Which has more atoms: 1 kg of iron ;*zd,zm rj gji:3j.cgor 1 kg of aluminum? See the periodic table or Ajc m,*ji zz. 3g;:djrgppendix B.

Name several properties din7 +ge5rodd0 g s8+;nzx k-lj( y5n xec0i-kof materials that could be exploited to make a thermometerdlg- xxn(0j 8z7n; sk gcd oii5dn5+-r+0ey ek.

Which is larger, 1 C l t cwz10h-+kq$^{\circ} $ or 1 F $^{\circ} $?

If system A is in thermal equilibrium with system B, but B is not in thgz,iwd-+c thcef32i6 ermal equife6d3z iwc2git- +h c,librium with system C, what can you say about the temperatures of A, B, and C?

A flat bimetallic strip consists of aluminum riveted to a strip of i5(g)n3r7i u jfu4ek icron. When heated, the strip will bend. Which metal will be on the outside of the curve? [Hint: See T4eu( in fci53 jr)g7kuable 13–1.] Why?

In the relation $\Delta$L = $\alpha$ $L_0$ $\Delta$T, should $L_0$ be the initial length, the final length, or does it matter? Explain.

The units for the coefficient of linek6 zfsmr ag2y( ,sh;5ear expansion $\alpha$ are $(C?)^{-1}$ and there is no mention of a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

Figure 13–27 shows a diagram of a simple thermostat uh:n;wcr92- w6 szifio sed to control a furnace (or other heating or cooling system). The bimetallic strip consists of two strips of different metals bonded together. The electric switch is a glass vessel containing liquid mercury that conducts electricity when it can flow to touch both contact wires. Explain how this device controls the furnace and how it can be set at different 2hcsi:ww6;- zr n9ifo temperatures.

Long steam pipes that are iv;/nq:lkh, f t)q8 )nngkd7 ffixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a U. Why?nn:tq;n) ql k/g7,dkf)fi8h v

A flat, uniform cylinder of lead floatstpnjpsu t9q kf o2sp,);;xn 82 in mercury at 0 $^{\circ} $ C. Will the lead float higher or lower when the temperature is raised? Explain.

When a cold mercury-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hogg1cmc k .sg0.t tub of water, the mercury initially descends a bit anmgc.0k1.c sggd then rises. Explain.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapi ( 2zraywg(:zrfvwt/i3x4 r:q dly than adj:w 2/:3gt ra(zvf4wz xr(qiy racent parts. Explain.

The principal virtue of Pyrex glass is that its coefficienaus3fk7ygh( - (3w dmpt of linear expansion is much smaller than that for ordinary glass (Table 13–1). Explain why this gives rise to the increased heat resistance of Pyre73 khmsa -3dg( pfuy(wx.

Will a grandfather clock, accurate at 2.9c wbtj - riu+ye7-+d k*sijlogqq;(0 $^{\circ} $ C, run fast or slow on a hot day (30 $^{\circ} $ C)? Explain. The clock uses a pendulum supported on a long, thin brass rod.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can ws5 lghj, n/d.m7o.bi*m n13 ucez aw-piwezjm/na ,7-dncs5u3*h 1p bgio.l.mll not stand up. What has happened?

When a gas is rapidly eef5:+ojz6 cj compressed (say, by pushing down a piston), its temperature increases. When a gas expands against a piston, it cools. Explain these changes in temperature using the kinef:5+jz joec e6tic theory, in particular noting what happens to the momentum of molecules when they strike the moving piston.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged intc,d/4cux5wr a5;lgu water increase or decrease if the temperature is increased u4;cwdgc , t5ux/l5rafrom 20 $^{\circ} $ C to 40 $^{\circ} $ C?

Explain in words how Charles’s law follows from kinetic the 9:trwyph(/l.g rj )lcory and the relation between average kinetic energy and the absolute temperatup9lltghc .(jrr /y:w)re.

Explain in words how Gay-Lussac’s law follows from kinetic the5w+0np jcv4u;k:em hx -ax 5odnb1 7heory.

As you go higher in the Earth’s atmospherl5robxc+v(se5jwm68 2k+m ys e, the ratio of $N_2$ molecules to $O_2$ molecules increases. Why?

Escape velocity for the Earth refers to the minimum speed obgap/qr; wu hf:*+85 ufg;mzan object must have to leave the Earth and never return. The escape velocity for the Moon is about one-fifth what it is for th ; 5+o g8*m u/;quwrfzpfb:gahe Earth due to the Moon’s smaller mass. Explain why the Moon has practically no atmosphere.

