Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1l)o nwp(jlc4i(he -6 l kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix B( en)jl l4l6ihpw- (oc.

Name several properties of materials that could be exploited to w7 *.qv rsv+dayh:b)o make a thermometer *dvr+7 :qowbyv has.).

Which is larger, 1 C u6a.g53 fu sq b5a1alg$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, buts vmy6 8.efqi)vl;) ji B is not in thermal equilibrium with system C, what 6lqev)8m s y);iij.vf can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a vx9q ka-46)7s-oq o vefkvz8nstrip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: v9xqo 47zo eknk- 8)f-s 6qvvaSee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficieng+pf y dinz,z+sl1r-tn1 n*a(t of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostaf +6s7nwq a/ost used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of twow6o/fs7+sn q a strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a dug,o fk 6k6pd*aahx.y7:0s i section in the shape of a ydxs:6.ohu*apg7ifk k 0a6 d ,U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in mercury at g0 zo+/kgsz inc --8tb0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in * rs35lcenv-pb0- o5 bwc*z6rfl7j kpa hot tub of water, the mercury initially -sb55w3 *fjvo-r7 klclp 06nbczrpe * descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is jsabx(imoti )0m b/ .0heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. Explaib)/ mxaj(s b0mti.0 oin.

The principal virtue of Pihb igok/ 5+399 ahz lo+a9uhhyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gig+/+zohbi9 hk59 lih 3h9a uaoves rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurat5quw5. c 3 abs50tsrave at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badlyz hk*vy-*6fc w the can will not stand uh z*y vf-c*wk6p. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down*5rjs d8ilcz7 a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperatur 8 srdzj7l5ic*e using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force o i,ko63tcygq 9n an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased from 2t, i69qo3cyk g0 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how c ,jp;mh dhxp 8*)e4xtCharles’s law follows from kinetic theory and the relation between avertpx epc8xj dhh m4);,*age kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic theoryaqi1e*bbbfp - j*d4c. .

As you go higher in thr9inb ;4;cokcczw 0w0e Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the./c:e kpitsctn78xe;9 kp04+ i k,xx)hgllqv minimum speed an object must have to leave the Eackx v;7+ ksn/9 : 4xgxkc eltlh.tei)ppq ,i08rth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What can youj; 7uq im.3glcd yqo;0 infeio .0c;qq g ymu73;jldr about the molecular properties of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid dayb7zyc8iv * -jub*gv-u ( urov3 is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same temp*bv b ujivo7uruc-z8v (y3-g*erature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperature (20 ic8t3 cn50e,mz .96 t jek* jxqnnps;p$^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air xrj vqty ibg6:8 tf68*0hj,gwtemperature is the same but the humidity is different. Which is t v8ty8bqfg ijwjx,6r*0:h g 6more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerousfn*i qay78e*- re*n jc to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobile 7*e* jcfn aeqn r*8-iyengine.

