Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron or 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic t ;5y atua;tpz9able or Appendix But;y9a pat z5;.

Name several propert e/ cvjdo(a2ctg2* pi+z-- qlpies of materials that could be exploited to make a thermometer.2c+o p * -ti g/j2vlqcza(ped-

Which is larger, 1 Cfsa4(j1(hjoy $^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in tid *b,(jeboma 9 k47ixhermal equilibrium with syxo9bb(e4 aimij d*k 7,stem C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic stripp ,fbek uh 3tfm:*w-v: consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of iron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: S ef kftm-,p *bvh::u3wee Table 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linearth7/ vp :u tw4or3h6e/1rzqdy expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat used tbrtc1m;d ez03m5 ah*n o control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both cona m3d 10et*5;mnbrhcztact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section 61/ rkitb/egein the shape of a U.i t1e6kb//egr Why?

A flat, uniform cylinivpeu j/zmnb ;,t7dm -*/ wiqk3a-l3h der of lead floats in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of wat/u8vtcd uj(* wer, t*dut v(ucj 8/whe mercury initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it 4+bpvzb8z fj 8is heated or cooled more rapidly than adjacent parts. E+88bpzvb f z4jxplain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficiupmrc df.m41 gs9d c/4ent of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass pusm f/d. cmc44r9g1d (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyrex.

Will a grandfather clock, acu y9g6 6cm fffpe 87-f)nit)fscurate at 20 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and tmiiq q)r0v-(x 86h1r5i1nc3: rrlavqcrz e(hop to bulge so badly the can will not stav(h 8 rqrl-3qz6ihrc1rai :() c05ne1vmi qxrnd up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly compressed (say, by pushing down a pie0 ,w -q dxq5*c:1a7buooyykiston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinetic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.qoc1 x0biyq:deow 5u,y*7- ka

Will the buoyant force on an alg )q7l52qhbsc :akiw 5uminum sphere submerged in water increase or decrease if the temperature isk g)7h ciqlqsa:2 5w5b increased from 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law folw 4/4bt9.azymiz ns8p lows from kinetic theory and the relation between average s z mp.84a itnw/yz9b4kinetic energy and the absolute temperature.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s 0 ktju*usoyi -ne 9i3-j:y l4flaw follows from kinetic theory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmosphere, :9o tjuz5ilwlx n5,sw-l.ih9the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the E 5n;e5sqkh vo)arth refers to the minimum speed an object must have to leave the Earth and never return. ;h s5ke v5o)qnThe escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for the Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quicklyks2 lnpn3dw1 / than water at room temperature. What can you infer about the molecular properties of one relative to the oth/dk p1nl2wn3s er?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot drm t4:nup 9 z,tprrlpa24w9+ray day at the same t44p aar+:npwlu9,mpt r r 9t2zemperature.

Is it possible to boilraalelm7( 4 1r water at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the same but t-,kt c+ p75/rnv xptjihe humidity is different. Whicn +pk-rpv5 t/7jt,x ich is more dense, the dry air or the humid air at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an overheated automomfglpw .oy-a xf/x.vu2m+r5;bile engil2fu .x g fox.+m-/5mvwy; parne.

Why does exhaled air appear as a little white cloud in the winter e+po o+ 7r+ooa(Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram copper penny? c t//iiznd ,s1* bsqm97yi9sa   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in a 26.5-gram gold ring comp,:gc1im pf4rh*x4; pjzk)yuda o9w 7 care to the number in a silver *9 mixcd 4; rpuka:41gfy)7hwzoc, jpring of the same mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is often taken to be 68°F.gavrroy3c,4e;k hw 9r16 5en n What is this on the Celsius scale?e3ra ;e6 kg,hyn orw1rc4v59 n   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest temperatures recorded are 1( cchlnq10;)/peu*cr/rj l nt36 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol colu8s (nn ayliin rg214knv/h2)umn has length 11.82 cm at 0.g)8kn(n/1iul h22ansyr n vi40 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m l37h uszr(uyi*we t83 0 6fye-bixdjq;ong (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wsh)qvr b+ ;sq07o ag6;x+xh xsrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (av q+sghsxr;s )+7o0h6v xqaxb ;erage temperature of 25°C) and January (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that are larger than the ra9sb7sqk u2 - *:twokg+bx9uk ivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A kkswk:-s b*29qb 9a+o7ugutx steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in diameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water 79jx 8rymi0n;rl xol8 at 4 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its change in volume if iu c 7te65b1qnmt is heated fr1e 5 q7c6tbnumom 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mL of water at 1004n f wp.ewf70uet 7lp;.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.5fzh8 1 r;d),ryqyn:e l0 mL of water at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placed in a ring made of irh8a ,vr g2gx,won. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in1yrtoenhz;m0q*1 b :n a long, narrow vessel so it can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coefficient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient t:myo; *qnznr0hbe11 of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change ie59ynwc;6pdd (l-akrl ;qs+ dn the density $\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lkmb )q9vo b,r-)+5fu jod3;.dc s)5g fd sqbblinear expansv))fcd5 sd q, bdg f3b5rjb.)-ob ;mlo9uq k+sion $\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isopec+ke6a5k h8tropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather clock is made of brass and keep dxl c.yaq0k2.1ntl- ls perfect time at 1.- al1l y.ql0ntx kd2c7 $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has a /u0cqxq9q79p0 yaca an inside diameter of 0.140 mm. The bulb has0/q aqyqac9a709 pucx a volume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum .0 ,u tfgrg;0tvn gc,qcylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rotating about its tcr;0q t0v uggf,.g, naxle on frictionless bearings with angular velocity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length when ateeje9;mfw2 /sb0fal-pd;:ta- uqqb + 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length iaq-d+fuet2;saqlfp 0:m b/jwe; b e-9f the temperature increases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross3gol nfk47s1 07*- t iovovnno-sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1mc bxv83 :pgix1w pch8x;v)c 834.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvin scale:qpo7jd /b2;he, qlr1m
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature u/30*qbrg inpgb .j3ton the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in the interior of the Earth and Suun -o;7qlk yt-hi;r) x3el3kjn are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric pressug-ib0 ,+ b.hvio :f2td7 ffuepre and a temperature of about i7gf-iho 2,btub fdf:v0. pe+ 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen at STP using the i mvs7102wmiy;+rfkn q 8b uv0gdeal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitrogp5tf wf mr://rz4k5zhen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contains 18.5 k qvv:z 6,vy;kcg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of helium gas is at 1o2yr5y*w2pgj rb q1i2;av b;l0.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105. 4gen:+3 mdqcu0 kg of argon gas at 385 K?qmgnc4e:+d 3 u   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg of,-nq jub9rwaf+5wd)3(m p z gi $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating the air ins:j3h ox jt3nd2f*w; z2oo psd6ide the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the volume of a balloon is 1800 :oh j;2wn2 3*od tp36sjdx ozf$m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with air d:- ccnbc 3r9 +jd-e3av4tbm dat 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.0afds g1vh9v 4ef6 n5ux2c +g1k $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon espzmejk 37 u7dhc xg)g8* g+c;qcapes a child’s hand at sea level and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number t.zu3 ij;l 6mdhke:3l of molecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? Ho3g t: n1b tqng-ld.7qlw many molecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number 4bidxhb1 x90ub9-r rm7i a 2lpof (a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume 5.zq-bl1uz ) vyxz;rqk.zu0 g3);o-vzu1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale th f nkhi5hm,e)-at were also in the last breath Galileo took. [Hin, )-5hkenhmi ft: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic energy of an oxygen molecule at g ggy2 c:fo3k/STP? /co : gf3gg2ky   $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of the Sun at a temq *l6 fz/xy *oww7e1lzperature of abouew1* oz ql/lz fw7y6x*t 6000 K.    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature n : so;jkt5r2his increase 2sojrk:h;n 5td from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules have the followid:u bjd +rp:j0ng speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5, 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms sur :0+pjdd:jb peed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of molecules in a gas at tqz 5 6o*t0v+ 9cxzfue20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is double8(m u 3s5ave/ dtho :4mp5ggjud while its volume is held constant, by what f4ogvm d:pugu t58(es5ma /3hjactor does $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of mol,(f;u2mm, kx y2eb zolecules in a gas is given by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at the same tempeux3ly4.