Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See th:x bj( l9)puvte periodic table or Appendix B.(x :9vub j)tpl

Name several properties of matgs;r9grf;1c2 t+n8 gnl wqz9serials that could be exploited to make a thermometernrtqgfl9r 9 1 2csgnw 8gzs;;+.

Which is larger, 1 C nyi+:63+ w9b9orygeym wm l ;t$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with s 8aaw;z;imw fzlb,y,6ystem B, but B is not in thermal equilib6m fa,wzz;l,yi b8w;arium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to n ( fa*my:xs o grq;2)8j3kkgha strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curvek3n m*jgrfx:yh ( )o2kagq8;s ? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficientl2*d tu(q,i1usgc9z( 6h de um of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagrscojiykgul 2t8*i55) u29s zv am of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and howuo 5)8lzygt2usiv si5 92j*ck it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shapecd a;:4ocfmevvtd,+c t+ k8g- of a U.-+ ofedcg vmctc+tkv4:,d 8 ;a Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at 0igyt90ger7m3 y8b 2n l $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomete bqz cwtz599pq jx631or is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and th63 c bw z9qo1qxpj95zten rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of m6gd +5h (f qd08tnllfit is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pa(d5tl08m dqff6n+hl g rts. Explain.

The principal virtue oq,rq2)xb4 ra/patpw ztuh, )5f Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistar) xt4qbquwap)t z2,r,a/h p5nce of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accuisa.3ep w-p 3ah b1sj)rate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of sod9)-i k/ftu v58 gcakrudje1l5a will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can w9) 8 ki5g-r5ufjckaetudl/ v 1ill not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compreswp8k ,:*hb 2nm 3utiqfsed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular notin83k wb mip2 tnu:qf,h*g what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water i-vq w0pq 0(ftc+g4*z.wbm*lvu z ;kucncrease or decrease if the temperature is increasedlqc*pw bm(-vfzz t;w* 40uq+cugk.0v from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from9a* ;curacx 4v- /x5kft-kaum kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy anuk * a kcfxxuta9-a4;5mv -/rcd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lu wm4iummnr12*hdlu* - ssac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherb/j- kce2ops7n s,mc+ e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the min9wp*rg+7q5u4q f cjb;z 7dcdk imum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth wh7dk5g9ujf4z bp qw +qc;r cd7*at it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at r:fkhl,*, 3h v7 lnlmsdoom temperature. What can you infer about the kmdll,h*ls: h,n3 v7 fmolecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far 4qivz xb1s( m6more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the siz14mb( 6x qvsame temperature.

Is it possible to boil water ;;nu7yzv5tdp hdsa8 ckrp, (.at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days wheok (ee-2w*4gbl+mj5gnw;gk1snns -mjjga30n the air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is m-lmwng0nw14abn *js;+5g g2g je e( ksk3- mjoore dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open ts v7f *hglj*n9q5d v9pl+9lvzhe radiator cap of an overheated automobilepjgnfl s *+ lh7zq v59v*9ldv9 engine.

Why does exhaled air appeakf-h dl :2fy.j3agadafwo6wr6n+c8 1 r as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram/fn9 + ;slk2f6g qsv +kfdk:lh copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomsd(2qw42ifyoz3o i l- r in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a sii 4(2 ozd f-o3qlryiw2lver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is thie4n9d* pzznxl8mwk)k bu. 8w( s on the Celsius scale? kdl) zw*nxwum 8(9k84b.npze    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13.umm;* ew-; ,bi ae7n3:spieih mn6wa*b fm/l6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass t 5 k++v44 myv+e igaz9ciy4gymhermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 g4 myz+ek+a9iv cyg mi44v+5y $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabsex3y/:)i9 m1 e wpjroe 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is build9i - j66mktb(x udq;zt of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and Januaju-z 6it 69mkq(;dxdb ry (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger thanctl y nl0de9r( +0* z0q5fcrlf the rivet hole are often used and they( cll0rff+r5tc l*q d0n90ze rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 5;pjksv40bb bat 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What 0zla c4fnogtm89h)3; odi0 dhwill be its change in volume if it is heated from h8z lncth004)di m9faog 3d ;o30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with x mfeb9.k wj9r. 8uq2v350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ofoef88( dp ag-c water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed iy2i6y+rp fwp7 n a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is containbg)v k:4u prcov3f j6:ed in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effecc g)p4uv6:kj3:rv fob tive coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change i 4jh;yg(cj3knmule,8;y vc 8d n the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w hasdob8.+it mb5eh :;gmr coefficient of linear expansio8. tb; 5ei:r+mdhmbgo n $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic souh0ydkl0qo/u jm)lb ,32 zd2elid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time atywz8zgbfkv f210+x) o 1x)gfzz 1yb0f 2v+ko8 w7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury t49 gizr utt*gw e 5.mn2r;t*ofhermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.255z5;eugm9 fttr24i* g*rn. otw $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radibi6i i9rg4b rf34 i6rd0fuhk0us 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bibgk 3 ib94r6h6ir i0rf4fu 0dearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has tu4 yg 0uc)wy 80s9swpwhe desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengt9gys0p)4 0wyswwu8 cuh if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-mt;/5e-o mcm 1kbw t-lsectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm at 2026wl6 l2qxvm r$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalet: gn2t673rej:w umce:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperdl+ tpx(x66/ ;uwcz emature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatureskf*q 9wy es ogeee()0- in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pr 6 ep;kl; .f0vhpj.ibmfa8nz3essure and a temperature ofz fkip0h m.3a f.p; b;ne86vlj about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygesbpq4eapu-k20 zx jx78 q q4y.n at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of niqx g 2om ig)p1cxz:k-u4vsk3y/ikv+; vdc0:p trogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1s hol.qriz-c ,;.jmp1a+k hn+rx2. rg8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heli -. i7uqa9ctbpum gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container nt9 n61c cdb7kholding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 6n7 19dbtc nkc385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o l/td8(9i yo48wcxdpdf $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the 8b;evg a2e+6lqcw500w nva rsballoon, whicv650rwcb s0ew2vq8+l aag ;enh makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai q+ia95z 0i. a z45czqdpflxi+r at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 8 dwadfu*5r kt+,cv ;k18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea level exj( li4)* :l fbuwcucob ;t(,b:*byjand 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecules gf*hqx5k n q(+lo*-dq/ $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mw 5ro0,ure /ndolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (aoz 4 l3ci2 s-drzw5q9q,wte 5w) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 56jt8fraxl r 7pg(j* b9.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath youqul(wp, g xy +17riqe2 inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]q,iu71q (gp+ el rx2yw   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the averag0 r c4dw wo7cdup6w7fi0 f)/upe translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP?c0 o7fi4prd) fw06/7cuwdpuw    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ofj-j4+shde, y r)wn7mln*ey:d helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of abou4wl+7 ne,e:hds ynj*y- djmr)t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temp4g, )ymgopvh9 erature is increas9yv)4, mopgghed from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following u-yh 4q1mwc dz jku;9*speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and jm u* -yqw9;z4h u1kdc8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecx e bah:lf q:af/98e-9zgjo u5ules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubledhrv gi747dy;.rm3au o+ovo x* while its volume is held constant, by what factorg3xioh oa 7u.o *4v; md7v+yrr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of moleculeshl tjwq(i.2s ( in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperaik+/:zq8 pb x2-gipwuii0l6x ture, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of thxgiu+/k8z -ii x 6p0q :bipw2leir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.c,jm4 zt a9c:eo:3 vte5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mo2jrrz2g i4;b3ku 2(a pdyau z8lecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at STk.xe(gg9;w( sk bxi j/P?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mass404rhr8id lse is 89 u in a livinhidsr0 r8 4e4lg cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a g9 rs6d yz t04l7txnx-nas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranu9pp,ga y zr 7hovfa0k.8:n1hium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phascdy5 -c t0p )a9k96icclem6 ixwj (o;ges can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the ,.m-q vif4dcjpressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9i,4f -jvqdc.m 0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidk5dqzhwv/)8z v*rbej2xigyc0/v3 / oity is 50% on a day when the temperature ishy bvv)*jx/ 53iwvq2drz g0k / c/e8oz 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place z)g3z lqds49 jwhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimat3lwu,b iet7 ,ae the temperawt3a, l7ubi,e ture at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa +agf6 o+c7mv -r v8(tu:ojd lland tf ( + 8o+mtuv l-rgl6dvc7oaj:he relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of 73g0jeoel,onnpbxnkf j *+l- j3am*0 water on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the w;9,r2 f cfskxtater is boiling at a temperature 92kcsr;f,xf t of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volujw,bl,. nn9hdy70iur me 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew poi) *pczp:xx512je h zzpnt of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to dif0ga6f4k;sdg) 2 hcy tffuse a dish)2tg0kg c a;dyf f46stance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tub z.u5v5g 7sc 64ghcf4nb-vvipes called tracheae. An av-.zgug655nchcf vp v7s 4ivb4erage trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated unwo*)nfk td*ik c e r1;p:y3e8f+kp,at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated atvy ombddjin(.8hu.hj)sdd/90 grw-j 6 77h iu 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal7 f8, j ycltutkes1w2: room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, ils2 f17ktu8jw y:,tecf the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initiallypk;xmz1 )m0e oylm6*yll j, q: 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains lmk ol x;,zm1)m*j :yq6eylp 0in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length osmm9g g:47 oi6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assumemgo4gm:s7 o i9 the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom ph ).tke93 f trokssz2l9rj7 k7ka 8ap,er $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainpsx6r;pfq*4k6 5,es f-acjgg able using the best available vacuum techniques is abou s*6pka64gsxf c 5rfj- g,epq;t $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the s se+ ..ijbal.znvd./surface, to w .lj/vd..+a . sniszebhat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth4smt ;kap7r( 6cc03hzm 4a(. mvi/bu lc k*wtl’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume iv kmcwhm*a t7btkml;. 4c4 3/urczsa(0l(6p nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased rcgz3p5 +wpgd12cm -p from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 77./h c7ly1oowaw2h afd1r9 n,j 0m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known valueb xftv71t q;kfv.qkej qod :0pj 666f4 of atmospheric pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate t6ffft.v k:pt7vj eo0; q6jq6qb4d k1xhe total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in a 72c kqon- cz;1hd6i6s/ wfh+un,sq x 8e.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospitav 2h*mad2 ad no2e7l2wr2oc7al has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T *d7wmade2l c 2 2na7oh2 rav2o= 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at a yaa+e9p yg9.s7xn5 m0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 9tgoioe dm yf)/b (8(b0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were tob26zipk1hc mq5ga5m- / s1)kjm9 ho dh fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar atr9n/7asc ,i3 dnpy2r d 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted ieo(h1:8 cw y8w)*jce: tbesrin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, h2y km7xla,m4 vas a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the( o866dpc 92tja6*l ywknfwm s Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended g(c:gfl6vv9kay; w+jagainst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming gv;lckyj gf 69w:v+(athey have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air froa uu p;: rynf,(8dyu9om a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constan;y duur, payf:n8 ou9(t at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pro hv)v;iex6pv vgz7 qp3ecs7.s; 6.pi essure in the air on the following two days: ;esp6. pvzv 6qs)vhpg.i73io ve7 ;xc
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the d u25pt n xglkx2q+fg8:l kh7r)ensity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth whex: t7 ulnh g+k5xgpf228rq)lkre the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealxbim1j) x9bsz;u+ d:f gas at constant pressure, the coefficientbx9x);df ijzmbu1 :+s of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.