1. Which of the following:0eo,f ; v mgf.joog4c are roles of stem cells in living organisms?
I. Growth of new organs.
II. Replacement of damaged cells.
III. Production of cells which could differentiate.
IV. Produce new stem cells by mitosis.

  2. Which of the following khyhrdt w/,m9y z 1u2w)5o. 67oklbnccorrectly describe the differentiated cells in an individual plant such as the golden barrel cactusbarrel (Ech yz)o56br2 to, m.lw71y nc9k/wdhkhu inocactus grusonii) shown in the image?

  3. What are essential properties of s/jqm7ay qt n36tem cells?

  4. What is the cause of stem cells differe8ml9vj, r 1nwentiating along different pathways to produce a variety of differentiatedlj 91rn,vm8 we cells?

a. Use the graph to estimate the m 8*xx(apqhnwd1 4o .kvolume of a liver cell.

b. The image is of cardiac muscl+vq;*ibmj2ob vqw192 v*7exh -cifct e.

Cardiac muscle cells have a mean length of 100 µm and an estimated volume of 8000 µm3.
Explain why the cell length and volume ratios are not constant for all cell types.

c. Suggest one reason why a human ovum has specialized to x vrftc8 nwb,m1 y* -k4n+dp2lhave a large volume.

d. Estimate the mean length of a cell with a volume of 1000 µm3 using thexlwl,up 0,cefpq 3r /7 trend line on the grapq/xwcp le ,l7f,0 r3puh.

e. The horizontal error bars represent standard deviation. Suggest what the stz2 *il0h gi/kcef s l20-0rzv 2a,ktxyhp/u( ean2es0zk ci0he t*xrl- a2k0vpi,/u gy/flz2h(dard deviation signifies.

f. Simplified models are commonly used to inv.vvmb qr+*4c:, wpvr 3sr6s izestigate scientific phenomena.
Outline the limitations in the use of a sphere to model surface area to volume ratio in cells.

6. Using examples from human tissues, distinguish between pluripotent, ydn/ qkg ry6u yi74h69totipotent 6n4kyyhgui6y /rd9q 7and multipotent stem cells.

7. Explain the role of stem cells in a multi ,b+1jd;hxj3e*xeiufr)s i *qfwa)u; cellular organism.

(a) Explain why a large surface a z,zxf ivjw ) u.5z87ikms2el-rea to volume ratio can increase cell efficiency.8wx ze5,v lk72usiim)zf-z j.

(b) Describe, using two specific exc,skueggf sk ;c 4:6hwk; vi:0amples, how cell adaptation can increase surface area to volume ratio in a spe6 sfc:csv eh0 ;ugi,k; k:kw4gcialised cell.

(c) Many tissues found in plants aqa/*1tm)/ei.ylcweoi(ka/e9 yd8 (wdn 4pb hre compound tissues, such as phloem tissue shown in the image. Phloem tissue transports organic nutrients from their site of production (often, the leaf) to sites of storage or metabolism (ofteq/1dw8i.nelao 4p b(kd /)(h a ect9iyymw*/en flowers or roots)

Compound tissues consist of several different cell types, simple tissues of only one cell type.
Outline why many tissues in multicellular organisms have more than one cell type in the tissue