Which has more atoms: 1 kg of ir-q .a1gtc3a+c avbmmzguu ,63on or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix bg - uau a+3qagct6,.zm cv31mB.

Name several properties ou z l* c/p/+8zygs5q e/p orr/d6gv,jizza7 c)f materials that could be exploited to make a thermomet /) zz6ysz8c7a/ujvr p5l egrgz *//+idpoc,qer.

Which is larger, 1 C 1 rkb)b xpsz:3 5argb9$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, b30hrs 50hwkkkut B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can rkw 3khkh00s5you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When hka facx; ne : fkhel3uf.6+(*beated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Tab* :kef(b f xlun;3ek+6hfa.acle 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffie3npm *x7b i7,nx.6sc 4ox*br he8yvbcient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to control a furnace (h87yj2 gwtb7fsoskhs84 ix+ ,or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch7sb ghws8x +,2j hy4o8st fi7k is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends o mu;ww 373t qgcf)q;koften have a section in the shape of aqkw73;gw)mc3; oqt uf U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead flof6v 2.8nf7+savsy(-zp : s. pgrmaesbats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermac7 wwomyffq(bn 5 aw4v2:/f7 ometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the me( mwfv47a 2c7 /f:yaq obfn5wwrcury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidf 2kbrg i))(,pi fsgy:7pa+knly than adjacent parts.+fr 2bkg (ip)y7)s,fnaki : gp Explain.

The principal virtue7 wdmg f2k6g-b of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explg72d fmk wg-b6ain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accu mpp s80(;hjo+b rn5kmrate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its r v za):el9/sd+7r r ecm6pub1bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has)r ap:+9uverb1r6 ml 7sdcz /e happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pisto 2wj( bm9eykfwu21fc c)8yz r7n), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using2zym bw yu fj8)29rc7e1fc w(k the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminuth 5ke1w::q6bgj;ju) k 7 auaym sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the tempb6;gj1 kut 5k: 7)j: haqywaeuerature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation 29l )3 pcotkevbetween average kinetic energy and the t)kl 3epovc9 2absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussa/fazx40/fa ;o aox+fkjpb;s6 c’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio ofoo+lt4szjw 03y.l db- $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum spe-d1pkqkjf :/; nu+es jed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smalk :f1pkj+s;qdneu j-/ ler mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can)ze0fc; fyckh06k(i v you infefk iek c( ;)yc6fzv00hr about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the6rgqxnh9i8 8 t same temperar6 hi8gn x9t8qture.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperatu:m n r,0uo2ebeo4ej :p*:dexq re (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the aeb*)q5 mo,;jmceuu:ys3l6ubir temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the hums ee6 m qo mu53ly:c*;b,u)bujid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovc;6mrfww l p83erheated automobile engin8;c wlm6p3f rwe.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the /khzt ntgt695z, di5awinter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are thb znzi*d0 1v(cere in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ritzzxw69( b/8mjuoy g3ng compare to the number in a silver ring of thez mb3y6/tgjx9o uw8 z( same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on t+ /t r**10mmesq ogkofsak2h8cd *1kche Celsius scale?cm2/0c11k hm t+*es o k8krofd*ga*qs   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperaturesq4uo iwca)zf1m 66- jtrk1n .r recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colu u8.r11 wnmkvkmn has length 11.82 cm at 0.0ukmk8.1wr nv1 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (20 4ofl t0vq +e*e$^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wroughtnpb1o5(w, 4k e/ioxr x iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its hei wo re( 1k54bpio,nxx/ght changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets thatomsvk7ti) in i.)9jb)d-00d4gkrxam are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed4j7 rd n ai)-ovim)0) 9xk.d t0sgmkib in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water aw q(hwjgt ,dm26gy 9h0t 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in 8, e+be* uyfrb7jdk(tvolume if it is heated fromdy kbe*,rb+t ej7(8 uf 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 m3oocn cj4fgio4j k0 ;v i+vq02L of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 dc2.cf2i-e c/koi 7+dfqvh d td(2si+1 gajs; mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed g8sn3osn q o)v +li6r0m.y4emin a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentiallsrw* :sqtz nbemd;: + *ts*(tyy one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximw+m (:*stsnrey tz s *;:dbqt*ately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the chantxh66ish.vm g0b*z,a-p, lq bge in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lb(ocsl,t+jtpsyo 6f8(2 oo r)inear expaolby j pst8c6(o+of2) to,s( rnsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropid/ k,ebl:lq jjc*+ ok k/y,;mtc solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of 7uh, p+sn gogck,h32; d c(wudbrass and keeps perfect time at 17+;gow3hh gdu, ud,ckcsp7 2( n $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer h:wjucy3vh /j 8as an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of u vjcy:h w8/j30.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrica25os9o5 eu 0qyr 2k3oaa+bdsal wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictiona55oy+a9subsrd0 2o 2 3ea qokless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How muwo 5iqb*t-ix6 * xyghvp1v .-qch stress is required to keep it at this length yiq*6oi1hx-5 .wvvgxpq t*-bif the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steeyqxx8i-:h .co+ tt6tnl I-beam of cross-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm ayrz ja)v( q d21ffg.elg6 h0p3t 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following tempera)-fys/nnee-yd z2j t(tures on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenb dc/amu7w56wk3dby-c 4-feg j 6wha+heit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interiorukfuh3 k6q ot1hoi 4-2 of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospher) -mkzg au+fl8ic pressure and a temperature )km8ufazl+g- of about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the i2 om:ayc z)jd4lmkp 1o.v 1xt18 5ziakdeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg oo06 *w33j yitbzd) xehf nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.a4;+ g55ly4 an qexlrm5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is awk9w jreok(j 2*amo,9t 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 d00iwxz/4, fuo 15b8pvvbkgkkg of argon gas at 3d0v fvkoxp u/bz5180 ibwk, g485 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg y;xot5 q;m9ynfl6i . f0k+i*b oi7hnhof $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heo9d-bla oli*/ ating the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air out/ad* iol-9lobside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled withv rpgz 3f01.zt air at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at)218fy*rpg gl g*eadp 5nuw. o 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s h wgv-ijk,s-dwp 9:53vurgf p0and at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecule-)ms *fo;izufs / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Hop3mzla v8z28 t7nqjm) w many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number owo6 ;zgd2apaiz ssk3z/e , .3df (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume xfl8*: kjls, k5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2 xea/q8hj3.lz.0-L breath you inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosph8. xel3/a hqzjere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy o/2. cv-t + 9tozb7l mxw(fzr hq-dfye;f an oxygen molecule at STP?/-ml tq.rz f7vc-wzx9hdeb y; ft(o2 +    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms nea 7vwippo7b.wbv /o*1 kr the surface of the Sun at a temperature of a7v/w p7 *wkp1ov ibo.bbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will uw5zuvcc7 h20 6fo bkgw(k42ythe rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is increased from 0 6(uu5woyc42b7z0g fk v2khcw$^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2gxwxt ljj5;id a .l// lg5+;lt, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and i+/; j 5t5x/;.tglw xdjlllag 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas atv5b)5 zxamj, t 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is dolwxt-u3b9 ,,ypsj1x kubled while its volume is held constant, by what factousw xx-l3y p,jtb,k9 1r does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in amdz1kn82xhei5pmp5 1 uu(3n r gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at twxj n j.;akld0 .zgk eo7 9mdn8qtj,/q s9o6y:he same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equd xql o89 q .gnjay 7d9j/eo0w,kjz:.6;nmkstal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogenibaf+r.jp h7, molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moleculevg j)b/18* ,jaz ;meqi 95fkghf/cukx at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogrtinso8 pk2ih/698fben molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of ank4,n o;;wsxpb88qe-h e3f itw amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living cell aqw bow;p 8sn 3f,i8h 4eetx-k;t 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a ga 69k6p hsyst;hwj/ 8oxs can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of urazd k,g+8s5ae n3eft(znium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressurnh:-o)d xrpm x1b b8/h+g1efxe, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when ty);z 1v( ifrbzhe pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 9;bifyz1) z (vr0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% onnlf9uo6(i. llpvuwbp)zp* 33 g- -med a day when the temp-vwbpdz *3-o6pefu )nl(9um3.l l giperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at 90 v1yf o 5+7nqx6 +viihj$^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular plac;to vlo+sn-,q1kr z4we in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at whic1v z+otr,o nwk slq4;-h water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature onv mfob3vdh)c+//+9j x gpoav7/0qsqk a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and thesc/v 3g 7b /v0oh /+pqjaf9k+dxv o)mq relative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of waterc*y1+kfce b a; o9yyde5-fk.k on a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the lpt a )n39fh1g lp*r1bwater is boiling at a temperg 1*) rlb ntphfa1p93lature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volw 0y+u g c9i;lv/q*cncume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of 61szlrk l5(w:-zhdje7ljggyt1. /fo 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine /kkff)len /8 nmolecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distanefn fk)8/kl /nce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insec )t +c/zj.gab;ubd6m sb-iro ds13t2lts to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has 1doc)ma6/b.- tbu3+il tsr 2gbszdj;cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratedz)r9t ame ),xk at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been cal d2av; x e /rq+wex1yq2gwd+6xibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room tempera,s1 yhu8;mhhqi b+aj2 p+;bvjture. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool; b m+p2a8bqhvj;s,iu1jhh +y water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder im y .(mmv5cc)vs initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, thev) ccv m(mm.y5 gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, widf )qmcc,;yoz.1z g p fjjlpr1qn.-5e 1th 3.1 m, and heig-lp) .f ngejym cq p.cq,r;51 z1z1fojht 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one ad r35wj n8;wxjtom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vl0m3wr (x;c89jgz a5z2) ;rccqx wslwacuum techniques is about aj wc)xcg;mz2w8zs5cxr(w3 0r;l9 ql$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills h2ii +8 r5ev2bh jovwjx 6o;7seis lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surface, to i7exhr2ij os8e+2v5o6;wbj vwhat volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere:sd f6/trhz qz42a4ir at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Bec/2a6z4r ft:dzs 4q rihause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from 110q8t1z pnr ud1ar *h/b0$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of cr:+ h8 8ynho 6 twb3ss9yw+8gmuzk(t 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressuuh -u (/dftlw,w +5anjre at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the/w ajw- n5uf,t (lu+hd Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained in:)g l aw-eqlz3jww/ c9 a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psy0. -fofj6h uti (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measure-60ofy hfutj .d at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merctm5yp+j-t;v k0izb)syfys b6. l-o4tury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasol1e0o5 vpy wopx95 s+m9r+bot ca i5ex6ine at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to*5kox8xk q omtzlp( g u3w9(m6 fit snugly around the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly on9k 9 -2aafyejk *k5tycx7hx v(to a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted in the 1813eclqqs5z q)8w z1se$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of:ez4c )fd*mpz 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartr/y1qt7a fccmf;0,w m h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity bq y0nl/rsp 9j jei8 st(ktngs0n,14e6 y tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per js 6nl teg/t,ipj(8qnsnyrs90k1 0e 4second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver release q0i7)ex92b(xckr ugep 6 3qkns a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is theb e3(kcnx7q)gpkiuq 6 0e r29x bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vap/ f kay5ljs+j6or pressure in the air on the following two days: y6 5fsjja+kl/
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent(v +wymr f/)3x pr*nq-sx01tb8z9l am-pzin v difference in the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is s1/vrqpzx0z9 wl+iv y( t xbn3f-a8*m-pmr n)2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure,kx2p7n.yfox 1kw2o4 6hl6 aaj the coefficient of volume expansion isy4k.k nhxl1ao62xo76a j2 wfp equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their xmah )8slkgmfm7w7y );afn:1 ;vjqf43j ,jjycellars to prevent rot and mi, 47mhwja:m;8y xma gjjl3 nk7yq;s)j)fv ff1ldew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg