Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg ofczjq-oc2 0ff8l3kn x 7 aluminum? See the periodic table or Ap kz3cl7cf oq f0j82x-npendix B.

Name several properties of materials that could be ex6rju:vqw m742u wbz0p ploited to make a thermometer.uvu2bq0w zrj6:mp47 w

Which is larger, 1 C3)l+ udm fdjm0 $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system rd2;seqv3t (xB, but B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what can you say about the temtqd 2v(s3 exr;peratures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consi.d9yx t,7oxasti;vc ; sts of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [H ctadtx,7 y;.xs9i; ovint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficiev(y+ bbti0 gvnp,op* ;nt of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used to conmgkh.oi8m/. t trol a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of differmk 8m/ ig.oh.tent metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in ts 1rox;r+e c1she shape of a U. x1 c1+esrrs o;Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floanuxf l k/2w)j6ts in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub o215zlenup z2r f water, the mercury initially descends a bit and theru2 nzze2p1 l5n rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled morez9uic)qx9hv b q4k56x rapidly than adjacent par9 i4x5)b 96uhvqxk czqts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that uz*s w9j:xg(ahjc- .h its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller thash u9gjcx .-az (*hw:jn that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather cl fk.ryz,y(y 5e2kndf7 ock, accurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and tu x37eukz+vhkh9p4 6xop to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What has hap374kh u 9vhex6xkuz +ppened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing /k7o g8al./wp- whxxsdown a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving pisp8oxwsk hw /7l./gxa -ton.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere su6ipi 6a- f,9qs72am gnbt3qtobmerged in water increase or decrease if the temperaf, qt3nmq6ia7 62og9 tips-bature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows f - rr.)cfkx *nb/ gcf(txy2d)qrom kinetic theory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the abso( kr )/)-b*cxny fqfg.2rtdxclute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryed,3zmr -sf6 t shh8.s ku)jf3.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, the ratiobc2uy+b9ico)c 6f lj / of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers ot2z gpv*sg:0to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escapg *2tv:zo0ps ge velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can youoygw1h*p317 t pcuabud/7i k 2 infer about the molecular propg ubdi2k/ tc1 uop3wya7h7*1 perties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortabhz le./lhvbot. nij 871u7.gble than a hot dry day at the same temperature.i o.e.hz7lb/vu n ghlt1b.8 j7

Is it possible to boil water at room tempqyt6.a ((rxmwerature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the yhba 3l0k 9md4uf7u/kair temperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same Tk49b fdmu3y/khl a 07u? Explain.

Explain why it is da60 f-4yiixvm2nsqx( c ngerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile engi6mfx 4 s0yxc2(-vinq ine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winterbzm; 8 h5tx ux- gn4;mh2q:oef (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are therem4 (s:dfac u9ow-j gzp9 o22bv in a 3.4-gram copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-grasyn;7to6dt , +c)ize,cn 1 ffjm gold ring compare to the number in a sil;cnfo7nze t, csfi1j)t dy+ ,6ver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often,-r +/hdobcv6 fk ipx/ taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale?+chf6v-k ,dx/ i b/pro   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatuoqil85:8m6 xr5ymi t tres recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82 p p 7f+t jq,6lzb qu0ng;4eua:cm at 0.0 pqtegzlj4a ,b7u+;n upq:6 f0$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long)yk -ner4c3:.b kpuot +* kmjn (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximatc n8-y8lf k.)9p c xy-l2mjcmpely 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) ancnm kx-y.mclfp-98jp ylc8 2)d January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rive g8/5sojzy ee0ts that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 ge05e/o8yszj cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at (k(wj;k *mrfg4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What wx( o -yc*ffth2ill be its change in volume if it is heated f yh f(ft-2cx*orom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to cku 8+eaa z j,hmo1((wnbv*)a;htvi 7the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wawi9d*t0xqzk1 1 gk)mhter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placedhsx j5;(7iht e in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentialw2l5uth 8 ,+ttgmsqwg u 4o5r8ly one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approxir2sgl 48+mw,gqt8t uwt55h oumately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change kt8qgdej1*wa vbk. 4wh+v4r, i8h+h pin the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width izc/ yn w+di)1w has coefficient of linear expans/1z)i y+ncw idion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotropic soli9sm)g2edgi rde 57j/f9cqk 3xd, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made o-p5j:xz xgvb)f brass and keeps perfect time at 17 gx:bpzj v5x)- $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mmouy4j d- ,o ,kb96sxfon+c7mb . The bulb has anu-byo6 9o kmd7f4,j, + xobsc volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrica r/ p .;fml0swjj35bb ih*2rrsl wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular rsf/mb p2i5lsw0r bj.* jr;3hvelocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C6*.mox5 (jo0 is sin djy,ak/g. How much stress is required to keep it at this lengths,xmng650( a.djo o iys /*ijk if the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional aj 5ol pyz 2+.g4cr+*eky3dbi brea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1ih p8x z d)4.dd8rky7vxzw5lti p(d4(34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on thq 2sq+v2qoq ue :m6x8jf3s0p we Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahref,wf(x u4 a19*hpttd pnheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures i:2xk4x7a )dtf swdkf 1+tl*fvn the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, ia*5q+po/i/sgerpq q,fj9c, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature ofo r5g j/ic*s 9efi,+pqp,qaq / about 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen ah fjibkjrfqw+*a4 nk9(3n p,-j n.m1ft STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 rkyh1 +; 5imdykg of nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STPbq -/ucli).e c contains 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliu tz93ec, j5 k,)zahgehm gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L co(lex )r6qxhmc q:-xn;ntainer holding 105.0 kg of argon gas at -cxnqx:xhr e (6;)l qm385 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0;z( ya; r2cr.6jxpycyn 3idp0 kg of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by hea7zi5 /qknzk +g3q uhzw+i k,)rting the air inside the balloon, which makes it less )uzzqik g+ i7+/ , zknh3kq5rwdense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with airh3k zpw;wndn3oravl//2)ttdu1 . 4hm at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18. (b) kz:,zupu6d(n05 cdg vjem0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes q7 ,8 ntemmm qhaz9 b-v2tbm67n3h/kma child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of 9 v8(uj/oklq3,rd y blmolecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there h u o653e5bgkdin 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) mc 11hffvcmjrql2 ,5* poles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.19rx ed5vn jcl491 ,ygo$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale th.7e/0vo6q ex2g zzqspxiy1 u+ at were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume thse6zux.12gy v qp7e 0/oi zx+qe atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxyge i6 rhtp6zrs735o8b0rjj r i1wn molecule at STP?w356iir r7hj br t 8prjz1o06s    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium ato 3)ot ajazm91bms near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of a ob19)t zjaa3mbout 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules incrq:di v t2ixe w;iuh380ease if the temperature is increased fro h2x0ud; qv8i3wi: item 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules hav),./2x/za rnpamp yqt e the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the mr )/xt2,qaz . /pnapyrms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules jl 5w eo.nv-/oa/ )r:r5pxarnin a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by wh( ;y2ms+ii 3xf qxqf4 l-elfk:at fac:lxs;(ilxfm+f y 3fq eq -ki24tor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a;7qrnji8lt v jc f7qn:tfa5( +nbfm18 q9qv2 k gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same temperature, xm6b9qr7 oqkl*h7l d2the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of theil 6o xrdb 9*2qkq77lhmr molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of n 5, cff(e doyp79ilku9xzg6;nitrogen molecules contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an ox),livme q9:s d ,9lcbfygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen molecules at S+zsptk :,wys f 2a8qvj.m6(qjTP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecular mase fe xrkb5m+l(f05 ig.s is 89 u in a living cell at 37 feer.5 (f5bg+ikxm l0 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can 92vco (pg i3r7yw-r7v8jmzvdbe written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of u/4 *bd mtff:1s: rcilmranium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pszca- fma. iv 20yofk6hnc)v j,)2 8pxressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase ldxd8g5cz0xd:y ft0w0y lq7/when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 0qxwdd7dx yc:l0/58 lgztyf0 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) 8lnek3)1y srfs7 klo 2if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperature is 22)ks3rl8k7 e yf 1onls5 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at d; /r4wcj,x r8zblifla),a6 t90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular pua 3.sj /bkfl,ln s0i1lace in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the l j/3ibs, 0.sku flan1temperature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa 7w0l(va ; qiiehnp53(cv6nns and the rel n0nh6naw7ei;q 5pv3s( (ci vlative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day whp;q5wj:kc :cm 9ql3za wsos)*en the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pra67jmskhd kpi/7rk +1essure inside a pressure cooker if the water is boiling a 1pakmkr k/dih 6j77s+t a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of v -sde+gd+7/hten-+xewgl tk( olume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point 0x fzv/tfz,3 vy4rs 3iy2hqj2of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine monkpm: /+c4wpiu-hsay mcwo23r xe .l70,me t*lecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distai/ we,scx0.mrpl:- 2t n4 oamupke* yhw+m37cnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the e3i. /co wzx1rsurface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm w1ci.3 rz x/oelong and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has bldc-:4mez v-n5 rfsf1een calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has be m 35x6z8un vhqf/6pnven calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated *na3 b o9-,fdajqoz)tat normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL o t)b jda,93-fozoq*anf cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. xmykfwz/g ,p )r g-2/4*dxntg After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. Whatm 4 ftzpgy xn)/g,2kr/ g*xwd- fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lb ygsw bi8v,f1:,xk 5xength 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m.wy b fx85x s1b:i,gk,v Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of mat;p9 kseu-0ftgter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable usingeky 5b pu. j 7a.ea0zznz+.q.p the best available vacuum techniques is about z.epb upe0z5z qa7yj.+n.ak. $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver filwjue6.tisc hiv10;wmz o:0i;8us er6r9b jz .ls his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 10 m below the surfac00 6rw uh;o ;ijwius evcrzt6e8sj. .mb:i z19e, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning zvned v(c-irs64 8e)h31 wswq from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special mar(-vqehidwnc4)s 1w s v6z83eterials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased frqz:h92v y vs;vn+rpa :om 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of gss ,9,pw, bsq770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pr n3y+zvxdy)i;; xdld )essure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecules i+ ddixv);l yx) ny3;zdn the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecul6:o7le (.d e yablsrh;es contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge prhbd8y(o8,1qadj h0 qzessure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 21ojhqqdz( had88,b y0 .4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury at 0j(r ,z2iaecb 6$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline sk4 *engz30y3/pabw * 0iigs kat 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aroundb6*i 1(4uuvsb 4pukm w the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glmqc;zmf, b5 9fxre2ckcv- o06ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standardmn9 ++f;7o klzzgiq 9n, adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, ha( ) ic.3vg liyy3, c6poowhox2s a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earfjb,qmdbvj94/ i( rc 4th is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspendedh/wxphkigd : gi+*p ndq;rh7;u ky543 against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assumin*p 7 :qp3hyhni g 5 /kig;dkudxhr;4w+g they have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases l 5l 4)vopm8(vqjzd3h a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at o3vdhjl(vqz m5 p )4l8298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following two days:,chnvnx-b *v j )h8la( *lvx jnh,avn b)8ch(-
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the density of it5umn o0/rf2 ,n)tae aron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 20/tn2 nmoa,t0r e) a5uf00$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressu(gsrp wlj06y)e vqxp 87z1eki+ym* 5ere, txqv1ey6pm wr *)kp s87e gy+jzel(i05 he coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly dehumidify their cellars to prevent rot an+y1f rvmp4 x3n 7wv: 2,y)eoaooyb jz;d mildew. If the cellar imyrv+3vo2fa ep1w7yo x ,y4nbo:jz);n a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg