Does Huygens’ principle apply to sound waves? To water waves? Edi4ub5 a7x8rz xplain.

What is the evidence that lh8gmj-l q s1:hight is energy?

Why is light sometimes described cfya+*, 77 vweyiiyd.ta)50:j4h qqg l of2uuas rays and sometimes as waves?

We can hear sounds around corners, but we cannot see around corners; yet bo,kw7t( l 71a6 pgk dyl()lfrobth sound and light are waves. Ex lgp6waf7d(k1 olkb y,)rl7(tplain the difference.

If Young’s double-slit experiment were submerged in water, how would the fringl/.pl0 3/* i6v nwuuhwsh 5sune pattern w/hsu5/ pwlu6nn luvi*03hs. be changed?

Monochromatic red light is incidq7+7w;h vj+a/jn fggcent on a double slit, and the interference pattern is viewed on a screen some nqf jw++g 7a/ 7cvjg;hdistance away. Explain how the fringe pattern would change if the red light source is replaced by a blue light source.

Two rays of light from the same source destructively interfere if their path le 9h ven+57 g;lc*pbc9g xmkq g7cy/j)gngths differ by how mngg cbc95p*7gmh;g l9c/y)ekqx+ v7juch?

Why was the observation of the double-slit interference pattern more convinczql/k cb)do(li e ti-2b6+ 7cting eo+7l) /(q6i-c2 tldcztkbibevidence for the wave theory of light than the observation of diffraction?

Compare a double-slit experiment for k7gr 0d t(zm,sb jaf81sound waves to that for light waves. Discuss the s asrg0td,z 7(8kmbjf1 imilarities and differences.

Why doesn’t the light from the two headlights. )5jmnx -l v,hs(c ,iljcrs2d of a distant car produce an interference pattd,-(v sr lilnjh,sx 5)2c jm.cern?

Suppose white light falls on the two slit 7mcj.jp8lre+s of Fig. 24–7, but one slit is covered by a red filter (700 nm) and the other by a blue filter (450 nm). Describe8ejm7c .lpj+r the pattern on the screen.

When white light passes through a flat piecw3*l/duzay)p43yv- sc jni, ae of window glass, it is not broken down into conyua- zscv* di 3wal,j34)/y plors as it is by a prism. Explain.

For both converging and diverging lenses, discuss how the focal 9a0u zl)vl-se *m utlb4zf0s :a1v oy0length for red light differs from that for violet ligzuaml)y*0vt94as0lfb o -l :1ezuvs 0ht.

A ray of light is refracted through three different matiptvg2ofk4.3 erials (Fig. 24–55). Rank the materials according to their index 4to.f2vgi pk3of refraction, least to greatest.

Hold one hand close to your eye and focus on aiyj3pihi+a :h,7hhlf 6td(3-w *dxmt distant light source through a narrow sl 73ih*tahxp jm:h,3d i-dhf wi6ytl+(it between two fingers. (Adjust your fingers to obtain the best pattern.) Describe the pattern that you see.

What happens to the diffraction pattern of a single sl7oyeyz(ppcu1 gis vte)49n7 :it if the whole apparatus is immersed in (a) water, (b) a va 7)79e pti1pusnogyecz( v4:ycuum, instead of in air.

For diffraction by a single slit, what is the effect o+ag m/bn n 6y6+l w/.mded/to) muu+twf increasing (a) the slit width, and (b) thw m .md+)+6g /naluyd/m+tt/enwb6oue wavelength?

What is the difference in the interferenrj3+v azlnv4*ce patterns formed (a) by two slits $^{-4}\;cm^2$ apart, (b) by a diffraction grating containing $10^4lines/cm$?

For a diffraction grating, what is the advantage of (a) many slitjg;,o: yj(ge lb6ge-r9d lz )hs, (b) closely spaced slitso gbdjgr:j,e;() -z l ely9h6g?

White light strikes (a) a diffraction grati 18p 1wszzbas(ng, and (b) a prism. A rainbow appears on a wall just below the direction of the horizontal incident beam in each case. What is the color of the top of the rainbow in p1z(sa18szw beach case? Explain.

For light consisting of wavelengths ben8cj3( q v0jwntween 400 nm and 700 nm, incident normally on a diffraction grating, for whatn(n8v0 wcj3 qj orders (if any) would there be overlap in the observed spectrum? Does your answer depend on the slit spacing?

Why are interferencezi9n s1x b(hrq32 d9nk+r9yd x fringes noticeable only for a thin film like a soap bubble and not for a thick piece x yqrdi3s19x nkrz+2 dhnb( 99of glass, say?

When a compact disk (CD) is held at an angle in white light, the reflect :(dd dwz9u0gred light is 90 wrgzd(:duda full spectrum (Fig. 24–56). Explain. What would you expect to see if monochromatic light was used?

Why are Newton’s rings (Fig. 24–31) closer together fart*0/qzr1 htq o/ae/wsvher from the center?

Some coated lenses appear greenish yellow when seen by refmk3 ea(leuyw(7bs 2xril14ejy 1: ha ,lected light. What wavelengths do you suppose the sxl341( eerjy ( bwal21u:h, kme7aiy coating is designed to transmit completely?

A drop of oil on a pond(vs;g sicnw (+c epg-8 appears bright at its edges, where its thickness is much less than the wavelengths of visible light. What can you say about gc8wgs (+cves;-ip (nthe index of refraction of the oil?

What does polarization tell us abo2bzxi r/2p;ujqtgsk81vx4 o0 ut the nature of light?

Explain the advantage of polarized sunglasses over normal tinted sunglasses.hbapb na/d2wgg /mag:m . :zkp-tmda; 4+t;d :

How can you tell if a pair of sunglasses is heju.ojng9vl7h/m5 z8*zp/wp /vv r*polarizing or not?

Two polarized sheets rotated at an angle of 9y:2t /vq8 fp7nbq2d/ p.u jrox0$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other will not let any light through. Three polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 45$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to each other, will let some light through. What will happen to unpolarized light if you align four polarized sheets, each rotated at an angle of 30$^{\circ}\,$ with respect to the one in front of it?

What would be the color of the sky if thechlq)/z9vm; oqc dd ,1 Earth had no atmosphere?

If the Earth’s atmosphere / jmny3)feqvz- (lv( awere 50 times denser than it is, would sunlight still be white, or would it be some other colo vaq nyf)3ljv(/emz-(r?

  Monochromatic light falling on two slits 0.016 mm apart produczhdhz w/ tsx/0 u76k5v0r:fe+gww8 nmes the fifth-order fringe at 0//xtzzuwf se rmd+hw5g 0w86hv:k7nan 8.8$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What is the wavelength of the light used?    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  The third-order fringe of 610 nm light is observed at an angle of y tks:. jys;7t18$^{\circ}\,$ when the light falls on two narrow slits. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$

  Monochromatic light falls on two very narrow slits 0.04e9 r24mrmri /i8 mm apart. Successive fringes on a screen 5.00 m away are 6 4im9r2 eir/mr.5 cm apart near the center of the pattern. Determine the wavelength and frequency of the light.
$\lambda\;=\;$    $m$
$f$ =    Hz

  A parallel beam of light from a He-Ne laser, with1grbqc ck89*z a wavelength 656 nm, falls on two very narrow slits 0.060 mm apart. How far r9qgz*c 1b8ck apart are the fringes in the center of the pattern on a screen 3.6 m away?    cm

  Light of wavelength 680 nm falls on two slits and produces an int-.ykoj5 gxf.,fle z4s erference pattern in whic l geo,y5fz-s4fk..jx h the fourth-order fringe is 38 mm from the central fringe on a screen 2.0 m away. What is the separation of the two slits?    mm

  If 720-nm and 660-nm light passes through two slits 0t:kk uhqs+w( , jf )+qq:xbbk,.58 mm apart, how far apart are the second-order fringes for these tkq:,wbkx :stqf(u +,h )bjkq+ wo wavelengths on a screen 1.0 m away?    mm

  In a double-slit experiment, it is found that blue lightau38e2qa tlb 2 of wavelength 460 nm gives a second-order maximum at a certain location on the screen. What wavelength of visible light would have a mi laa 3ebt228qunimum at the same location?    nm

Water waves having parallel crests 2.5 cm apart pass through two openingff9 5zv6tp)9ogjq v9l2a3 al is 5.0 cm apart in a board. At a point 2.0 m beyond the board, at what angl6qg9ivj lf9z)l 2 593ovfpaa te relative to the “straight-through” direction would there be little or no wave action?

Suppose a thin piece of glass is placed in front ofs.dr03o dfgekgf vh 16z604.cqg5qcx the lower slit in Fig. 24–7 sod0vg 06o6zreqcc.gk34f. qg dhs5 fx1 that the two waves enter the slits 180$^{\circ}\,$ out of phase (Fig. 24–57). Describe in detail the interference pattern on the screen.
24-7
24-57

  In a double-slit experiment, the third-order maximum for light of w9csrg c2wu 5nc naa hs9h.614aavelength 500 nm is located 12 mm from the central bright spot on a screen 1.6 m from the slits. Light of wavelength 650 nm is then projected through the same slits. How far from the central bright spot will the second-order maximum of this light ben 4 csgau cw1h 9scrha.5a29n6 located?    mm

  Two narrow slits separated by 1.0 mm are illuminated by 544 nm light. Find 1q:e rn r4 oaq9txe+c ,ukrq9(the distance between adjacent bright ,e1(rr ceoq:tn r9+quk49qxa fringes on a screen 5.0 m from the slits.    mm

  Light of wavelength 480 nm in air falls 28mctlbb,ns 0on two slits $6.00 \times10^{-2 }\;mm$ apart. The slits are immersed in water, as is a viewing screen 40.0 cm away. How far apart are the fringes on the screen?    mm

  A very thin sheet of plastic (n=1.60) covers one s0jjozt:.jhb xa3vvwj )7i(0uo a,dd. lit of a double-slit apparatus illuminated by 640-nm light. The center point on the screen, instead of being a maximum, is 0jh zvj jv i,woad.u):at0bj.ox d 73(dark. What is the (minimum) thickness of the plastic?    nm

  By what percent, approximately, does the speed o5v sowxd0* 4eyf red light (700 nm) exceed that of violet light (400 nm) in sil0vew *d s5x4oyicate flint glass? (See Fig. 24–14.)    %

  A light beam strikes a piece of glass a66z lrh,wfc b*t a 60.00$^{\circ}\,$ incident angle. The beam contains two wavelengths, 450.0 nm and 700.0 nm, for which the index of refraction of the glass is 1.4820 and 1.4742, respectively. What is the angle between the two refracted beams?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A parallel beam of lldfox z/.e2 )kz hs*e0ight containing two wavelengths, $\lambda_1\;=\;450\;nm$ and $\lambda_2\;=\;650\;nm$, enters the silicate flint glass of an equilateral prism as shown in Fig. 24–58. At what angle does each beam leave the prism (give angle with normal to the face)?
$\theta_{d1}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal
$\theta_{d2}$    $^{\circ}\,$ from the normal

  If 580-nm light fallsmjm3wxu *v(tz)f+.nf on a slit 0.0440 mm wide, what is the full angular width of the )*f3+ zfwtj.vnuxm(m central diffraction peak?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Monochromatic light falls o j-dn/qery5 zm8rg(3gn a slit that is $ 2.60\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. If the angle between the first dark fringes on either side of the central maximum is 35.0$^{\circ}\,$ (dark fringe to dark fringe), what is the wavelength of the light used?    nm

  Light of wavelength 520 nm falls on a slit that zde)gtbfo 8; 9yr/3 lxis $ 3.20\times10^{ -3}\;mm$ wide. Estimate how far the first brightish diffraction fringe is from the strong central maximum if the screen is 10.0 m away.    m

  A single slit 1.0 mm wide is illuminated by 450-nm light. What *ge* yy58m2wqxfp m i:is the width of the central maximum (in cm) in the diffraction pattern yp*:xfyq8m*mw2g5 i eon a screen 5.0 m away?    cm

  Monochromatic light of wavelength 653 nm falls on a slit. If the ang,ar4rn br0 (bkspxoc6q9 y ,u/k 8jdh3le between the fn3bc 6hrkrod/, bk8a9qy0 js4rxp,(uirst bright fringes on either side of the central maximum is 32$^{\circ}\,$, estimate the slit width.    $\mu m$

  How wide is the central diffraction peak on bx a)7v,wg: v grzfz58a screen 2.30 m behind a 0.0348-mm-wide slit illuminab fr:vwz87 gxa, v5g)zted by 589-nm light?    cm

  When blue light of wavelength 44yhtt wu(dnb:p/in3- 60 nm falls on a single slit, the first dark bands on either side p:inty3 6bh-w u d(/tnof center are separated by 55.0$^{\circ}\,$. Determine the width of the slit.    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  When violet light of wavele 81e peagu t3xb.z16oingth 415 nm falls on a single slit, it creates a central diffraction peak that is 9.20 cm wide on a s etiuzxo6 11.ep g83abcreen that is 2.55 m away. How wide is the slit?    mm

  If a slit diffracts 650- r.znwpi cai xj(p;9)1 zu+ir0nm light so that the diffraction maximum is 4.0 cm wide on a screen 1.50 m away, what wai0)9wr;pzi rux j+z i1(.cp nill be the width of the diffraction maximum for light of wavelength 420 nm?    cm

For a given wavelengtvtf-j.q.1+x f -n6sxcgq:qpl h $\lambda$, what is the maximum slit width for which there will be no diffraction minima?

  At what angle will 560-nm light produce a second-order maximu7oz n,v75y 9bn4uml 5d wxfhq /gm(z)lm when falling on a gratin ul)5 owm57z,7 fbxnvl zgmd9hy(4q /ng whose slits are $1.45 \times10^{-3 }\;cm$ apart?    $^{\circ}\,$

  A $3500-line/cm$ grating produces a third-order fringe at a 28.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle. What wavelength of light is being used?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter does a grating have if thez7sf.ajo(v.i- fz ev/ third-order occurs at an 7.fv josza-vfei.(/z18.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle for 630-nm light?    $ \times10^{3 }\,lines/cm$

  A grating has $8300\;lines/cm$. How many complete spectral orders can be seen (400 nm to 700 nm) when it is illuminated by white light?   

  The first-order line of 589-nm light falling on a diffdlm5dtbw62vwtst:k xp 4 ; -;azm c:*wraction grating is observed v- 2mzt4d: tmpxwdkb6*l; stw c;:w5aat a 15.5$^{\circ}\,$ angle. How far apart are the slits?    $\mu m$
At what angle will the third order be observed?

  A diffraction grating has ftqtw)+n rp gly0+46a$ 6.0\times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$. Find the angular spread in the second-order spectrum between red light of wavelength $ 7.0\times10^{-7 }\;m$ and blue light of wavelength $ 4.5\times10^{-7 }\;m$.    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light falling normally onpxa bz1 *xg2827 f; pjxjtph,0ra2 2qu0fv ujk a $9700-line/cm$ grating is revealed to contain three lines in the first-order spectrum at angles of 31.2$^{\circ}\,$, 36.4$^{\circ}\,$, and 47.5$^{\circ}\,$. What wavelengths are these?
$\lambda_{31.2}$    nm
$\lambda_{36.4}$    nm
$\lambda_{47.5}$    nm

  What is the highest spectral order that can be seen if a grating with 6000 lineskw1, xub x2/6z tg7dci per cm is illuminated with 633-nm laser light? Assume normxcbwz6kgdt7/i2,1 x ual incidence.   

  Two (and only two) fujquahz/0;rdt + 2f29yoay)gbll spectral orders can be seen on either side of the central maximum when white light is fyr2gq+y)b uaad9t 0;ho/ jz2 sent through a diffraction grating. What is the maximum number of lines per cm for the grating?    $ \times10^{ 3}\;lines/cm$

  White light containing sp tu thrt 3,0:zr zhx8:3.to+pb yyq8wavelengths from 410 nm to 750 nm falls on a grating with y.rrs3zqyt:ot3zh80bx+p:th tup 8, $8500\;lines/cm$ How wide is the first-order spectrum on a screen 2.30 m away?    m

  A He-Ne gas laser which pr3w+4 prr b.s-zc4ux exoduces monochromatic light of a known wavelength $\lambda\;=\;6.328\times10^{-7 }\;m$ is used to calibrate a reflection grating in a spectroscope. The first-order diffraction line is found at an angle of 21.5$^{\circ}\,$ to the incident beam. How many lines per meter are there on the grating?    $ \times10^{ 5}\;lines/m$

  Two first-order spectrum lines are measured b7m(v)j qf j0 na30bu7zs9ybytc(xbw* y a $9500-line/cm$ spectroscope at angles, on each side of center, of +26$^{\circ}\,$ 38$^\prime$,+41$^{\circ}\,$ 08$^\prime$ and -26$^{\circ}\,$48$^\prime$,-41$^{\circ}\,$ 19$^\prime$. What are the wavelengths?
$\lambda_{26.72^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm
$\lambda_{41.23^{\circ}}\;=\;$    nm

  If a soap bubble is 120 nm thick, what wavelr 8dxgc /mam1kw9y9;f /qc9 juoe* n4 3qnd5qxength is most strongly reflected at the center of the outer surface when illuminated normkcoa3un n*qwd5ym84 /j/ d9xcqxqfe9rg1m ;9ally by white light? Assume that $n\;=\;1.34$. $\lambda$ =    nm ,which is an    -  

  How far apart are the *yj8myzie 7cj 66o43 (cfelfedark fringes in Example 24–8 if the glass plates are each 26.5 cm lonfe4e zmyl3j6oc6 *7ycj f8 (ieg?    cm

  What is the smallest thickness of a soap filx*m *8ncd9iadm $(n\;=\;1.42)$ that would appear black if illuminated with 480-nm light? Assume there is air on both sides of the soap film. $t_min$    nm

  A lens appears greenish yellow bgvu65me 9n9w ($\lambda\;=\;570\;mm$ is strongest) when white light reflects from it. What minimum thickness of coating $(n=1.25)$ do you think is used on such a glass $(n=1.52)$ lens, and why? $t_{min}$    nm

  A total of 31 bright and 31 dark Newton’s ri/ z xye)wl5;;dw jbzb3ngs (not counting the dark spot at the center) a5)3lwwbbzd ; yj x;/zere observed when 550-nm light falls normally on a planoconvex lens resting on a flat glass surface (Fig. 24–31). How much thicker is the center than the edges?    $\mu m$

  A fine metal foil separates on1txrh 0jdua2fy)nhix8 3e9 o 6e end of two pieces of optically flat glass, as in Fig. 24–33. When light of wavelength 670 nm is incident normally, 28 dark lines are observed (with one at each end). How thick is txy89 hfn0au6j 1he)2oxtd 3irhe foil?    $\mu m$

  How thick (minimum) should tjwr/3znjoda;qpv08 gw.1bv ,he air layer be between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is tov/01qzg d nwo,.w8a3;vbrpj j appear bright when 450-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear dark?    nm

  vA piece of material, suspected of z56byclt 57m6 -td6tq ud dp(qbeing a stolen diamond $(n=2.42)$ is submerged in oil of refractive index 1.43 and illuminated by unpolarized light. It is found that the reflected light is completely polarized at an angle of 59$^{\circ}\,$. Is it diamond? ----待选择----yesno 

  A thin film of alcohol usyt 0;8 6bthm$(n=1.36)$ lies on a flat glass plate $(n=1.51)$. When monochromatic light, whose wavelength can be changed, is incident normally, the reflected light is a minimum for $\lambda\;=\;512\;nm$ and a maximum for $\lambda\;=\;640\;nm$ What is the minimum thickness of the film?    nm

  When a Newton’s ring app 1wmp/ctpj2x6gqt:uffw ,16pb roy ( l,)d3w laratus (Fig. 24–31) is immersed in a liquid, the diameter of the eighth dark ring decreases from 2.92 cm to 2.48 cm. What is the refractive ind d (p1uct 6 lxwwm)t,6f:1wglqbypf3j pro,/2ex of the liquid?   

  What is the wavelength of the light entering an interferometer if 644 bright f n. ,v3ctis vmxf-p0x ntgh45t:tn 3;aringep t -t gnx,vtaci:3ntf 3h.04nxsm5;vs are counted when the movable mirror moves 0.225 mm?    nm

  A micrometer is connected to the movable mirroto* :(gmkpx z pj043her of an interferometer. When the micrometer is tightened down on a thin metal foil, the net number of bright fringes that move, compared to the empty micrometer, is 272. What is the thickness of the foil? The wavelength of light used is 589 nm. k (:mh0 p4 zge*txpjo3   $\mu m$

  How far must the mirrqa)y7:6d 4am se;djgnor $M_1$ in a Michelson interferometer be moved if 850 fringes of 589-nm light are to pass by a reference line?    mm

  One of the beams of an interferometer;kc ykv4sv+o ;3cjw( df x(j9o (Fig. 24–59) passes through a small glass container containing a cavity 1.30 cm deep. When a gas is allowed to slowly fill the container, ajf ;occ s9k woj3v 4(d(vxk;+y total of 236 dark fringes are counted to move past a reference line. The light used has a wavelength of 610 nm. Calculate the index of refraction of the gas, assuming that the interferometer is in vacuum. $n_{gas}$

  

  Two polarizers are ori;6me vfke:tzx5 m 3,oeented at 65$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Unpolarized light falls on them. What fraction of the light intensity is transmitted?   

  What is Brewster’s angle for an +cmi bp0i+ w9-m/ mbupair–glass $(n=1.52)$ surface? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  What is Brewster’s angle for a diamond submerged in water if the d f/9adkzd,h 7ue:s s0light is hitting the diamon:,7 dk s0 /addszeuh9fd $(n=2.42)$ while traveling in the water? $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two Polaroids are aligned so that the light passing through m8 (, 8jkn6(. y)g ejubvtdgiuthem is a maximum. At what angle should one of them be placed so that the intensity is subsequently redd8 u8 ).(b(iu ygm6tkjnvgj,euced by half?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of two Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the g79j z f:ia6hpintensity of the incid7jag i:9zh 6pfent unpolarized light to
(a) $\frac{1}{3}$ ,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) $\frac{1}{10}$ ?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are oriented at -yi smrr7se)lsyy42 640$^{\circ}\,$ to each other and plane-polarized light is incident on them. If only 15% of the light gets through both of them, what was the initial polarization direction of the incident light?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Two polarizers are orhojj4vud;7( aiented at 38.0$^{\circ}\,$ to one another. Light polarized at a 19.0$^{\circ}\,$ angle to each polarizer passes through both. What percent reduction in intensity takes place?    %

  What would Brewster’s gt,h3dje1j n 3p9g19k)t vnamangle be for reflections off the surface of water for light coming from beneath the surface? Compare to the angle for total internaj9n1 3 g9vhmp t)atdn31g jk,el reflection, and to Brewster’s angle from above the surface.
If the light is coming from water to air, $\theta_{p}$    $^{\circ}\,$For the refraction at the critical angle from water to air $\theta_c$   $^{\circ}$ If the light is coming from air to water $\theta_p'$   $^{\circ}$

  Unpolarized light passes through five successive yxhnd q 04t/h g;x7j6oPolaroid sheets, each of whose axis makes q;0 y/ghxnxo6jh4d t7a 45$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the previous one. What is the intensity of the transmitted beam?    $I_0$

  Light of wavelength 32)ak naym 5rv 2tz2 hc-knus/$ 5.0\times10^{7 }\;m$ passes through two parallel slits and falls on a screen 4.0 m away. Adjacent bright bands of the interference pattern are 2.0 cm apart.
(a) Find the distance between the slits.    mm
(b) The same two slits are next illuminated by light of a different wavelength, and the fifth-order minimum for this light occurs at the same point on the screen as the fourth-order minimum for the previous light. What is the wavelength of the second source of light? $\lambda_2$    $ \times10^{-7 }\;m$

