Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 xt.y f6 +z5ksfkg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Append xff5 yst+zk.6ix B.

Name several properties of materials that pvg,v2 dsk2l 6could be exploited to make a thermometerv2p,2 sdv kg6l.

Which is larger, 1 C noyg22kl+2kb2zt lo, $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in t6mtklk0 e1cbnzt.*3u hermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the tempeum lkt c.*3b06n ektz1ratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stri) r vrizrb h2i.-4 9pfk(f(urdp of iron. When heated, the strip will bendpirh)ufz4kf i-9r.brr(d ( v2. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansioni172ykt-y f;y mgz p-m $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to con)vt w0gs68* n d0cttne;r2wbo trol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at d68be 2no;dw s)t* 0t0nrwvtcgifferent temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the vatczu/5aw++shape of a U. Whytw u+avca +/5z?

A flat, uniform cylinr: m *.:wotjme5sn1bnder of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermomjzv n3qkif-5mi+x; ba09dhv5 eter is first placed in a hot tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit and th;-+xhi b5zqamiv5f v9 30jd knen rises. Explain.

A glass container may brea;l r:rhs() 8hou)es ikk if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parue h8o;rkhr)i: ss)l(ts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of lineucnw34pahc rd660x.j ar expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of63jpn c6xcha4uwd0.r Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acc1 n 6xb9cwo(e *qiru 0.4wqeuzurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to b0-+prkmcp qy0 ulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has happencm - pqyp0r0+ked?

When a gas is rapidly comp1l)cnw. )a qspressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules ac1)) qs. lwpnwhen they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or dec8 86.wr 3bw*m9 pc bhsaf/mxeirease if the temperaturebbmrs x3 a8*6. i89wpce hwfm/ is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charle sud)+,o4d96b p3hgc :b9o3mt qigzp89j k dbks’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatureb,4z9hdu6s q 9 ppd)b3j o98gd:+3igmokkbc t.

Explain in words how G/g lbchtxn15-c5j0 s tay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio (;ba1awy zyj8 r34elm 5jp/fi*cech:of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed3x(r6eypp6j k)l:o gs kt7p6k an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is (p jgr6s : xkp36p kk)7eot6ylabout one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room (v):efp99mbo vyk9/ajw k 0jv temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one jy fvevja p(9mkk):b0o9vw/9 relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far mo fxxi5ab-k8et msbllu 6 07t/)re uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same te i7bkt m lb/as x-lfx)8605utemperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20t bbs7zfi2omwr 3gc v: ;,p e/s7tzm;: $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air tempeang, m7o9 l x*tafrr-3rature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at3a7f9-a,lrgno x m r*t the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the ;o9h; h an+)j 3neft. pwm0(:ubmpfk kradiator cap of an overheated automobile engine.kpfup90;whb(h .am) em t;nf3onjk+:

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white skj(uy( 540xicp3lms cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3r0hl 1qy)3/s sceuk 6b.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the numx m, ux azdqp +9z+9a0-lk2zavber in a silver ring zva+p +9q - xmazlk2d az9u,x0of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to +;s 7y2f qqchoqaqp2; be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?2hsq +o;7acq;f2qy pq   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest tempeq92ly4zjj c96c mh,gm4j0 bg hratures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has lengt9h b0c3z k7re52.4z.zq gqlhjem2 sjeh 11.82 cm at 0. jq0. bze he43jq lz9sgmh.5ck2z7 r2e0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long hrd/. ud1g0a6g tu:x*du2g eu(20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ap m)s:rvz0 mzy8proximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature om zyr:zm 8)0vsf 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are largfa 12(wkh(pvo n3+gmr)pum5ler than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is plac(w3 1rmp+5vpf)laguo hmk2n (ed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water atw232o+ w3tk3hb m bmab 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter.n)-bj 6kg*bw z What will be its change in volume if it is 6)kbgwn -jzb* heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water a vn9x;d2;4n/ eskodr vu* ,ekst 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of water at )lw3w8q rxhn 3h8vvce9j +y4k20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a bw6x85( ft)ip)ulut o ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can exp9v1 fo qgp jd;7w ;bl(gvi4x6yand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient ofxgv914l7 o;dvb ;(gf w i6yqpj volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the densitm9ml ogu,7 d5zy $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of line,pq3 5xiysg;s*(o7/4w dfl d ht yiga2ar expans; 57,i(y*3s/t4whydgaol qgdx ipf2sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic snv 7(qmx 9qju-8wgg ul4c9t0 yolid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keeps perfect timepm r:p73eu(soc aa ;o- at 17 ma ocoes-ra7 (ppu:;3$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The b4xmg:ahtyz0 l ):qufa7a7z0 k *krm9 oulb has a volume of 0.2zmk0t 74r: :0kxao79gamq*zu h )yal f55 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid alumw8 :qjrs oz;4 4yplk8uinum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle oj ;zl uspo 8:qy4r4wk8n frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stres.s2ee*sm -rl5 gib+- an fm6trs is required to+ e6atr-f2* 5l bimssr- nemg. keep it at this length if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional ared pv( mg8hau*wh.3 .saa 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 czv nm4r8p8e4z9ea ,,sz5unj k m at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the K*h (+mvucl7jg-:agv r0dvp e.elvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what tempsn psi ), g)9y77gfwky hklp94erature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sug.t;tlbw(ew q2h 0ej (n are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pva31wv dr*+hmu;s7hta0 l p3 rressure and a temperature of 7vh+lm 3ra d;wr*p3vsa1u0ht about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using +sx ;zs4bs(qa77lic b xsd93 uthe ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6)srpktth/6 uzr 46kb;x ) byz12s 4iqp kg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.6 8e)hu pbyf8foy .*hc5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1-z w 3tztnze9ap-y,k l1zx3;t0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure insi7 s/i ekvr;.ed7 +qyyvde a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?v.kvys ie e7yq;d r+/7   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 s6t/b yk(fjutkx um,p* 2/e,fkg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves 5ce ajl(l 4yr9m2)p6arq2 kf cjqz;pn1ge . z-its buoyant lift by heating the air inside the balloon, which make q (j.pgr;ly2 )-5pac26ek4zjlner9c 1q azmf s it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with a2b +s1eabuc( ktv5y c ;h))ibbir at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.a9ilg8g y6m7f8(w ono0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand af 5*zja ug:lx7 fn7up(zkw16ct sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number o 2/crtl a+b 3e9a1myluf molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How manft .8iu qz6 eaip+txf ts(+5c2pdwv)4y molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles, a4qxl:43 ocpn    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5bw :i*jgf(7 rgxlyf*. .1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you 5lifzz)9v9kg r(ap4f inhale that were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: A(z) 5i9vfglkpf9r 4zassume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kine wruyqg35u(+se5n /o(: ekto 13wnjcmtic energy of an oxygen molecule at ST/ (ct r3knno1ugmw:s(wo+j3equ5y5 eP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed ofebr mpp6 f696h)ofd /e helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about 6000 6mb6phr fpfde)9e o/6K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperaturex.kn ws7(d* 0 u5qrvycd3p kgv39q7ti is increw0kt(*cg 7udqq vxv yr75kd3i9 .3psnased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the following speeds, given in units of km/s:mm4 0xuv4pbd q(s*4cm 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed4smm *4mu0(vd xpq4b c. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecuf4y b1qa; rdz/les in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, )bjnwb cekyl(a)/ +: lby what factor doey )ncbbka/l:ej ( wl+)s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed d zg5x6o /hqbbm5u q.xk*0t/eof molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixtures4umg4+rbx l3 of two gases at the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of b34r 4 +xslmugtheir molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moa;j(e 9rkxe445 wj* sa ,lztfwlecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen moqq:+me sy; k*u ce68hplecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrocj.f k*xm-p.d-7 v n2+e6b mi 4ewuwftgen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino ack:8bpthua7f sl(::q zid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living(8saz7:tql p kh:buf: cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P o+ yhof .d:bhd3 b.e2ilf a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran ,hvlv1npa;c/ ium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressuri2 wsf yu:2k( srsoe;0e, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.0 t(iz;14dh qjg1 atm and the temperature is (a) 9q1 i4(h;dgzt j0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if th*5owq mi1;ij:hnj x /te humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature ;q tmiji:1o5nw*h/xj is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at6cf h,a/9zb/nb e fpcrc*/hl. a place where water boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particularcsb fzbwb)ba sl i 5qw+0 *-ya(9r(;bo place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temob + fy* icq(l-aw (bs5wb)a0zbs9br;perature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on ae-xm z0)/mlsy l j7o*1x33oova9mw jh day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 40%? l3wmmea ohojyx-309 v1x/joz7ms*) l $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day w-5cz loi5 crk;hen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a preshs1uf:dt8 k6 psure cooker if the water is boiling at a temperature of 1 h:p6sku f8dt120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a rosqg*9b b7yg9 qdr3qx (om of volume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of ,:cew8x7o e.tepzq*k 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molec2 eivgd-qzsr b q d*/ 5wd8(diq;roe*9ule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance r (dq;v2qbdi9z8/i 5*qrs* dd-owe e gof 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubc /7+4wjj6v9b xqns gnes called tracheae. An average trachv qxnc 749g6jwjsb+ /nea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure h 7kitb3mbff s-60y1vhas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated up: 1 szicfly1;/3 ptxat 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at xjymtzbxbh03 6,h; w-normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup arx b6 x,wh3 j-mz;tbhy0e hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a zg( qb0r;kmv 9helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge preg; kz(bqm90vr ssure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, wid(w0n 3gx7s c;unpmi* ,5fua rith 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. A*cx5 p3n 0,(;w siuing7ufamrssume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the densitybj-lv5r2 tp,) lud xe2 of matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attaina; cz7d3hkh qh/ble using the best available vacuum techniques is abou ;h/3d k7czqhht $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m belowepb z7-m9ria , the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable? p-,za m7ber9i   L

  A space vehicle returning fro0i;5yx o hbd*8p 5msxhm the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (smo50 h5b*xph;id 8y xBecause of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas infi3vt,plp qp.(l31u - zfpy-s increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770m0v5d)7mwd j m8qen1pi $^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmosphera22m.stog vwf2 +wz5lic pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules in the Earth’s atmospher2ww mat5 l+.osfgv2z2e.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of n4x /gxsn2ru sib;jn1 0itrogen molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of wfhfmav9e8ezf7kn( d niy4i d .+45. ioxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pkyevh.in f84 4+i f(z fdwin7.5m 9dearessure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquidwzc- 0xsygowz /v)p4p01 6g sd mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline ap(i8xaqols -o o/3/aj t 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equg*hkge z7,k v- q1mcz8ator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly o:(cuhy h6smy6 nto a glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adop ,h*- 1bonogpo(h0ht jted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fc;,tl nqy40wykdios72d5t , w ully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed fro5kq r8sp,abh.cxkx .,m the Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis bp9xi2kjka z+pa3l i wp6(;ct 1alls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must r ix it1a kpazcp+wl2k(6;j p39ebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a db i)q iaqv 4;v39s)cbuepth of 14.0v4qi)vc b a)q9 3bi;su m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followw t)kvrkspgq:m t25ng9wkg 01ov.s(-2 x1couing two days: kpsvkr9mgt5wk g2w( oc 2 sxu:n.1)qt1o 0vg-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of iro ya , nroy+k:uc.kjv2- -lhxc1,w2hdhn at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tjunkh , ayl1cyro hd+v-22 :-,xwh.kcemperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an idealzw.k5qrp hyeqimb i5pa ,o ;5oz12+m4 gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is eqzoimw+ybzkp ia15m2hq 55.o e; ,4qrpual to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellar2 zcv hb s12.x xo/2g,-lkeo6 njlyz5ss to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a house (kept at 2,6zv2exjlho -2c2bs sx1lk. /gn 5ozy 0$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg