Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table *up.j+tv hfo -or Appj +vpf*-ho.utendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be expmo;pt*q p4o kki*o0rfi. ,(q7b nj/ngloited to make a thermometk*bkg,f0n it q/4p j(;poiqmr.7o* noer.

Which is larger, 1 C (ft9o. 9nvyqaciswai mkv* rt**;+1 p$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equel je q pi95 s.-9ivkni*ekzv53a2s-qilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A,jkq*a-5i5. 9n2 eps e v9lsve3iqi-zk B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stri ban6uvw h. z(hfw1+1lu77meep of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be ohn(au+11ev mbz 76elh7 .wwu fn the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeff67-24ijxp ka. ezlq okicient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to contn6nj9 r fihg5 fd8d+80xjto; crol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch bo8n69;tr+ 5 ofd cjfi8h0njgdx th contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shac(ues -j0wanq.. tqlbox:v*kue*r75 pe of a o* cbe7x jarl.nqu*5et:0uw (.-ksqv U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats i :m8fg zi +cy+35sj(skbh8y(6dzqm shn mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermoq4( fn4mg4p 49cg sohdmeter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.g9g 4c44q(p nohmsd 4f

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled moy8*3cir4-wbjca,c0 p oq:lws6p o5qt re rapidly than 0c 46*:rotc8i,o3 w-pcswqp b ljq5ya adjacent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coeffichsdoq)o6puu)p*ok:, p(* opmient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table s(p)ou*pp*k o:,ho6 po )mqdu13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cloc5s4cq8muvp*ce x .y(m k, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so 1w45)iurlf esbadly the can will not stand up. Wh)ful1sri 45w eat has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temp3qs3kc,v eg7h erature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperatuqk7 h ec,33svgre using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force odf8x:/maro/d-jhu +1or c5ee n an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the e5xho/crdeju1 rf +d m/ a-:8otemperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charl fy))bks 37ipyg 10s,-dcfapnqkm,.ves’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic enf)m7s0f)1vq ,.bkdp3pa gsyk, n - yicergy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how nwf 0oo* 2otz:(nwf/r Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earthit;p8-y: bdz w’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed an object must 2feo c7ll(bq+ppkzs . u6 u/*ehave to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about onlku6*eu7 qep/2+(s .opl czbfe-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than a2do:pa qsqkai8l5,-r9aj o+ water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties laraos+:2a5 d,o -8qqj ika9pof one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at teer rc,t s9c uv5-18tbb2k 7ul(dh)uehe same te tus9cht1ud)-c8,5ru(krblbe e 7ve2 mperature.

Is it possible to boil water at roo hd1.wkktj z-ec ;d,.hm temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aw qy)1a -egbhka-f,3o+ueefu(3 )ts air temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is moreu ) h3se,gqfu(wak1 --)+o yaafte3eb dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open theh dil6hkl8*5h )o6p uxeqxlew, 9 s,/r radiator cap of an overheated automobile qolh,x x*wd)eu l6s/ih5 rhl,69kep8engine.

Why does exhaled airp 3 ;eiw ce8rtdkb):m) appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there j ra15h:5o qsm,atmj5in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atofvpu zke yv(do77-jdpa8i d m+h781o ,ms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silverd mjohod8u v7 ekpv,p+ai77(8 -zdyf1 ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius sca) wgz 30iv(ao5gvu- jy o8o6ssle?g5 i-va )o8 y6wzouosv0s j(g3   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatuv4 k46-oa4ib 3 vmx,rpi5fhmores recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column hj,rl )vfob18jas length 11.82 cm at 0.0 fbjlvrj) 8,1 o$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 hd / t)8uhe(oc3bpy6w.khtj , $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughijwt c- nhknl6q71/ 4st iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes betweenwl-h1s6n q ck/jn4it 7 July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole alqnws)g w2:;q 78 tuntna8i:vre often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.878:a ivst2wnnw ) n:8qgluq;t69 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at 4-dj1q lkam 0g2 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm 1q zdy ,:1 ez-z- drenzwjh66hvcx9;ain diameter. What will be its change in volume if it is hcw -n z1rax y:vjee,dh1hz6z -qz9;d6eated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL ofg n0 fqh.hw4,4*moe gs water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at;7zz7byubhw 9 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made-tjv0, 47qhep j;0r(cbjae o t of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel son l x;by0hs(+x it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of x (0hyx+l;sbnvolume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chan3c:t5hx 1* )nbeottv sdc3v,w ge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and wwzd3d1b0o/s om dn ,p-idth w has coefficient of linear expansi/zdp,d0n -s w om13obdon $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic sobxot+7eqr ftzf l 4):7lid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect time nm(z9n(kpmnbk8po 536 n/mw x at 1nk9 pnm(okxnm 38nw (mz5b/p67 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.1rd37x4,ye0 t a ma8 uz-+pu.l lb5zxgq40 mm. The bulb has aa+dbzt .x-l4ug 3 5 7y8em qxlzrp,0ua volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrq1javl0)aj y m8 ad*i8ical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its a 0di8)alq 8j1vj*aamy xle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired leng+k b4a4h1r88 0 zjnb0(hf gihmdjv ii1th when at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperatumh(0411d+ i jf rbhv8a8 4bi njzg0ihkre increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steels85vki:v qp-q I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122ndd6g6o y cd2.p:k6r8nqk4n q cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scalehsy pgni,+;(t :
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what7 nxdc awk4edo:;6m2 b temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in thg,fesp6t. ;nc e interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustcq0*vgv+ a t kd166 rb)fpk6kvion engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature o6c6p 6v0*br g qd)1akktvv fk+f about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP usinoqrau. s+djt 7/n-ie7g the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro:6b2oftk l 6vse +7xhsgen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nit4s8hypelp j0smvbb3 d.h4n 9l(ggo(4 rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 10.uuw0k5x33stv * )a ibc0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argd5- ybbstp: *lon gas at 385ybp ts*: lb-d5 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kggf wn1gp*qfgc q 8,9v4o0lkg2 of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves30 y nlsb m q4dp8,68wpojh1un its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense 8hyw1lqb4unmosd,p0 n863p j than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with 4r) kkhdhfi8:u 3. j 5bgac0nuair at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen a )auimk m 6jb0e74:,tpwcx 2qft 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloofsa*652c llsonmdt 3 4n escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of mola 9qyxy8 j8g/ib54fmsecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there i5blj l:2 7/e -usm;/ostkghuhn 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mol75q* a: ltjjcpes,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumjk j-e l8vii oa 0wflr(5dk+-0e 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molaxymno z-5x82f6vc0k ecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume thk x8fczxm0o265n -yva e atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of ans ;ymfat- 3tq; oxygen molecule at STP?3 - qmsya;ftt;    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a1)b ykun) 7oo b .bobjy,q+t(m temperature on ))o oqy7t+jk.b,1bmbuy( bof about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms y ; x0:/i0i-grpj5 np;oveuijspeed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased frei/;y0njgi0:up v 5x-jrop;iom 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the follk*(f 5dq*hwrn u o1u;7fo8nw qowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4;whn f8*u(odwk*u f 7r51 noqq, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas q0o) :*aycbv6j /e n*k9k).ld1 xcmtula4tnyat 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volum95)vrw k pwvca:ci22 fe is held constant, by what facto2ckr9:fw5pavv i 2)c wr does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed (lbn p8ko jwj+w0q c n9c-v86rof molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempaus gz,lf(; 5berature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of (bgzs 5,au;lf their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecu3k5e5 1f:vqcb :c n gymm4z0rx zgzkznr/(3(ples contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speedc,h 6c9-dqi1vw cfru + of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average d;fr-*a d; exslt7*znw istance between nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose hw ke 5.ijy4f: fb2/mwpcy.crh/5t z 8molecular mass is 89 u in a livp /zfye:j2fyic 5k/c. mrw8wt 5bhh4. ing cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a /fk;c*/z h+ro r zp+ahgas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u okud y),qhkipm46) w1ranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pre f.ewzx)i62*e*bmn aq ssure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure 6xah(i5i-iw5 ai2qg2 t/roawis 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9 iia2irt6g(w/owh5q ia-ax250 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a day whe1s w*k* hmg:crn ,9-.nc dha/k6 vnfjar3m;ekn the tempera6g1kn- m*hmk.k3 vdehw/ ;: sna c,arnrc* 9fjture is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place wt ) q*g 7 mzq4.m5fq5;(eyy o,hbrelrvhere water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the m6: jq-vpqh 9mnountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperatvjn qhp:-6q9m ure at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial presslj74zj9:lbe mai,1jbure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humiditezla7i9jl , bbj: m1j4y is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temperature is y4lm t,,ypshb+ ng77x25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside c o, 1jmub3omu jskn/3.vk16 adkw ,x-a pressure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperatu 1w -nokdbkks33,j c,1/m .umoajxu6vre of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volumopc* l, ,a6fnterb)*je 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point d78 u:hx,fuawof 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed fnnwz0btvrb m, ,6vg/ 98bs y,mor a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15nv8bs z,n0gtm ,vwb/ bm 9,6ry $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from thgnv(b y4uj8s hl- 9v/xe surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is aby/jvx(gs nv94-l8hbuout 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bel/ utc*9tn s v ii6tb):1zclv;en calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrat yy4r* vo5j;sged at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperaturzkq om1l 5 us7twq5w;:e. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL o;q1 tq kwoms 5z:5wl7uf cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 a x d(xukhkn9i-/f7 yt:tm. After many ballou / hyktdn9 :7f-xxk(ions have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of tn- iqb p.ucb9(- xjm0air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the bpimcn9-- 0tjubqx . (temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is aboutg*ygu 8ymn7cg 7ea gy-2 9n:s2 ewbwy otx.*)u one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usf kg 8 f)+r;)2pxtyszring the best available vacuum techniques is abo8x)r) z;2yfg +rkpst fut $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full ca((juwvr1neru(s9 :n :,d 4ppb mzq/thpacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to th(ptn: v( wqun mh1 9b u4sz(,rrjp/ed:e surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the M+ug . u2r cdalj04tt0 1bbm0v 7um8yqooon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Be+4807mu0oy grvt 2mt.ubu d0cqjbla 1cause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas id21t)cn p0sso s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of eaaz l 1+sty.)5au 2vo- rwnhd5z4,cl 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the 0+gn: e pa3 tqip/xl ;pctn84jsurface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Eaxp/t+j43a0p8ilne: tc n pg ;qrth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitro)lqq+x vl+o3vgen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000-0ddg,.x,oc jzuz d)c psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measur) .xud,czd0j ozg ,c-ded at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid 4 r 1sj7sri /p mf+uu.:fe1zcamercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline a 7c)(mye3h z s3q)snb6rs)sa fx09gjq t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatoree/c+a nezs6 g /nb/h5 at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glasalh3r8*(c ib 4zvu)nms jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in q /q,wo9kzpd fru;(.kthe 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chafv c6xhs0z 0j2kok )(l6jvun7rged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth nqcd7 v1y4y/a(d ks9 : /9cwmmac+hneis $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended agailg;gaoh0 r:ql3ak o1am* n+8nnst gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How mang 1glln han3 *qr;k8a+0:maooy tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bu6n8y-p.rof3zo)of7eitv z *x bble of air from a depth of 14.0 m pvf36 .of78-nz )ixoyreo*t z in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water he;d5 zqz8g )xl2 *eh0upav6ovapor pressure in the air on the following two days: )8xzg o5qe;vhzp06*ahd l2ue
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent4 n:k(ittyq7e+m7 /,z jjwb gg difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a soytebgk w7 ,:qj+(zt g jmn74i/lid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for anxg6nkvswqw lpq32:85/e. us z ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume ex/3ws8.lx6w5ug v qsnep zk:2qpansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people cond,tj.b f-r 65zu tiyc*stantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildezr*tdi fcb.tj,6 5y -uw. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg