Which has more atoms: 1 kg of ir rz6jw /. 5czr1*oqw0-eg+*fakm zndqon or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Appendix a5kzz f* w.+ -no cm/zqrdqj e1w6r0g*B.

Name several properties of materials that could be e95 u*n,lwtfjlxploited to make a thermometf5 u9nw jl,*tler.

Which is larger, 1 C mt;dz.w/r 9f )na oo(l$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thermal equ v(clqgls q +;a0jn+. lpt1hn)ilibrium with system C, what can you say aboulnql+a(;gh)c0. jvn tq ps 1l+t the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a stgq(u., vl m /dlbem)o)81kuyhrip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Wh.b,1o mulv()ueq/k l g )hdy8mich metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coeffic/uqmgt b,zx0/w 5ydy1ient of linear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thee:uj;3w*a .a+ojpebl( a)llzrmostat used to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different mew3uzj aelal*j.) o:be (a; +lptals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends of q9d)7gwb- gpwue(uz 5ten have a section in the shape of a u ed)wpzugg( qwb75 -9U. Why?

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floats in merc-cem8qz e e3o:ury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wa snsvs2*d5wxlc5 wm/agup(7ha4 )k h*ter, the mercury initially descends a bit and thenkc(w wl7 v/4a *suh5p2gs*d5amh)snx rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is f0.,ynhgqzi-8 4 xl uoheated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent pfx4uy z iq,h8n0glo- .arts. Explain.

The principal virtue ;5vwyk)kol9u- nkv -h2 g s5auof Pyrex glass is that its coefficient of linear expansion is much smalvl ohya5g;)v5u kus29-k-w nk ler than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate -cek x pxzezh)r0263kat 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and tophkqv *+; zc3*/ nb :jfa1nas 7pjken7x to bulge so badly the can will not stand up. What hkj *n*n hj137+;v:asz cpxaqke/nfb7as happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperat i5*/u 50v q2ciwzadsgure increases. When a gas expands a0s i5 uzwvdg*/2qca 5igainst a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphereueu1b ;zt2ajygt2fj.gs*8j jh6 ,o) q submerged in water increase or decresjj u.81e*yt 2zq) jfugbjo2gha ,6t;ase if the temperature is increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic them mjz/tt9 mz( xkv2kidm;;34 fory and the relation between average kinetic energy anxzzmtmd3 4(j2/m9f; iv km ;ktd the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kh3qq-fsbft(p 56 i4z sinetic theory.

As you go higher in cf pzk4x1+0mu 0yb, nzthe Earth’s atmosphere, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers t(s h3( ,ldl m zyr ozkq2(vqdbt(6x(1oo the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The esca(vmd,(2q lo1tsz(zyo hr 3lkd(q 6b (xpe velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. Wit51bo+,x- wlvjr5 rn hat can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to wj55r olxvni,brt- 1+the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is fare+rqsidbb. ee.y+*; q more uncomfortable than a hot dry day at the same t ;eeirysb e.+qbq.d*+ emperature.

Is it possible to boil water at room temperat8-yx2uy otgf r+k4ub) ure (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but8 (h5i tv7.efb vesq:; 4h,vl0ltwbqe the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? v;eqwvqfti 8b0e 5,th:.bs4h 7lvel( Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automobileq1j rfn+ k0qoz;fhazkjfc w (),*fw9/ enginafq0c;j k( kwfn9 r)h1*qf+ wjfz,oz/e.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13u:,)f p63yh+wm p i 4vd5sqbfwz:jlo, –28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gra 93wuyd59 nsmgm copper penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atomsyg(v,mz 061bxofpm6h 6f2( klnx,qva+vzk 9p in a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the same massxgbq1vm0pmpnfk yo, f+lz v6v6x9( kz(6h2,a?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F. Whn6yc82 j dfr7bt7q;ztx4st*khu+t(9y tet + l at is this on the Celsius scale?2 s t ck7tut* 6 qzty(;4ttyjl97+8n+dhbrexf   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded wx+9/( pvr b m2( emjylay)d:lare 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcomryy-jld 9i,( hol column has length 11.82 cm at 0.0 ,9 (rmj d-lyiy$^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (2037 lgac xf-k0u $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m talus6ihupknxn 39 aoj:i*z39jw8l *n+zl. Esti6n9s:hp3zxjwn9j ilk3on8 z* +au*iumate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fittwx mns701drk:v 8my 3-zrgu9, rivets that are larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usuad sk3-n ywur9 rmx 8g7tv0:zm1lly in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at xnp4w n;(ic6loyu0 c64 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be u+zys-hyq( q0vtav/)its change in volume if it is heated from 30(qt)avh yv0u qyz +s-/ $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is fillez ..cwcs, j*t l;q1nvdaui5w.d to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL ovje jc4)j3t dx bgu/:*d zu+sq,8fi .pf water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of iron. At 20hn- i(nq5: cdp $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vesseelr5n0nssv1m mk b:na- 1-i3ml so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expm-:0v- 1ns e m ksia5n1nblmr3ansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the changy 80pc2vlq*q ax,l ug6e in the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of linear eh hj794su i.stxpansion 7 4hjtss.9 ihu$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isotr )9fheryf;8hupjv*z:opic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and ks4eb:y yv amm3d+ ezi;jem/ 0.eeps perfect time at 17 ez e03by/m.4 :jey ;a i+msmvd$^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thedmf- x, s*wm; :: ,c3ttruv: 3oqniyrlrmometer has an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has a volume of 0.25 oxqdu;3: ,c m3 y,::frrvlmws-* ttni5 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about6 k+d; tffj6dj its axle on frictionless bearings fj6jdfd6t +;kwith angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when at 15°C. How much stress is requirn4j muu-9 sxv3ed to keep it at this length if the temperaturs-x nuu34m9jv e increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross-sectional )j*wgdfq5( jrarea 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 134.122 c bu g -6v2uwa-us8(3 kf(tdfttm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperature8tlfw anp+744 z1mifqs on the Kelvin scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what zn-bp3c0yja jrbc9 e69a8 bl)temperature on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Sun are about 40 h24hapso8d;ri drbpcti59 b6bmt0ng27k*1t 00$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustio2vazl0) +gzt,:mz evwn engine, air at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of about zvmv:,2) zwazt0+el g 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxb *k26l ko6 iwp0b6pijygen at STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogen ewnjy* et;9 d;($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 1;3d8oe8o hpzen390a:nfs a fz8.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas0yi2pq z 1i:il is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 kg of arh qtrhtw:54xy/k6j1 y gon gas at 385t5h6kt4yqyhw 1jxr : / K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg o9nvb 5dqz.7hoo-n2 wd tdz2y -f $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the ai/.n*f dj*qep cr inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of nfje.d*/ q pc*a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air at 15l s5wdpew8, d; $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen ats o0nqe9,,y3 dhg wbv- 18.0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sear*s h;bs0b *tt level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number omqfzk( nv3 0halhw*0;l1px8c,z2 n uy f molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there ipne v +/d1za6 * u+n. (o+v7fgfhiravdn 1.000 L? How many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of (a) /s a;ls z;tk(vmoles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5ca) -h ) giba0j;9hrsq.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air ar;aik .udx (k1 jpj ig0ydz5(,re in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that were also gyijd15 p(a 0ikr;k d (.xu,jzin the last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecuyrl,s yeadcog+yb7xbb1. vl*.898dble at ST.rycbsax*8 8, gd od.byb7vey l1+b9lP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun s4l 9 )k:lo;l*sujime at a temperatulk9)emoli*:s;s uj4 lre of about 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperatureqm)hl1s4l+i fd1cs2p+hwz;uq ) (d no is increased fro dcwhs+fd ))1us1mlnl ;qi4h( q+opz2m 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the f/c0gk rju/5gb tw f6x2ollowing speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculat/jucwkrt/g 025 f6 xgbe the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at p))ej, bi1nxdk j(-ky20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by0weccw w jtb6e31djx,pm5 :y1 what factor j ,ed5e13 y01cmbw:wxjwt6pcdoes $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mole ch,h 8n ji,8qrb:.0syby mou4cules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempengu/l1v,:y3.cz rnn4/fy ruirature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their molev1/ yngl/ rizrn4 .c:,uu3ynfcular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained/xr)2esi*4 w 1ctitpg in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed oj0b4n; j-f+y u jnz*ykf an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen m:o-g w upfr6 riv+1od2olecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of ahz e;1gqqmb 2-n amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living 21ge ;bqh-qzm cell at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas can be written P = ie*sx3u t i+e2g66zzl$\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uranium,yi;r7)2og( tl*gl cj *r;y rsj $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressure, in what phaspk - iwig3r,z9le jn 7..qgr/opa9 yt8es can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 9 +ctfo18i *omptus0m wsurun0 9g**v0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) 90 u tigwsmf9u0*0oopsn*m89*+ uvt1cr $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidity is 50% on a d s 2v ilp4:y0a2jlz.dnay when the temperaturlvpn .zd04li 2 jya:s2e is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where watera byuz ;ovi s1-y:3(s4q .dkpw boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in bctr 48+ sb *efrnhv)4i(fl0ithe mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the tempec4*t()0rri blvfs4e bfi 8hn+rature at which water boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 glzla(+3o7,ly(rl.3ip 4i y qzs /jbzPa and the relative humidity is 4 or3sqpag/4l 3l+yzl(y,jz. iiz 7bl(0%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water ozq03(u.(.ca rc8 0wp cxjc ewjn a day when the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if the ws w-5ilv- +l;yunks5.cdav mqslg 979ater is boiling at a temperature ofwl;mqs.s5si+5lu cd 7 lya99-vnk v g- 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume1 6;nj cxhk vw5rs:tyn7g; g5w 680$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew iq3voo1j58hs k7sbtgv., + w jpoint of 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse ayizl86j3y8 bk8* uv zj distance of 15k8bi yj68zlu83 j*z yv $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects t3,5wik)oyg z5 9wjf onjc(hl3nx r o;:o the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An 5h;g) xj9fy,rk 5wiz33ljo nocow:n( average trachea is about 2 mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibrated at 20y,u gea12((v (rcy7/5ogxtp no g*v dl$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has bot0h bzl.7q 5sku5i -leen calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. a a,+ 5blaajtf,:e on2How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of c:a2le na,fa, t+ 5ajobool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a heldrf:1hpr,2 q3heru;d2hnt9h. v6 u gsium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas f1t3 r6uh2 vgrueprq.ddh:,;s9h2nh remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room o *vrqhc,;dh8,up -xulf length 6.5 m, width 3.1 m, and height 8u v dx-u, *rp;hlhc,q2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom pe1qlh8vn9 sy2 cr $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainabled1u :h5 a3)ijjdb tp7q using the best available vacuum techniques is about i)1 b73qdj: jta hp5du$10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L;q vzj pesyq -xk8q *m s-fy8+kh/4p5v when 10 m below the surface, to what v; pq kqzv+- *5 js -kq8e/vfsm4hyp8xyolume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmo5fc3 yw/ ; 3ezlmvur dkk4*4bdsphere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporik muvk33brcdl;*5z wey4/f d4ze, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is increasedyyscrf1ri6-bb;fl y2civ r:ck/3 e 5 2 from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 7m:hhsic a. issqu ,* .3)v7emo70m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surface z;r/ 2s hkpkiwlhx) n8y9 ctwf/ve 0)9i62xlsof the Earth, estimate the total num6) 9w l8i;l2xt/k rn0syzpv9)s/wchk eixfh2ber of air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules cqb4l*hjx.zs8 qdv(*9+ p bm*(x ngkr lontained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospi*dy zr.mau ,+ttal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K m y dz.,ur*ta+How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid merl:0n an9rsx+i uwn u,+cury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoli9,zspu ns(er8/r k7et,g m4 l92sej7 q/jlh rkne at 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equn56n+zx -cdl; f q4ypfator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar a1)fm8 8j.y vz+ thhtaat 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, adopted 6im2.6d /npqy /g qvuhin the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressurehh1+q v, (e rr x*(dl;x4dvai13od pch of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Eartndwqo a3edaj4)+ 56ui h is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity byrj/m f pi18y(ula, t4c tennis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 ky jlfa,ru8p1t (m/ ci4g and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical)2)pg5kmmg/nzwg4 v th co(7n, bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble whg/,gn4mn5v7p ) k(tmhg z cw2oen it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water v vwqa(rzr 78y0apor pressure in the air on the following two days: v (8rr0qwya7 z
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference iq 7aw2yr9lfg2 c* zzo2n the density of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the * qyz9w7 corgl22fza2temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, fg hx)4th4eem /or an ideal gas at constant pressure, theehgthxe 4 /)4m coefficient of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.

  In humid climates, people constantly d6yf 40o;i,ns5.lh kn ut;l f8sy0auoaa9yp;n ehumidify their cellars to prevent rot and mildew. If the cellar in a h; f nay;8unnl. 5s;lfoyo06a9kp,s4ytiu0a house (kept at 20$^{\circ} $C) has 95 $m^2$ of floor space and a ceiling height of 2.8 m, what is the mass of water that must be removed from it to drop the humidity from 95% to a more reasonable 30%?    kg