Why does exhaled air appear as a littcwy )9wz-mf2hle white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram coppeybwycujoq z-6/;3s w+6( gnq xr penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number .m+uij 6zc9ci 7iqis /in ac+zi/mu7j 6sqic.i9 i silver ring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. What is this on thegye6h 6wg7+gi Celsius scale? ggyh6w 7e+g6i   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 13i5-cdeg70vnfgt*97s80jsvr p +bl c s6 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 11.82nb2( gkf24xdhskj4 8od3td27i ci 3u t cm at 0.0 i2gk23tuk h8t43 7no xds2 4(jddicbf$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is b rcy/xyaz;;n7w4u; ryuilt of slabs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of d vgk(j9i5) 4h q1q kokspalp 5lq(85jwrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height cha g5hl( qkoks(v85jd9lji1 qqpak)45 pnges between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larefrit0rs1df3 +x 7ds2ger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed 73d+f2xe irft0ssrd1 in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 2fbvfc* .yo7 s:iugj(at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm itr89b,m q75yqv8 s wym:fe8ton diameter. What will be its change in volume if it i8 tst5 y o87mvb 9rq:,w8mqyefs heated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at42mp:k6uimn qn - (c,fyyl se, 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that freot8gpf48601 5 :xhlkgon k55.50 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iroh+cx;*i b lej 9:em1ron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, na-o 1fa5b/xgw8mojkn - rrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that th/8fo--wa 1m gjxkobn5e effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changeru4 fn): qmef.u( o).;i wie+leux+ao in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of 6fbrlt.7lc3 mdyw0/y linear expan b3w d67rlcmyl/.0yftsion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isoh il2agyo,yvq3 (yqmojot-(15 / skq 9tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and )9l8g8,ice m6nk8 9b clxyuncpoe-4kkeeps perfect time at 17 p-)8ikm 8neo8eync6xu99cc4 ,kbllg $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercu 2)s8 bk cq2/o8prireshs)9nvry thermometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bul bisro2vnhs)p8/ 92r sqe) c8kb has a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius +z qq/4 blhgt*h.jut7sfpm: 10.41 m is rotating about its axle on frictionu. lzsh /hqbm*4 1tp7tfq+ j:gless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much s+l/mxgdni 2c85 d08l bm;ie hxtress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature in ll cg8dm;ix2n x8dh/05+iebmcreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-htmtgj -sw-0+ l-nj+ psectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 cm vx r td,/ui(*aat 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatu+.c8egckljvw az p6 17res on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit s; x+uk:2ghyba0qtssl 7 t3ev 9cale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of tlgg74eu 5oech) :a0 gohe Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressure dgs*wtu;bs4 a dw *7-;:kduqeand a temperature of dgdq dbe-* ;stw7w4 ka:;uu* sabout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP u 6mn*x*x86xdqbxs6 bsca1- wcsing the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of 18udz)pv/qnk apyl7 0 nitrogen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 kg of nitn+chy*xj,+ p43c v0 ef is9nnuadgd6:rogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium g8l476z l /e m jkb;ikerl at,t2yw)w6vas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0ap;r.1 .fjwtm kg of argon gas at 38jrmpt.waf ;. 15 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of sleu/s p51pb) i x4-im$O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by he9 wfv,ygdof; k i+qbkqqa)*; k.w+0 vkating the air inside the balloon, which *wfbfqqk;o, g kw+kav+;9.vk0dq y)i makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air azx6b qor-+d9x i-mv)pl:im 7et 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen atbqlk8 k4ia 0r3q;ak: b 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon5vlcc z1 tv9p.5ogx,;p 9kgc r5z0*)kida ciu escapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molecumgl;7q1a5 od /mfuevs )rb,t2les / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many molecules? ,s2s0.o6;g xzstc jxz    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) moles;qih 19uljs9yh* (e .sf o;gdc,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volumegp63 4rlcq(pbt0xs -l 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecul-qkeeogitorv/p/0b ;:+tej 2 es of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were//i0t-opregoqje;+v2 b:ekt also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average tran. )c.w2 9;sywe vohez9m .bff6:mvt saslational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at STP? w;ef c9svb2t..6 hom syawz:)9mvef.    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms r -,zxrof-o21qfb rzhlp w895 near the surface of the Sun at a temperature of about -fwro2 1p, bh9zz 5x-l8rrofq 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the r-g(fv ,ai ,rnlms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature is(ivl -n,fa, rg increased from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have th )4 d8v owt(: 1gifkl*taig9hve following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms spee v1w)f8lv4to9kgaii:( g thd* d. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molehw/og4- eey iloy0 h-b5yse/2cules in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled whifi +o.zbste./-3h+ dr(v ma-mraw :kdle its volume is held constant, by what factor doeak+sf-bha: + mwt 3ie.oddv( r -/zmr.s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms spee0 yhgn m9z7;thd of molecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases .u i;aa)za-w lat the same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molecular massa)a.a;w- z ulies.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen moleculeorr3 6cdb:o1ss ockkl+w,v+3s contained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed of an oxygen mvey,epwji+,p6*+u+ chl4dp t/ t 09pyrs ohg6 olecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between ni6bd)m9 fih0m 7-dn qnitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an aminok7 m;rel z:,(um:fzuz acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living :l,mmz:feuzku7z ( r;cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressura+0par p4xcul n/4 yzlyx;u- 1wqm.c (e P of a gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranipd.xxcz*8g f6t wf50h8plp+ xum, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric p7whxwq98*p yj ressure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and bcg4hl rajo)x97 4nn65yr,ue s m;t/x;4vh cr the temperature is (a)4v5r;n;u yae7mx 4x)c,rh c /b ost9gnhr4j l6 90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if tnf,lhnv g+f5-( kbtep1 oy1t 8he humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturb5f ngkyh no1 ft e18+(pv,tl-e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils ro7bvhtv++xal2 )jk*o nd6 d:at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountain;0n ( zb ne ozcdwd/akprq4:iqo:6:4is is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which water boil( :kcbi4drzq n z 4n0/i6 oq:edawp:o;s. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure ofxg *5qt1x.6wq sg gfq: water is 530 Pa and the relative humidity is 4 wftqqgg: g. x51qx6*s0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temp7e2t:;u,wr ysy yy pu8oj1.qqerature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if vx(ql 7pc27/vb 3as apthe water is boiling at sbp(avl 2xa7vp7/3qc a temperature of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of vo.ih w-w8 0tuiklume 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew j2pn5wjrm/ nl*5mh:k a -c7 cspoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–48t g);gkuqbly (r1a-2 pga 2ebv :c)xa) to diffuse a distagb(-8qacar1ytua)kvelggp; 22 :x ) bnce of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to thedoy fs; /y 93*rmwrd9p interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cros;/*dwp9 f3r9 osrymyd s-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure j9vspupd3tl; w9(jud w/+u. x has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure hmt(, gl/ae - f+j rek64vx6gacas been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibra,3fzw-u +l dvcmw j4.xted at normal room temperature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for cwj3 v x,fum-.l4dw+z 300 mL of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftecuj h -3u+d-hxg7hf1 pr7 doa( jm2bd/r many balloons hd23o fahgu(cb7 ujph-x jdm+ d/h-r1 7ave been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of lenwg.95hjegya.5m jga l w3vq* *gth 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 2.5 .yh35j*l 9wg5av wjea *g.q mgm. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is abp aa dfl2i-g0*kn:1 vk/aq,xda, ww0hout one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best available vacuum techniques is ab/pcu yg+v2evaq 2k*m:fmnp )2out 2vqyu: c g2+2emv/kn fm)pp* a$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 (j,n ) t61tnj(sygwxbt*)ce a L when 10 m below the surface, to what volume would j1awx6jy,(tb)n)(n sc t* tgehis lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosph9q9 s c)l-merpti0l+ uere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a+9 - siupl)re0qt cml9 bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increased fro43 hrly qcqb/p rei 3(l)*fm8km 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7av7 b2t)tgi r eq0r5)t70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric )n3-ipm(hwva* f hwi/pressure at the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air molecul*v3/mhw(i)apw - inh fes in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contair8 3)zx3ffsx1g:zoyifpc oz *+pd 2m4ned in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has ga1rf4/ xq cvh+guge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured a+g q4xc/hf1r vt atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of li+gn osdn)noq (-pyt: y)d3 s)mquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasolina8/ byrivxct08g l/r 0e at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly aro3m/f *q1hvmk vy/zgkll;pf+2r9hm o.und the Earth’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto *7dd(zb fm -. +dqvzuga glass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopta:u-e.+sb)b;zx lzy ved in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 a t6j1lw2)57dq upjr r6*a ixgutm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from im rxf.a3e;5e+uj:k uthe Earth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended;av+kbqkqbxteq:)q ,650jev)m+ebf against gravity by tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg +ee)x fkb)5vj;q+qb 6q,b:m k q0va etand are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00/ra7,5 q btwxp-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it r p,5xr wtqba7/eaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the followiv d23qhmvv, h*ng two days: ,d23*qv vhhv m
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the de932d rq9gwhub7c3y/(az - ga tpog:kfnsity of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the tem9 aagkgqgcrdyf o wh-79p (bz32:ut/3perature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at o7 e.kf06ug kl5e ren/constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansio ue0f/o 7gr65kel.k enn is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.