- pru oa7kp 5.k pf3fxrature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of thexl5 u.47 kau 33f.-p pxyfropk square roots of their molecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules contained,d ug;zzrt, hy 3)u4pd in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed92q7s qix;g9 zphzj.py j+w( o of an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance between nitrogen moleculp0067a.u)onwqyi kph es at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms snca1 fj.o)k )xpeed of an amino acid whose molecular mass is 89 u in a living celloa )f.n)1kj cx at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of a gas cgor f6lvs(/rj6r 7* er+x6byfan be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of ur;6vknb 6 dkwn:anium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric prl;q/b+r8o1ng fn1qnel q5qy 0nw :i*h essure, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is a:jha:3c0n m xssx2j)0.01 atm and the temperature is (a) j:xsca: 0 smnj )h32xa90 $^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approximately) if the humidn5 qt i-m5jmnw9wo(* zity is 50% on a day when the temp*m(jz wnm9to wq5-n5i erature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where waterg ;nb7o(jhu* w boils at 90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in th48 v47wap0dj2s36 wtwdubvhcky4) pte mountains is 0.72 atm, estimate the temperature at which wateh24t3pkwcwp6 v)0 4u w7 btyv8jad4 dsr boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature on a day why7. 90.c m2zv/i; dh)lloc lqzxb2ny len the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the relative humidito lvlc mq/liy dx7zh..)0n9 ;2zl2cyb y is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day when the temq+ gt7y3xqr(a7 kn9) n*dnsteperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if thbpyyh 4i5ruvj l (3fr*ni.b- 5e water is boiling at a temperatub.n3v*5r-y fbp(j4uyl ih5 i rre of 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680-o qs d faw,iij h5)tqxpj0p2me (z)./lw5j3x$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point of um,jljov gyie1jvu2 5fz20/ /5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine mole324. 5kvn,pkx vkx:ww btr+grcule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse a distance of 15 kxp k+45 ,wv:vtw3bn k grx2r.$\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tur;-eg6yx 2*yazc ebz2,s;wi v bes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2s6 b;r2wazce;2 gvyx,i*y e-z mm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been calibratec-)j 4 +-dkxm;nkz;diq q8gf ed at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape 7fay,bzz9nz7lgzf4e.e2 o b3 measure has been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temperature. How much ert -,s9xdgggcvu;r4e/ljj 8-d ror will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL of coo jducsgv8g-;x lj, e -g/9rdt4l water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure in a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. Aftehjg s,+w nao9hcy r7.1r many balloons have been blown u , w+h9y.ghcas7no rj1p, the gauge pressure has decreased to 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, width 3.; y8zg bqb (s3u hkmj7p 46ki93 w8glpr/ps2ac1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is 2py3z8b gwc2u bphsm al8rg(; /j7ksi39 kq64p2$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of matter is about one atom per z+sxa6 (ao84q paj 59akm,qrv $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the besl800kg+wia pq/ih(*eot x am(t available vacuum techniques is about/aop igm(+ 0x0atw8 i(lqekh* $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 0+ 1,kljn5zmmnhkmq. L when 10 m below the surface, to what vo.5h+0k 1lnn mjm,zmq klume would his lungs expand if he quickly rose to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosphereskty(,l)k o7 h5j:d zf *hpb9sq5ckq5 at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed c d 7):fh p9ksk q55s ,5qyk*tczlhjbo(orrespond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materials; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of an ideal gas is in q*fy6bdpka3u5iu ku//(o 0 qycreased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of 770mlx,8h zu 4g 8*q+kfvwpp-(fvs$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure atmz8 ld/+dz 5 (q-miwd bxg9+yz the surface of the Earth, estimate the total number of air moleculw -+m8g lydz95mq( izx+ zbdd/es in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitroge5d, d98ec kfybn molecules contained in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospital has gauge pressure = 2ea08 -k ;dko;zdnh,bs000 psi (13,800 kPa) aaoes8;nk;0hd z - kbd,nd at T = 259K How long will the cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in a bowl of liquid mercury1e zb eux83rv:89lhtt at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline at 0me-*yp1rfgd0/ olhe86ub28zb ;mhtd 2 b*foa$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth1awkkgk:dej+ tcs* j3; 7(znb ’s equator at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a glass jar a/n3k4 dh c6:nw4yvdb nt 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard, a 1si0f*ak; zgkdopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully chargee ttvg z+8 ))s2giwij+d, has a pressure of 195 atm at 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Ept;i 3 1(wcfqsn-ch9uinal0 9 arth is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by te5/ 8cl+gvp .invxursx6crc. ) nnis balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming they have a mass of 0.060 kg /r6n5p lvgs8..ixxrv+cc u )cand are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (spherical) bubble of air froz6us ,-exj/:anhx9v am a depth of 14.0 m in a lake. Az/sa :9u j6h-xn,vaexssume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the.13wfcx / 1zoaoidyomd1s94l air on the following two days: 1 /9.3wco1dszoylfaomd1 i x 4
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the d r /t:47zrrc-we:j esyensity of iron at STP, and when it is a so4yrr7t zj-:cs e/: rewlid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 2000$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to show that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, t5d6*b p .dq3qgusr* qohe coefficiedoq q5udgs*b* r6.p3qnt of volume expansion is equal to $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.