Alcohol evaporates more quickly than water at room temperature. What canpp *:7hdd7esql -yv 2n you infer about the molecular propertd- py*n7q:ph2 ed7vslies of one relative to the other?

Explain why a hot humid day is far more uncomfortable than a hot dry da /h+ki6odzjps1s4mv,3b s7m c3*hz gvy at the same z b7mop/6 s3szjmkvshgh 1+4c3, * vditemperature.

Is it possible to boil wi7e4tm kk9u. yg kj8gw0nx9j4ater at room temperature (20 $^{\circ} $ C) without heating it? Explain.

Consider two days when the air temperature is the sa r dt,6)2hfqfzme but the humidity is different. Which is more dense, the dry air or the humid air qhdfr,tzf 6)2 at the same T? Explain.

Explain why it is dangerous to open the radiator cap of an ovegqszt;3q) 0 ma ux.;rbrheated automobileqarx;s ;t0qm gu)3zb . engine.

Why does exhaled air appeaz70j/ 1ur/dpoot,km0med * osr as a little white cloud in the winter (Fig. 13–28)?

  How many atoms are there in a 3.4-gram cop qdl9ew8.sqsl alimt1/: f,a0 per penny?   $ \times10^{22}$ atoms of Cu

  How does the number of atoms in aed,)oc*/ 0 agh-cqgg a 26.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a silver ring of the g*/og q a )c,h-ec0dgasame mass?$N_{Au}$ =    $N_{Ag}$

  “Room temperature” is ofttmfg5ye1nk 61pnxi 0ou2w7x 3 a)bc:m en taken to be 68°F. What is this on the Celsius scale? i pk3 f27m5m1nb :eguytawxncx) 1o06   $^{\circ} $ C
(b) The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1800 $^{\circ} $ C. What is this on the Fahrenheit scale?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Among the highest and lowest t9wr xrh v0 7x.tj.;c e:b ,tf1ymbjm/oemperatures recorded are 136 $^{\circ} $F in the Libyan desert and -129 $^{\circ} $F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?high =    $^{\circ} $ C
low =    $^{\circ} $ C

  (a) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature?    $^{\circ} $ F
(b) 15 $^{\circ} $ below zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?   $^{\circ} $ C

  In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol *fq-pyac ;qblb )g;qxh+7tq f1+2hqx column has length 11.82 cm at 0.yb hchf-lx 1 ; q+*;fqbqq+p7xag) 2qt0 $^{\circ} $ C and length 22.85 cm at 100.0 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the temperature if the column has length
(a) 16.70 cm,    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) 20.50 cm?    $^{\circ} $ C

  A concrete highway is built of slabs *58lf pw yiw z,wgi2sx v:w3/qnn/1gs 12 m long (20 $^{\circ} $ C). How wide should the expansion cracks between the slabs be (at 20 $^{\circ} $ C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is -30 $^{\circ} $ C to +50 $^{\circ} $ C?    m

  Super Inva$^{TM}$, an alloy of iron and nickel, is a strong material with a very low coefficient of linear expansion [0.2$ \times10^{ -6}$(C?)$^{-1}$]
A 2.0-m-long tabletop made of this alloy is used for sensitive laser measurements where extremely high tolerances are required. How much will this table expand along its length if the temperature increases 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Compare to tabletops made of steel.   $ \times10^{-6 }$ m    $ \times10^{-4 }$ m

  The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 13–29) is built of wrought iron ap(m aocjbt: c7notbn 0t*; d 6;4cy9hnwproximately 300 m tall. Estimate how much its height changes between July (average temperature of 25°C) and January ;mc abo n7tdh9:bcyt4n*j0wn;co(t 6 (average temperature of 2 $^{\circ} $ C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams, and treat the tower as a vertical beam.    m

  To make a secure fit, rivets that aregwhuuw2j*o+q,q :7 mm larger than the rivet hole are often used and the rivet is cooled (usually in dry ice) before it is placed in the hole. A steel rivet 1.871 cm in diameter is to be placed in a hole 1.869 cm in d +oqmwuh*u2:qw mg,7 jiameter at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must the rivet be cooled if it is to fit in the hole?    $^{\circ} $ C

  The density of water at *( 0oumlx3ycmz.h p d14 $^{\circ} $ C is $ 1\times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is water’s density at 94 $^{\circ} $ C?    kg/$m^3$

  A quartz sphere is 8.75 cm in diameter. What will be its chalp5vwsw my6 33nge in volume if it is 3py w5 s3lv6wmheated from 30 $^{\circ} $ C to 200 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{ -2}cm^3$

  An ordinary glass is filled to the brim with 350.0 mx28()osg. .: 4lgl:i l3eqtsn fwrqbwL of water at 100.0$^{\circ} $ C. If the temperature decreased to 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C, how much water could be added to the glass?    mL

  It is observed that 55.50 mL of wiv;:hg5t*+zid endy y+3it :yater at 20 $^{\circ} $ C completely fills a container to the brim. When the container and the water are heated to 60 $^{\circ} $ C, 0.35 g of water is lost. (a) What is the coefficient of volume expansion of the container?    $ \times10^{-5 }$ /$C^0$(b) What is the most likely material of the container? The density of water at 60°C is 0.98324g/ml.

  (a) A brass plug is to be placedcp0oi3py r ; zj*78au d,tq4cj in a ring made of iron. At 20 $^{\circ} $ C, the diameter of the plug is 8.753 cm and that of the inside of the ring is 8.743 cm. They must both be brought to what common temperature in order to fit?    $^{\circ} $ C
(b) What if the plug were iron and the ring brass?    $^{\circ} $ C

If a fluid is contained in a long, narrow vessel so it3hut6 vgn 1- rspi,v:p can expand in essentially one direction only, show that the effective coeffiisu rn vpg1-:3 vtp,6hcient of linear expansion is approximately equal to the coefficient of volume expansion $\beta$.

(a) Show that the change in the density ra q68-jufq,b$\rho$ of a substance, when the temperature changes by $\Delta$T is given by $\rho$ = -$\beta$$\rho$$\Delta$T
(b) What is the fractional change in density of a lead sphere whose temperature decreases from 25 $^{\circ} $ C to -40 $^{\circ} $ C？

A uniform rectangular plate of length l and width w has coefficient of lin ;wzwmd-p 7./qo 4zfio.n: qrgear expansion dq gonm q ;:wfpi-..4wzor/7z$\alpha$ Show that, if we neglect very small quantities, the change in area of the plate due to a temperature change $\Delta$T is $\Delta$A = 2$\alpha l w$$\Delta$T See Fig. 13–30.

Show that for an isott.aafk(rz+a -ropic solid, $\beta$ = 3$\alpha$ if the amount of expansion is small. $\beta$ and $\alpha$ are the coefficients of volume and linear expansion, respectively. [Hint: Consider a cubical solid, and neglect very small quantities. See also Problem 18 and Fig. 13–30.]

  The pendulum in a grandfather c9cr j0e w7rx 5p1ql6yolock is made of brass and keeps perfect time at 179ycrql0jx 71ore5 p6w $^{\circ} $ C. How much time is gained or lost in a year if the clock is kept at 25 $^{\circ} $ C? (Assume the frequency dependence on length for a simple pendulum applies.)$\approx$    min(Round to the nearest integer)

  (a) The tube of a mercury thermometer has an inside diameter ofy- (11vhqkv,n4h hzu x 0.140 mm. The bulb has a vov14zn khq(h1uy-h,x vlume of 0.255 $cm^3$ How far will the thread of mercury move when the temperature changes from 11.5 $^{\circ} $ C to 33.0 $^{\circ} $ C? Take into account expansion of the Pyrex glass.    cm(b) Determine a formula for the length of the mercury column in terms of relevant variables. Ignore tube volume compared to bulb volume.

  A 23.4-kg solid aluminum cylindrical wheel of radius 0.41 m is rc2ws97omf hasj 2 :k5:f ndf bfr1kp28otating about its axle on frictionless bearings with angular veloc9:f72kw8 ndak2ssoc ffmb5pjr:h12 f ity $\omega$ = 32.8 rad/s If its temperature is now raised from 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C to 75.0 $^{\circ} $ C, what is the fractional change in $\omega$?   

  An aluminum bar has the desired length wh )b(19frzbiz + f2tgteen at 15°C. How much stress is required to keep it at this length if the temperature i9z2ifte(fzt +g )b rb1ncreases to 35 $^{\circ} $ C?    $ \times10^{7 }$ N/$m^2$

(a) A horizontal steel I-beam of cross4s 68c4qvurcf -sectional area 0.041$m^2$ is rigidly connected to two vertical steel girders. If the beam was installed when the temperature was 30$^{\circ} $ C, what stress is developed in the beam when the temperature drops to -30 $^{\circ} $ C (b) Is the ultimate strength of the steel exceeded? (c) What stress is developed if the beam is concrete and has a cross-sectional area of 0.13$m^2$ Will it fracture?

  A barrel of diameter 1wn-wbdmt jqr,.5 s -/4fv t(hg34.122 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C is to be enclosed by an iron band. The circular band has an inside diameter of 134.110 cm at 20$^{\circ} $ C. It is 7.4 cm wide and 0.65 cm thick.
(a) To what temperature must the band be heated so that it will fit over the barrel? $\approx$   $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)
(b) What will be the tension in the band when it cools to 20$^{\circ} $ C?    N

  What are the following temperatures on the Kelvinw)lpvt ,oxg5 /z6,veh scale:
(a) 86$^{\circ} $ C,    K
(b) 78$^{\circ} $F,    K
(c) -100$^{\circ} $C    K
(d) 5500°C,    K
(e) -459$^{\circ} $F    K

  Absolute zero is what temperature on the Fahrenheit scale +*xu3pn*g 3y ez:csmny1b*zl?    $^{\circ} $ F

  Typical temperatures in t/df g.w qn0 lga4m..zthe interior of the Earth and Sun are about 4000$^{\circ} $ C and $ \times10^{6 }$ $^{\circ} $ C respectively.
(a) What are these temperatures in kelvins?    K    $ \times10^{ 6}$K
(b) What percent error is made in each case if a person forgets to change $^{\circ} $ C to K? $\approx$    %(Round to the nearest integer) $\approx$    %(Round to three decimal places)

  If 3 $m^2$ of a gas initially at STP is placed under a pressure of 3.20 atm, the temperature of the gas rises to 38.0$^{\circ} $ C. What is the volume?    $m^3$

  In an internal combustion engine, air at atmospheric ,r t6(aayh.wn pressure and a temperature of ah6ry. w t,ana(bout 20$^{\circ} $C is compressed in the cylinder by a piston to $\frac{1}{9}$ of its original volume (compression ratio = 9.0). Estimate the temperature of the compressed air, assuming the pressure reaches 40 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  Calculate the density of oxygen atbur ih(oe1 *-t STP using the ideal gas law.    kg/$m^3$

  A storage tank contains 21.6 kg of nitro4h ).sfqw1ody gen ($N_2$) at an absolute pressure of 3.65 atm. What will the pressure be if the nitrogen is replaced by an equal mass of $CO_2$    atm

  A storage tank at STP contain,jy +ti(p ,qqms 18.5 kg of nitrogen ($N_2$)
(a) What is the volume of the tank? $\approx$   $m^3$(“Round to one decimal places)
(b) What is the pressure if an additional 15.0 kg of nitrogen is added without changing the temperature?    $ \times10^{5 }$Pa    atm

  If 18.75 mol of heliuma18j aksy9k+ )jzbu r -u;5kxq gas is at 10.0$^{\circ} $C and a gauge pressure of 0.350 atm, (a) calculate the volume of the helium gas under these conditions.    $m^3$
(b) Calculate the temperature if the gas is compressed to precisely half the volume at a gauge pressure of 1.00 atm.    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the pressure inside a 35.0-L container holding 105.0 ko7cie 9n;meb3i3h oh/g5(ibf g of argon gas at 3 i5fcboi;b/igeo m 7e3n3h(9h85 K?   $ \times10^{ 8}$Pa

  A tank contains 26.0 kg ;g,(zf9 r 5dmyezdzz.of $O_2$ gas at a gauge pressure of 8.70 atm. If the oxygen is replaced by helium, how many kilograms of the latter will be needed to produce a gauge pressure of 7.00 atm?    kg He

  A hot-air balloon achieves its buoyant lift by heating tzut wt) /h/mm5zdexd7t9d61 the air inside the balloon, which makes it less dense than the air outside. Suppose the vol7u /zx69/1 d dm5edthzttm)wtume of a balloon is 1800 $m^3$ and the required lift is 2700 N (rough estimate of the weight of the equipment and passenger). Calculate the temperature of the air inside the balloon which will produce the required lift. Assume that the outside air temperature is 0 $^{\circ} $ C and that air is an ideal gas under these conditions. What factors limit the maximum altitude attainable by this method for a given load? (Neglect variables like wind.) $\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  A tire is filled with ai,zrt0 q1b/ajyr at 15 $^{\circ} $ C to a gauge pressure of 220 kPa. If the tire reaches a temperature of 38 $^{\circ} $ C, what fraction of the original air must be removed if the original pressure of 220 kPa is to be maintained?    %

  If 61.5 L of oxygen at 18.ebvjn t ov9uar+-n2y6: a1k 3i0 $^{\circ} $ C and an absolute pressure of 2.45 atm are compressed to 48.8 L and at the same time the temperature is raised to 50.0°C, what will the new pressure be?    atm

  A helium-filled balloon escapes a child’s hand at sea ldi 0jsq imnj 2 ls.o76dix244hewn1-vevel and 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C. When it reaches an altitude of 3000 m, where the temperature is 5.0 $^{\circ} $ C and the pressure is only 0.70 atm, how will its volume compare to that at sea level?    times the original volume

  Calculate the number of molu3 rrpsc8k-7 xecules / $m^3$ in an ideal gas at STP.    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules /$m^3$

  How many moles of water are there in 1.000 L? How many mmwxgqd k 8c4m i5k4 74ptin3oaa0,3pwolecules?    mol    $ \times10^{25 }$ molecules

  Estimate the number of o-f9 wf b,fdcnp11.)w:m mr,g yzmo,f(a) moles,    $ \times10^{22 }$ moles and (b) molecules of water in all the Earth’s oceans. Assume water covers 75% of the Earth to an average depth of 3 km. $\approx$    $ \times10^{46 }$ molecules

  A cubic box of volume1h) 81/ nbybeyrst7npb /1qsz 5.1$ \times10^{ -2}m^3$ is filled with air at atmospheric pressure at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. The box is closed and heated to 180 $^{\circ} $ C. What is the net force on each side of the box?    N

  Estimate how many molecules of air are in each 2.0-L breath you inhale that wer+e2)bk ac2 lj2mes*jo e also in tk* e) mel2j bajo2+2sche last breath Galileo took. [Hint: Assume the atmosphere is about 10 km high and of constant density.]   $\frac{molecules}{breath}$

  (a) What is the average translational kinetic e4bqhb90q j+ aunergy of an oxygen molecule at STja4q+ 0h9q bbuP?    $ \times10^{-21 }$ J
(b) What is the total translational kinetic energy of 2.0 mol of $O_2$ molecules at 20 $^{\circ} $ C?   $ \times10^{3 }$ J

  Calculate the rms speed of helium atoms near the surface of thu a t bc*t84f2g,7ir30* jk hra9ksavde Sun at a temperature of about 6000 K.it4*0 af7gk32 bdr*shak , 9ajvrc8ut    m/s

  By what factor will the rms speed of gas molecules increase if the temperature ij;i(jmqy/jfarx .bgo:b z3fm1*) l6vs increased3 *obvm.f)riza bm(lgj/q x;y 6:f1jj from 0 $^{\circ} $ C to 100 $^{\circ} $ C?   

  A gas is at 20 $^{\circ} $ C. To what temperature must it be raised to double the rms speed of its molecules?    $^{\circ} $ C

  Twelve molecules havt4cbadk,t k h d+z+1.ne the following speeds, given in units of km/s: 6, 2, 4, 6, 0, 4, 1, 8, 5,t 4,. k+azbtddcnkh1+ 3, 7, and 8. Calculate the rms speed. $v_{rms}$ =    km/s

  The rms speed of moleculesgm midzt9s4eo67t53(i ov hi* in a gas at 20.0 $^{\circ} $ C is to be increased by 1.0%. To what temperature must it be raised?    $^{\circ} $ C

  If the pressure of a gas is doubled while its volume is held constant, by whayuww-+ gnzzklr 18.0e )dc+wit factor doe+z.uzin dkw-wr g1wcl) y0+e8 s $v_{rms}$ change?   

Show that the rms speed of molecules in a gas is sxlzo/g ug q 8;mm(n-hj n(+ p:c9(qhygiven by $v_{rms}$ = $\sqrt{3P\\rho}$ where P is the pressure in the gas, and $\rho$ is the gas density.

Show that for a mixture of two gases at thnbop2 nb) 8cx33pj/ o:( kpml6fr mk)me same temperature, the ratio of their rms speeds is equal to the inverse ratio of the square roots of their m kfb)x(ocmnn6 pkjpl/m 328ob:m3r )polecular masses.

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules co:spe-c; l.joh 80( zsqnf4 aczntained in an 8.5$-m^3$ volume at 2.1 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1300 mol?    m/s

  Calculate (a) the rms speed znr f xb7 1*zm-u7xu-gof an oxygen molecule at 0 $^{\circ} $ C    m/s
(b) determine how many times per second it would move back and forth across a 7.0-m-long room on the average, assuming it made very few collisions with other molecules.    round trips per sec

  What is the average distance betw qs2b9ok/ij7eeen nitrogen molecules at STP?    $ \times10^{-9 }$m

  (a) Estimate the rms speed of an amino acid whose molecularkg)hx du.h79k mass is 89 u in a living celk uxd.h79)hkgl at 37 $^{\circ} $ C.    m/s
(b) What would be the rms speed of a protein of molecular mass 50,000 u at 37 $^{\circ} $ C?    m/s

Show that the pressure P of .b:(ui6 d 2*(kx:biml-odup el6dbf ya gas can be written P = $\frac(1)(3)\rho v^2$ where $\rho$ is the density of the gas and v is the rms speed of the molecules.

  The two isotopes of uran0ko-vk0 *bd q1z2l lznium, $^{235}$U and $^{238}$U (the superscripts refer to their atomic mass), can be separated by a gas-diffusion process by combining them with fluorine to make the gaseous compound UF$_6$ Calculate the ratio of the rms speeds of these molecules for the two isotopes, at constant T.   

(a) At atmospheric pressu 1 3m7jeaui+ssre, in what phases can $CO_2$ exist? (b) For what range of pressures and temperatures can $CO_2$ be a liquid? Refer to Fig. 13–21.

Water is in which phase when the pressure is 0.01 atm and the teac).xs z3mk7dmperature is (a) 90 3 )a7sdmxc. zk$^{\circ} $ C, (b) -20 $^{\circ} $ C.

  What is the dew point (approx 4b-v(zi6x7cosy(au uimately) if the humidity is 50% on a day when the temperaturexbu yic64-szoa v((u 7 is 25 $^{\circ} $ C?$\approx$    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the air pressure at a place where water boils at d934 eh ilfe0n90 $^{\circ} $ C?    torr    Pa    atm

  If the air pressure at a particular place in the mountains is 0.72 atm, estimab6mmmu7;fc4i te the temperature at which wammcb 6 7;fmu4iter boils. $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C

  What is the temperature.sl* yyh*0de. k0gbs y on a day when the partial pressure of water is 530 Pa and the rgbssy00h. ylde *k.y *elative humidity is 40%? $\approx$ =    $^{\circ} $ C(Round to the nearest integer)

  What is the partial pressure of water on a day i:u4tblf zc/.9tnf+ zwhen the temperature is 25 $^{\circ} $ C and the relative humidity is 35%?    Pa

  What is the approximate pressure inside a pressure cooker if:rp6hn 8n ye2p the water is boiling at a temperature o :h enn8p62pryf 120 $^{\circ} $ C? Assume no air escaped during the heating process, which started at 20 $^{\circ} $ C.    atm

  If the humidity in a room of volume 680jmh/ :eif iwltf3+;- bae mr4:$m^3$ at 25 $^{\circ} $ C is 80%, what mass of water can still evaporate from an open pan?    kg

  Air that is at its dew point ogx-:: vrt8prn *:cl vef 5 $^{\circ} $ C is drawn into a building where it is heated to 25. What will be the relative humidity at this temperature? Assume constant pressure of 1.0 atm. Take into account the expansion of the air.    %

  Estimate the time needed for a glycine molecule (see Table 13–4) to diffuse as5 1*vcv 1lwb 2dwh5d xkf12qm nbv*0j dis k5vw0s l *df *jc52vnwh1d q2bmvb11xtance of 15 $\mu m$ in water at 20$^{\circ} $ C if its concentration varies over that distance from 1 mol/$m^3$ to 0.4 mol/$m^3$ Compare this “speed” to its rms (thermal) speed. The molecular mass of glycine is about 75 u. t $\approx$    s ([color=rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.85)]Round to one decimal places) $v_{diffuse}$    $ \times10^{ -5}$ m/s
$v_{rms}$    m/s

  Oxygen diffuses from.cep8de 1ae(xz +s;kk the surface of insects to the interior through tiny tubes called tracheae. An average trachea is about 2 m8xc1;a + .eek e(dspkzm long and has cross-sectional area of $ 2\times10^{-9 } m^2$ Assuming the concentration of oxygen inside is half what it is outside in the atmosphere,
(a) show that the concentration of oxygen in the air (assume 21% is oxygen) at 20$^{\circ} $ C is about 8.7 mol/$m^3$ then $\approx$    mol/$m^3$(Round to one decimal places)
(b) calculate the diffusion rate J,    $ \times10^{-11 }$ mol/s
(c) estimate the average time for a molecule to diffuse in. Assume the diffusion constant is $ 1\times10^{-5 } m^2/s$    s

  A precise steel tape measure has been cax ac63/c 4tubq 2 r7;ha;bgsnrlibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A precise steel tape measure has-3z *mun8za yx v(jj*i been calibrated at 20$^{\circ} $C. At 34$^{\circ} $C,
(a) will it read high or low,
(b) what will be the percentage error?    $ \times10^{-4 }$ %

  A Pyrex measuring cup was calibrated at normal room temper / hsjneiwce)2w+ :iin;f)7hwature. How much error will be made in a recipe calling for 300 mL :fw7;eiij )e)w nwc si hh+/n2of cool water, if the water and the cup are hot, at 80$^{\circ} $C, instead of at 20$^{\circ} $C? Neglect the glass expansion.$\approx$    ml

  The gauge pressure inggj.5+psy lp7 a helium gas cylinder is initially 28 atm. After many balloons have been blown up, the gauge pressure has decreased to .ljppgs+gy5 7 5 atm. What fraction of the original gas remains in the cylinder?   

  Estimate the number of air molecules in a room of length 6.5 m, 8v;v56:-hahgvhqwuul2q) zfwidth 3.1 m, and height 2.5 m. Assume the temperature is68qhwf;hv 2)g:z5auv -ul vqh 22$^{\circ} $C. How many moles does that correspond to?    $\times10^{27 }$ molecules    moles

  In outer space the density of/g.rpb8x o wlxd5s tce:8 76tz matter is about one atom per $cm^3$ mainly hydrogen atoms, and the temperature is about 2.7 K. Calculate the rms speed of these hydrogen atoms, and the pressure (in atmospheres).$v_{rms}$ =    m/s    $ \times10^{-22 }$ atm

  The lowest pressure attainable using the best availabl ku3m: l1pbh1ud jf8 -f +6kgxxag26yje vacuum techniques is aboutg:ak1mkjj6duu b+l hfx81-2pyf 63x g $10^{-12} N/m^2$ At such a pressure, how many molecules are there per $cm^3$ at 0$^{\circ} $C?    $\frac{molecules}{cm^3}$

  If a scuba diver fills his lungs to full capacity of 5.5 L when 1h,gfano .*oo-n (cie30 m below the surface, to what volume would his lungs expand if he quickly rosh3-nfg ,a*nec(o. o oie to the surface? Is this advisable?    L

  A space vehicle returning from the Moon enters Earth’s atmosp6.p 4g* jncukghere at a speed of about 40,000 km/h Molecules (assume nitrogen) striking the nose of the vehicle with this speed correspond to what temperature? (Because of this high temperature, the nose of a space vehicle must be made of special materij 6*c.u4pgnk gals; indeed, part of it does vaporize, and this is seen as a bright blaze upon reentry.)    K

  The temperature of ah:r7 q loiq*(z.b1g xgn ideal gas is increased from 110$^{\circ} $C to 360$^{\circ} $C while the volume and the number of moles stay constant. By what factor does the pressure change? By what factor does $v_{rms}$ change?$\frac{P_2}{P_1}$ =    $\frac{(v_{rms})_2}{(v_{rms})_1}$ =   

  A house has a volume of aje(hltgmbs4w+1 9r* 770m$^2$ (a) What is the total mass of air inside the house at 20$^{\circ} $C?    kg
(b) If the temperature drops to -10$^{\circ} $C what mass of air enters or leaves the house?    kg

  From the known value of atmospheric pressure at the surfaei ;i tm:+ls9 iyo;p:-3e9ryaz7lyrznv d;p (ce of the Earth, estimate the total number of oz: p+;mazydery ( t-elr7v; iy;ii93:p9nl s air molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere.    $ \times10^{44 }$ molecules

  What is the rms speed of nitrogen molecules containeddxi/je yh v4)w2ld((sy0sp t7 in a 7.6$-m^3$ volume at 4.2 atm if the total amount of nitrogen is 1800 mol?    m/s

  A standard cylinder of oxygen used in a hospi pm2aba6 pzxl8ft8+g2ign;; etal has gauge pressure = 2000 psi (13,800 kPa) and at T = 259K How long will tepb2x l ;mt;in 8 azp6a+fg2g8he cylinder last if the flow rate, measured at atmospheric pressure, is constant at 2.4 L/min. $\approx$    hour

  An iron cube floats in ai t;)ttd*c- tw bowl of liquid mercury at 0$^{\circ} $C. (a) If the temperature is raised to 25$^{\circ} $C, will the cube float higher or lower in the mercury? ----待选择----lowerheigher 
(b) By what percent will the fraction of volume submerged change?    %

  The density of gasoline atyk 119jxaz2q rcrj5/q 0$^{\circ} $C is 0.68$ \times10^{3 }kg/m^3$ What is the density on a hot day, when the temperature is 38$^{\circ} $C?    kg/$m^3$
What is the percentage change?    %

  If a steel band were to fit snugly around the Earth’s equatadpws4(c6htgkh- z x2qz/8*m or at 25$^{\circ} $C, but then was heated to 45$^{\circ} $C, how high above the Earth would the band be (assume equal everywhere)?    m

  A brass lid screws tightly onto a gl3ml:qk23 1t-iq ra(;qzvz ,q zul)bxhpgq2z 3ass jar at 20$^{\circ} $C. To help open the jar, it can be placed into a bath of hot water. After this treatment, the temperatures of the lid and the jar are both 60$^{\circ} $C. The inside diameter of the lid is 8.0 cm at 20$^{\circ} $C. Find the size of the gap (difference in radius) that develops by this procedure.    cm

  The first length standard,3r. frkbllr )bu3 z:aa*5c2e7ejkx w* adopted in the 18$^{th}$ century, was a platinum bar with two very fine marks separated by what was defined to be exactly 1 m. If this standard bar was to be accurate to within $\pm1.0 \mu m$ how carefully would the trustees have needed to control the temperature? The coefficient of linear expansion for platinum is $ 9\times10^{ -6}C/^{-1}$. $\pm$ =    C$^{\circ} $

  A scuba tank, when fully charged, has a pressure of 195 atm a1zz4 .f7 : 5 xjf:qrmxnhr)kwgt 20$^{\circ} $C. The volume of the tank is 11.3 L.
(a) What would the volume of the air be at 1.00 atm and at the same temperature?    L
(b) Before entering the water, a person consumes 2.0 L of air in each breath, and breathes 12 times a minute. At this rate, how long would the tank last?    min
(c) At a depth of 20.0 m of sea water and temperature of 10$^{\circ} $C, how long would the same tank last assuming the breathing rate does not change?    min

  The escape speed from the Earth j *oe,b fxw7hdl:o6z, is $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$ so a gas molecule travelling away from Earth near the outer boundary of the Earth’s atmosphere would, at this speed, be able to escape from the Earth’s gravitational field. At what temperature is the average speed of
(a) oxygen molecules,    $ \times10^{5 }$K
(b) helium atoms equal to $ 1.12\times10^{4 } m/s$    $ \times10^{4}$K
(c) Can you see why our atmosphere contains oxygen but not helium?

  A 1.0-kg trash-can lid is suspended against gravity by tennis ln h7ahka)tx)nu1jr b:fc :p7;:o se58hz8ei balls thrown vertically upward at it. How many tennis balls per second must rebound from the lid elastically, assuming theyih bt))k cnuo8:n1sa; 5 8 jx:7rpeah:7felzh have a mass of 0.060 kg and are thrown at 12m/s   balls/s

  A scuba diver releases a 3.00-cm-diameter (sphrn , 28ykd xg4slmh6txx7/u5 rerical) bubble of air from a depth of 14.0 m iul/42 kh5grx8yx,ms xr67ntdn a lake. Assume the temperature is constant at 298 K, and the air behaves as a perfect gas. How large is the bubble when it reaches the surface?    cm

  Calculate the total water vapor pressure in the air on the following tquwa,w-dm l;q:7m 2 gmwo days: u7dg:qm w, -amm;2w lq
(a) a hot summer day, with the temperature 30$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 40%;    Pa
(b) a cold winter day, with the temperature 5$^{\circ} $C and the relative humidity at 80%.    Pa

  A sauna has 7$m^3$ of air volume, and the temperature is 90$^{\circ} $C. The air is perfectly dry. How much water (in kg) should be evaporated if we want to increase the relative humidity from 0% to 10%? (See Table 13–3.)    kg

  Estimate the percent difference in the densitywrhs :r00n-n :lv3icu of iron at STP, and when it is a solid deep in the Earth where the temperature is 203:lcnhir00usv r:w- n00$^{\circ} $C and under 5000 atm of pressure. Assume the bulk modulus (90$\times 10^9N/m^2$) and the coefficient of volume expansion do not vary with temperature and are the same as at STP.    %  ----待选择----decreaseincrease 

(a) Use the ideal gas law to s;(l. 7ox3ejl c(88iifdt dwyfhow that, for an ideal gas at constant pressure, the coefficient of volume expansion is equal to.e8dx8loi i 7ft( lc(3y;wd jf $\beta$ = 1/T where T is the temperature in kelvins. Compare to Table 13–1 for gases at T = 293K (b) Show that the bulk modulus (Section 9–5) for an ideal gas held at constant temperature is B = P where P is the pressure.