Does Huygens’ principle applov omxjb)/3b( y to sound waves? To water waves? Explain.

What is the evidencehk-2dn hr kv .zg;2p:t that light is energy?

Why is light sometimes described as rays and somet,phe)l6 h1k83)brqj/ of ujdwimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around corz :8c8t k6cw/p - 1bog)zefm6utci5 moners; yet both sound and light are waves. Explain the differ6eocmf 68wp-o zb1:mtct) ku/8gic5z ence.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were sub dk*x0j.n6 64ic+j a/lt qw t-bp6gfssmerged in water, how would the fringe patttks./xn+0 p dg*6a 6bl -4i 6stqcwjfjern be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incident on a double slit,bk4 uvcw1fu)z t5::v4 xs)my p and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some distance away. Explain how the fringe pattern wozsvtyx) w5): fc u:4u1bkv4mpuld change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfer1fnpp7f e 0t f)op*(k,;lo szce if their path lengtk0p,to(pfl1s fo cn)e*fp z ;7hs differ by how much?

Why was the observation of the double-sq0yj3 x 28extt,qm.t.( xi p8-thultglit interference pattern more convincing evidence forxq0. mt3-,xt 2e8j itgt( .xpyh qtlu8 the wave theory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experimentrk; g;xx6+37 tw2,x8kl a kjyv8h ncee for sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss thet6k 8 x,ga; ky7 e2jxl xrvcekh+;nw38 similarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light k +1( kktqkmh:n ur-/ffrom the two headlights of a distant car produce an interference pattnf1t/u qmk-kkk+:hr( ern?

Suppose white light falls on the) vt do;2k5ceoun-y1 v two slits of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe the pattern on thodo;5e- uvt n1y)2vcke screen.

When white light passes through a flat piece of window glass, it hzy(rxn*c ut1 -z:;sz is not broken down into colors as it ty;z(z hc- nsrx z1u:*is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discussvia3( nuvfje ly47ur :ag4r37 how the focal length for red light differs from that for violet 3v3r4 j7an:u rl7ieyfgau(v4light.

A ray of light is refracted through three different materials (Fig. 24–55). Ran e h*bqtle+ jf:ewc e:*z(6d)sk the materials according to their+ze*ewt:b(jd feh:cs*)le6q index of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on a distant light souexy a3..h qcy9 w5+sltrce through a narrow slit between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern tt3. x5.+ c yhsay9elwqhat you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a siutg nfz;h+ w 8( bwqo;td*+d)dngle slit if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a vacuum, instead onq* ; +dwd;z bt+hfg(t)8dowuf in air.

For diffraction by a single sli)tbz+lv,kd5q+ pcq+sfv+ wsw: l 4u7kt, what is the effect of increasing (a) the slit width,s,qc 74z+w+v pq+bl+)5 kwlv:tuk sdf and (b) the wavelength?

What is the difference in the interference patterns formed (a) by two sqat4muk .t7 a 5;dzjj1lits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) many slits, (b q mxod8,gb umty:d,,9) closely spaced slit9:ub,dgt xyqd8mm , ,os?

White light strikes (a) a diffbyk+l+a rk/y i6i,h;hraction grating, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the directiok ,rl+y;ky hh ba6+/iin of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in each case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths between 400 nm and 700 nm,lv (pll9,o fo(v2 *xzs incident normally on a diffraction grating, for whl*ofl2(lov zs9x(v ,pat orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interference fringes noti7x.8a3 ngb4r b*bbz tcceable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not a.b7b*8z4xb t cn3grbfor a thick piece of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the refluet (7e3udh:5 mc3 ;pwlxtq+lected light is a full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monodw mehueq ; 3:7tl+c(53 plxutchromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together farther from thelmspc)s*49xq/ e :jcnq5x t7cz oiy:; center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by reflected light.fma z aww, g*yhz/n 7/v-2:dqv What wav-m7zyn 2 /wvvgzaf*adh/:,q welengths do you suppose the coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond appears bright at its edgevujaz;2fdp j( / cu2z1k,nfk 7s, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you ,nuvd f/k p2a2z(c7juzkf1 ;jsay about the index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us 1-by,bb8 c8 h)udlij0aikh1m about the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tinted su3h:ld c4f3dt ynglasses.

How can you tell if a pair of sunglas+ze j dc2vqvi e))oq,;ses is polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rota9q w j+ij-dljjz-d a0-zi **bkted at an angle of 90$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if the Earth had no atmospher9ld ss3nou1f4x vo5 d ur9n81je?

If the Earth’s atmosphere were 50 times denser than it is, would sunlight stilzn7syv4n:wx 1m1 ct.yl be white, or would it be some on:1c7synmz1 y 4x. tvwther color?

  Monochromatic light falling on 7-wx nta mg9au-z)g w-two slits 0.016 mm apart produces the fifth-order fringwxma azg-t 9)7 u--gwne at an 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light ish 79cv g)o-fiztf3b, y1;kjrc observed at an angle of 18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two ip;37kl eiciwm/- 2; hepk3a nvery narrow slits 0.048 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are kew3mk e3pi2 ;/ ip ;7-hlianc6.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne l bibqw:av j80m0 j,vmcf/5s (faser, with a wavelength 656 nm, falls on (m/w8bfj ,ibjc 0v :5msqfav0 two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and prypom6ef+6z ww 4f zp+71 jgjy.oduces an interference pattern in which the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the mw g oy7p+.f6f6pe+j1y jzz4wcentral fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm/epbr4v m.th- light passes through two slits 0.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these two wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m aw/-4 vthmrp e.bay?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, tpc+uv7b y4 1dit is found that blue light of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelengt bp7cty1v+u d4h of visible light would have a minimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two open el; 7ncz1pynn9rh7dks)bb2 sa g-(s6ings 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angle relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no waveg)sdpzer hnsn-nb79b(;acl 16s27 yk action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in p*anqxb46y3mfront of the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 so that the two waves enter the slits ypba6*xqmn 34 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light:y:ca b7 inb+x ,r3 z7jlnl0ic of wavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the centcn7:jn+ lilbc:zi,x a7yr 30bral bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light be located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separateqye* +na ;lr.s.it6nad by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find the distance between adjacent bright fringes on a screen 5.0 m fa;*t 6isnlqan.+. y errom the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm insa3q5 hh9lm6:ds37xgb tra r9 air falls on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plasticl a6yx,q4trk z+ g.v9q (n=1.60) covers one slit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, inst.kqlxa, yvr 9 g+q46ztead of being a maximum, is dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, doestirm68h g1ui, the speed of red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in silicate flint glass? (816 i,tu mhirgSee Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piecq)-dx; jx*ilh e of glass at a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of li+ *eerv (m xxe9,zcu:gght containing two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light falls onw20-se(-o*ue cq,ed 6 laceig a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width of the central diffracto -c2e( gue cl6, edasw-qie*0ion peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls on a slit that dms/9*e2j w,dm mif2eis $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls t ;6v )tgtvql2qv,;nws1xpi( on a slit that is $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. Wha jfb -e9j8gk)h;7sd knt is the width of the centrf9jk7 ) es8 -jbdkhn;gal maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern on a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelengthhubphkf3. q+g,sxkf6 9v m4a* 653 nm falls on a slit. If the angle between the first bright fringes+g,s6mf3a.4 qkxup bvhf9*h k on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central difjozyep +q (tc-w2l)xisa ,h95fraction peak on a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminated by 589-nyqa th-se+2zo9) cpw j(i5l x,m light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 440 nm falli2/a 6jl9tsdo6 n+viys on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side of center are sepaltys j+i9n 6 d62oi/varated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wave,: 8 f(kquhg-wjtn x0llength 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wx0ul,-8nhqjtf gw( k :ide on a screen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650-nm light so that the diffraction j,9wdnmo*9(pzq((b tmognj 3q/rt2mmaximum is 4.0 cm wide on a sc9tm (tw*j o rzn(g,od9mp(b/2 j3mq qnreen 1.50 m away, what will be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelength (ubr egk35* .v 9x6b.yo/ rd;8bko higjlkd4o$\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm ldb3myhgph9sa *op3 w8 39 cl6eight produce a second-order maximum when falling on a grating whose slie8 lp*a39 pdg m9y3c6h3o sbhwts are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating hayp :o 5g1f7lqq ha2x/qve if the third-order occurs at an 1q2qfh7go p y5:/1xal q8.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffb rbv.pd99k;8 vtnuv.raction grating is observed at b rv.;dukv8n9. b9v pta 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating p-(t8wt+b: al+jm p xchas $ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally o r, fieb:qajp4 m*ixcapj,w*ci 275k6n a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can b) jzl6lqwlv m;4wdd6t 7p w60be seen if a grating with 6000 lines per cm is illuminated with 633-nm lpdl6 zjltl67 w 6 )qmdw4;vwb0aser light? Assume normal incidence.   

  Two (and only two) full spectral orders canzvwhho/ c8ysx;61all+, hv g3 be seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm l; shxv/g6ywz 31,c vl+ho8 hafor the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating withf3gd +cl4ad m(ia2ar 4zi+ )dkk d2g)r(f +iaim a c3+az44dld $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which produces monochromatic light of a known wave )3) sej1wpq9qlwycutq*(;dg length $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measuw 5cdvtw prxi ;m2, :tahp*2c. i9o4xrred by a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thicg.gubg4 lu 8: gu6li7sk, what wavelength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normally bggsbuiu 6u.l:74 lg 8gy white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the dark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass 8wkg )q9 cs8ddplates are each 9dqkc8wg) 8sd 26.5 cm long?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness hrnxj1:uf ,5c of a soap film $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yello j4cn(cy*,og ow ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s rings (not counting thep9j*m,w 3f5rrn2e t.a *bn lle dark spot at the center) are observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass s,25*j* ae. l ebtf3nnw prlm9rurface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates one end of two pieces of optzhmn;/ )v9 pzkmb0iherq b1+. ically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is 9; +1bbzp )hinqmm vzk0rh/.e the foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should thepwdi qb f-/9+fi( bkr4 air layer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glb+(id/fwri9 -q4b fpkass is to appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, 5on7.txw 0uw ka6b d h3fe,q.fsuspected of being a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcoho yg w+ien37a j;*klg5. ert4ih2m ssk)l $(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring apparatus (Fig. 24–31) fk16pdc+b,v jis immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eicd6 kb1j,v+pf ghth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive index of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of m()ak7tl*+dao c e49( q emfr 7biblx8the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright fringes are counta k b+e*abe( clrm 7tdq9)8m(xfo7i4led when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirror of an interferometer. Wd,.o dql 2yu3dhen the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 58d dqy,d3.lou29 nm.    $\mu m$

  How far must the mirror 7dwofz.6t/ l zek) z,a$M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer (Fig. 24–59) pa)g uenvev g0tgt)s; /7sses through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, a total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming th0e)gst7g/v u; v)tgne at the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are orieljw8 3(.o8p7j( 1; c1whebcugpve fkvnted at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an airh m5 oad:hxt; wih35; no7:i2o:xhtxr–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the light is y-i,stwg 8qi 87nc0evl c3jv7hitting the diam-yg37s q8n7,cj vt 80wilc ievond $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing thrb6ax04j4y ) poqr)jkv )*nmk nough them is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the i nxr4 b*40m)6 a)jpky )knvjqontensity is subsequently reduced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed sohdv-5xnb :5eu as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolariex bdu5v:h5 n-zed light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented ;ic+tp,/f1mfp s2a ci at 40$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented ath +h:x1 +fjjlm kds-cfy101ff 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s angle be for reflections of+.kc ur,q llnqc2.uq+i7 ilro,sp(8 lf the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internal reflection, and to Brewster’s angle kq 2r 8lilr ,qnolsql+.uc(+ci .p,u7 from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive Pols )w nx 4qwwksqe d9ctpzmd*j4 ,k7(,;aroid sheets, each of whose axis makes ak*z sq)t4(n ,4 wqcjdexkd 97psm; ,ww 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength gg1 usu.-nan6z,* l cj$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecting from mountains or airplanes c)/l2r1 mc3)q nm uxjpvan interfere with the direct signal from )v/ujpn3x 21c )mlmr qthe station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passehhkl4b16 y uqt/1 ziw14p m8bps through a diffraction grating with /4qwhipyku8b14t1 6plm bhz 1 $ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits .3d+cje, )eedj ljd(h0.60 mm apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of eljc(h+.d3 e),jj ded unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1 MHz broadcasts fuq kmbg, c+.m2rom two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m horizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizuk+g2m,m.bc q ontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well bac ssw(bd ;.v.ibp2 wcg6k from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and blows a whistle of frequep;b.s iw2.bw6 gvcd( sncy 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearly on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of width D at a 3h1 h9vp7l 2xxz0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain rq0d*yny(i l+e i: ;-r5wkg :ujylek4beetle have a series of parallel lines across them. When normally incident 45neq;dk( rlegr wliy+0yjik - u4*: :y60-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a grating -i5k 2xb+w1ihyio-tghave if there is to be no second-order spectrutoi5wb21 +h-xk-y i gim for any visible wavelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second- and third-order spectra of white light produc0frkt l4(jt)6,lc k dked by a diffraction grating alwayt4dc rl 6kl(k0),kfjts overlap. What wavelengths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium light,u,.nw7bwvb qfo2nx k1lp:.u, 9bm-s2n6ya is $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and-j5 a g5x-lhwrx,+svbt 7jia; the pattern is viewed on a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two wavelenbxr x5 vjs5;,wtga-ji h7la+-gths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refraction of a clear material if a minimumka o v6 e5g3cesg,46aa of 150 nm thickness of it, when laid on glasv,g3k4a ca5oseag 6e6s, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable wavelength is incrxc n vuv3v zd+0e1 u4t bn4o(e+0 dii;7tnwr/ident normally on a thin sheet of plastic fiviw 3(ct 00bvn+/td+4 e rnz inxdruo;ue4v71lm in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thickness neeltbn)lt.- m8d h*hg. ywqd(-3p(tcqs ded for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero) thickness for the air layer between two fla6+:vove mhpt+t glashvmv e +p6o+:ts surfaces if the glass is to appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through *nl9esbyc .7r99vbgd a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions requilv9esd*cb g nb9.yr9 7red for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light refg8qj0pe1 ttm * d(l7)o govbcbv1 mb2.lecting off a smooth lake is polarized most strongly?7vpc obd(8v21m *.g 0t1om t jb)geqbl    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the ; soa ebq34.owh4zzr162dz thaxes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additional factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of qrba .4hzto h;14z2oz 3 w6sed
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizerd, i, ytulzba5(r 4v.h sheets whose transmission axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is placed between the first two so that its axis.l4btr, ,5dvy(hiu za makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in succession with th3 fb( p7bcl7iceir axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes through a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Mouq5g tc d vm ssk9:1l:3-5lcxkon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of tkq5 9scd tx:u1lg-3mkcl :5svhe beam when it reaches the Moon.    km

  A series of polarizers h ucu:08 l9zhqare each placed at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap x5o c h5ib8u(u$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radiating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each otheyx0/w5uolbd4jk ( ex8kko z:*r. They are located at poinxwk(4oo8 50lzk*d b j:k yex/uts $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light containing two wavelengthsao5y 1ig(t1ric 6 b3ne, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equila t1cbgreii1 nya3o5 6(teral prism (Fig. 24–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens hn:hhx-o p n 4 (adcd+*6rfdk,6viha8nas one flat surface and one with $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm