuous cycling of carbon from the atmosphere txptdx+qgej+fwgea 3 02: g0 w2o other carbon sinks.20+ aew2dqt+3gxw :0jfp gex g
Identify the main source of energy for the carbon cycle.

  Identify the processes in the carbon cycle that requires the longesvlf5pg92 hp4 0ohgc bt 69cl-yh*um( nt time.

  Figure: Flow of energy in an ecosystem / per area per y;a)lngl a r 5l /cs(uee-eq4r/ear


Estimate the percentage of energy from the producers reaches the tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statemenqr-a)3 s bdsi4ts that are true.
I. Living organisms release energy from organic compounds and convert it to heat during the process of respiration.
II. Since heat cannot be transformed into other forms of energy it is lost from ecosystems.
III. Light energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by producers and then converted to heat during respiration.

  State how Net Secondary Productivit0nm+:jo- kfp/-* nxmce) if75 gp2 ar9qjivbty (NSP) can be calculated.

  Figure: A simplified diagram of the marine carr*r;*wdu; 0etef yb; sbon cycle



Identify which of the following correctly matches the Roman numerals on the figure with the process.What is I,II,III and IV?

  Figure: Movement of dv;l/xl v l9jpfi54c pels2*4carbon through the carbon cycle


[Source: Saff, K. (2008, May 30). File
cycle-cute diagram.jpeg. Wikipedia Commons. Retrieved July 30, 2023, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg. Copyright free]
Distinguish between transfers and transformations of carbon on the diagram of the carbon cycle.What is I. and II.?

  Figure: Energy flow tub8br(50gn ein an ecosystem


The Figure shows the flow of energy per unit area per year in arbitrary units. Gross production is the total kJ obtained through photosynthesis, and net production is the kJ remaining after respiration.
Calculate the percentage of net production (kJ after respiration) that is lost to decomposers by primary consumers.

  Figure: Energy flow in a terrestrial econxybew-eyxp5 xkwi*6( autx:7 c6d13system in kJ $m^{-2}yr^{-1}$



Calculate the percentage flow of net primary productivity (NPP) from producers to tertiary consumers.

  Identify the statement that is nihda48;*o 7t)p yro+zu. z gfxot true of denitrifying bacteria.

  Identify which of the fo: 3cgry34ib7znwpt5 4- 1wp qkvi/dlrllowing is not a human-induced effect on the nitrogen cycle. -qd4gi ri:ypt7blc/ wrp4z3nv31 wk5

  Figure: Average per cap7y u jc6iwxgyfw e7:;rxnx76*ita $CO_2$ emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014




[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
The estimated population of Luxembourg is 640,000, while Brazil is estimated at 214 million. Using these estimates and the Figure above, calculate the total $CO_2$ emissions in tonnes for both countries.
What is Luxembourg (tonnes) and Brazil (tonnes)?

  List the changes in biodiversj,tsko zl)e0b vu ;tviusz ,e;a+;-- sity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a p)vte 0uli jvos sk, ;u eazz;st-;+-b,ioneer community to a climax community.
What is Biodiversity; GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following is an example of transformatcr j /twqu,;;q ywm,9xu0p9eu ion.

  Figure: Average per capita u.7b7nk7 xwlv$CO_2$emissions from deforestation for food production from 2010 - 2014



[Adapted from Ritchie, H and Roser, M. (2021). File: Per-capita-co2-food-deforestation.svg. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved June 17, 2023 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File
.svg CC BY-SA 4.0]
Suggest which of the following statements are supported by the information in the graph.
I. China and the U.S. had low $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
II. Brazil and Luxembourg had high $CO_2$ emissions between 2010 and 2014.
III. France and Spain had the same amount of $CO_2$ emissions due to deforestation for food production during that time.

  An experiment was carried out using bottles with an E.ivbhat.r e+)fxc.no1 i9/y2b p3 kie lodea plant in water. One was aex).b3yvfrh npei/ 1+t ibk.oci .29 kept in light and the other in darkness. The dissolved oxygen values were obtained at the beginning of the experiment and after two days in both bottles.


What is GPP ;NPP and R?

  Figure: Earth's carbon storages & annual flown1y yu8, eq3auhk66pks in GT $yr^{-1}$



[Source: Adapted from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (n.d.) Measuring & Analyzing Greenhouse Gases: Behind the Scenes. Retrieved March 20, 2022, from https://gml.noaa.gov/outreach/behind_the_scenes/gases.html . Copyright under Public Domain]
Using the Figure, calculate a net flow of carbon.

Figure: Capture fisheries by region 1988-jyi4j pd;j0 u)m1i n.a2020


[Adapted from OurWorldinData.org (2021) Capture fishery production. Retrieved Sept 8, 2023 from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/capture-fishery-production?time=1988..latest CC BY 3.0]
Capture fisheries involve species that are generally higher up in the food chain, often feeding as secondary consumers. Suggest two possible impacts overfishing of these species might have on the ecosystems they belong to.
2

  Figure: Selected data fzdm3elotjm4c*6 d d09or a biome

Deduce the biome represented by the information in the Figure.

  Figure: Climate graph of Rome, Itaim8gei-rb94sce*)io/q g31z y/ qeuc ly



[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free.]
Identify the average monthly rainfall (mm) for Rome in March.

  Describe the concept of "zonation’’by chjg ew8mugn55- oosing one or more statements from the followiejg5g m n-5uw8ng.
I. Zonation is the changes in communities along an ecological gradient such as changes in altitude up a mountainside.
II. Zonation is normally studied using transect methods along the environmental gradient.
III. Environmental changes as applicable to zonation are linear changes of biotic or abiotic factors. Distinct communities form as these factors change.

  Biomes are characterized by climatic patterns9pdk (:m4tyjh and other physical variables. List the main kpmtj d:(4hy9 factors that characterize the terrestrial biomes.

  State which is not a description59fi nii)v). 8od oybj of the rainforest biome.

  Identify the correct statement 8 - vc7fulrd ,tr.;xsgrelated to diversity in an ecosystem.

  Figure: Climate graph o)0e+i +37cgpgm 7ib/h tp)empu ,g odvf Rome, Italy


[Data source: Servizio Meteorologico dell'Aeronautica Militare. (2000). Average monthly rainfall and temperature for Rome. Retrieved 25 July 2023 from https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_meteorologica_di_Roma_Ciampino. Copyright free]
Calculate the percentage increase from the month with the lowest rainfall to the month with the highest rainfall in Rome, Italy.

  Figure: Net primary productivity and biomass of two *rb 5q95 f1j5 x hjecavk9cs,wherbivores in different biomef 5* qhsejc5wk 5xr1v baj9,c9s


Identify the biomes that are likely to be shown in the graph.
What is Biome A and Biome B?

  List the changes in bif /d8y-:xmqf todiversity, GPP and NPP as primary succession progresses from a pioneer community to a climax/- fx d8:tfmqy community.
What is Biodiversity, GPP and NPP?

  Identify which of the following statements is not correct in d9cz.pi k e8vgdx6(l/ describing the changes in productivity durinpk. z(gdc8x/69 vedl ig primary succession.

GPP: Gross Primary Productivity
GSP: Gross Secondary Productivity

  State the abiotic factor that can be measu whbiy. ey8vs /0y/l/rred using a Secchi disk.

  Figure: Set-up to investigate the effect of tempe;xj( uw e--mzdq 4nr:erature on the rate of photosynthesis wm:dqe-4nu jr;(e- xz



[© Revision Village 2022. Created with Chemix (https://chemix.org)]
Which of the following is not a method of keeping a controlled variable at a constant value throughout this particular experiment?

  

Leaf stem longer than 2 cm go to 2
Leaf stem shorter than 2 cm go to 3

  Figure: A quadrat in a fiel+yuwp/y /l*ygx n-p p4 kw3o9c/9 raqtd



The Figure shows a field with small yellow and medium blue flowers, as well as some four-leaf clover.
Calculate the percentage frequency of the small yellow flowers.

  An entomologist used a series of insect traps to capture specimensxynh 9al1*:wd07ml1 c ioubz9 of beetle A. nwcxbd*1yz:7h909 l1ou ima lOn the first day, 1656 insects were caught, of which 324 were beetle A and were marked. The next day the traps held 1185 insects, of which 21 were marked individuals out of a total of 469 of this species.
Estimate the size of the population of beetle A using the Lincoln index.
Lincoln index = $\frac{n_1 \times n_2}{n_m}$
where
​
$n_1$ is the number caught in the first sample
$n_2$ is the number caught in the second sample
$n_m$ is the number caught in the second sample that were marked

  To increase the reliability of the data, it is important to take multiple r*uw4/ ia6kzb1 lib :0jl6qg jieadings of the same factor.6: /4izlg*k0abw 6q1i jij ulb
Identify the factor that would require the most readings to ensure its reliability.

  Figure: Equipment used74ck.b*y-xtpyrpnv sv74 .pj in ecological sampling


[Wondrak-Biel, A. (2011) Equipment used to determine soil stability. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved Aug 2, 2023, from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Equipment_used_for_determining_soil_stability._%28bdfac7b9-e781-44d1-a75f-6e44f84ec5be%29.jpg. Public Domain]
Label the device in the Figure indicated by the arrow.

  Figure: Species data for two samples of:*ekmq- 3hh1y dg v,z+szr2fd Willow Creek




Use the formula to calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the north sample.

  Figure: Species data for species safewq689a v0n0.arvwj u dm//m mpled in two parts of Willow Creek




Willow Creek runs north to south past Happy City. Ecologists want to investigate the effect the city is having on the diversity of the Willow Creek ecosystem.
Calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index for the locations north and south of the city to determine the effect of the city on the creek.

  State which of the following sampl)fvhw(p5 :d;zj;8ies9 :ph(zs o nxyiing techniques is not effective for sampling motile (moving)5vywp i;(oxi8s(9 nszj: d h)pfeh :z; specimens.