1. Which of the following are roles of stem cell x-2d+9xvq h-yfjz.u ts in living organisms?
I. Growth of new organs.
II. Replacement of damaged cells.
III. Production of cells which could differentiate.
IV. Produce new stem cells by mitosis.

  2. Which of the following correctly describe the different+,oe7 y.o) oe - npm(+ kpm;pffit2hbbiated cells in an individuat ( op;+7)om ef+2imhoy.,pkbbe -n fpl plant such as the golden barrel cactusbarrel (Echinocactus grusonii) shown in the image?

  3. What are essential properties of stem cel20pyxsa xm4or t4 n9c+ls?

  4. What is the cause of stem cells differentiating along different pathwayszgi 9ie..l1c s to produce a variety of differentiatez eilg.ics.9 1d cells?

a. Use the graph to estimate the volumehtv;r(q 6g 8fb of a liver cell.

b. The image is of cardiac mob l(b+tp -*pauscle.

Cardiac muscle cells have a mean length of 100 µm and an estimated volume of 8000 µm3.
Explain why the cell length and volume ratios are not constant for all cell types.

c. Suggest one reason why a human ovum has specialized to have a large vowdee dn .a,au9oi5+s+ lume.

d. Estimate the mean length of a cell with a volume of 3 1lv/wfpa;bq 1000 µm3 using the trend line o qfw;/v3a plb1n the graph.

e. The horizontal error bars represent standard deviationd2 +o h;gxsg-a 36wsuv z:1 2ubas4von. Suggest what the standard de; h-a:du2bggnxoa1sou24+ sz6 wv3svviation signifies.

f. Simplified models are common*,x 9 vmt izd.( mkom,px/ ss8aa+;fugly used to investigate scientific phenomena.
Outline the limitations in the use of a sphere to model surface area to volume ratio in cells.

6. Using examples from human tissues, distinguish between pluripot8+zecoo**jzs ;7y 2. uy asuv3 d+ellpent, totipotent and multipotenvay 3usl7po lj8.ycsd+e +e ;**ozu2 zt stem cells.

7. Explain the role of stem cells in a multicelljja 6w52+v nstular organism.

(a) Explain why a large surface area to volume ratim or9(cjo qv -2ch22 (:ipmwleo can increase cell efficienc ev2mp2rmj9(- (2wo:ccqhloi y.

(b) Describe, using two specific examples, how cell adaptation can increase x4:4y)kvrh nwknfb2xy8 y3x(surface area to volume ratio kn)( y:x h 4wyf8nx x32ybrvk4in a specialised cell.

(c) Many tissues found in plants are compound tissues, such; m/kd sw7k6(hpyr4hcf oh;5/p0 kz jh as phloem tissue shown in the image. Phloem tissue transports organic nutrients from their site of production (often, the leaf) to sites of storage or metabolism (often flowers orh6p; 4sy; zdko m wh(r/0khf j5/h7cpk roots)

Compound tissues consist of several different cell types, simple tissues of only one cell type.
Outline why many tissues in multicellular organisms have more than one cell type in the tissue