  Television and radio waves reflecy.g38o wv ;(v 9jwp2j k/pv:ffnce) thting from mountains or airplanes can interfere withpohw9(jvy: nf. ) 3gvj2k;/vpwet8cf the direct signal from the station.
(a) What kind of interference will occur when 75-MHz television signals arrive at a receiver directly from a distant station, and are reflected from a nearby airplane 118 m directly above the receiver? Assume $\frac{1}{2}\;\lambda$ change in phase of the signal upon reflection.  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 
(b) What kind of interference will occur if the plane is 22 m closer to the receiver?  ----待选择----constructivedestructive 

  Red light from three separate sources passes through a diffractio5e3 +y)q pgxb4u ec*yon grating with *boyx)c43 eu5y+qgep$ 3.00\times10^{5 }\;lines/m.$ The wavelengths of the three lines are $ 6.56\times10^{-7 }\;m$ (hydrogen), $ 6.50\times10^{ -7}\;m$ (neon), and $6.97 \times10^{ -7}\;m$ (argon). Calculate the angles for the first-order diffraction lines of each of these sources. $\theta_{h}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{n}$    $^{\circ}\,$ $\theta_{a}$    $^{\circ}\,$

  Light of wavelength 590 nm passes through two narrow slits 0.60 mm )um6cmc .i dv3g)jn9c apart. The screen is 1.70 m away. A second source of unknown wavelength produces its second-order fringe 1.33 mm closer to the central maximum than the gmu)n3mv.cc6 d9)jic 590-nm light. What is the wavelength of the unknown light? $\lambda_2$    nm

A radio station operating at 102.1m/ q;ds5 ,83hzgqe za0tlwi;d MHz broadcasts from two identical antennae at the same elevation but separated by an 8.0-m 3/zt8h,qe;z m l5; asw gdi0qdhorizontal distance d, Fig. 24–60. A maximum signal is found along the midline, perpendicular to d at its midpoint and extending horizontally in both directions. If the midline is taken as 0$^{\circ}\,$, at what other angle(s) $\theta$ is a maximum signal detected? A minimum signal? Assume all measurements are made much farther than 8.0 m from the antenna towers.

  A teacher stands well back from an outside doorway 0.88 m wide, and b0r0oo h)b jo m:-y,pkilows a whistle of frequency 750 Hz. Ignoring reflections, estimate at what angle(s) it is not possible to hear the whistle clearl0oipmko,:h j0b y-o )ry on the playground outside the doorway.    $^{\circ}\,$ either side of the normal.

If parallel light falls on a single slit of widr6/ 7*:lvuu lmskr)uysr(z :ith D at a 30$^{\circ}\,$ angle to the normal, describe the diffraction pattern.

  The wings of a certain beetle have a series of parallel u6l-4 vl6/ iziax dbz29h.u iflines across them. When normally incidenuu b./x 6vif9a4zlh i62ilzd-t 460-nm light is reflected from the wing, the wing appears bright when viewed at an angle of 51$^{\circ}\,$. How far apart are the lines?    nm

  How many lines per centimeter must a gy2cws c+h aj62rating have if there is to be no second-order spectrum for any visible w 2sjyc haw2+c6avelength?   $ lines/cm$

Show that the second90vb* u7 am honcer;k4- and third-order spectra of white light produced by a diffraction grating always overlap. What wavelen4avbco0 herkm7; n9 u*gths overlap exactly?

  When yellow sodium light,xt* c4h,)l6 yb uc+4oo on.bob $\lambda\;=\;$ falls on a diffraction grating, its first-order peak on a screen 60.0 cm away falls 3.32 cm from the central peak. Another source produces a line 3.71 cm from the central peak. What is the wavelength of the new source? How many $lines/cm$ are on the grating?
   nm
  $ lines/cm$

  Light is incident on a diffraction grating with and the pattern is viewed onwn,n. a 5zl70axzjwi ( a screen 2.5 m from the grating. The incident light beam consists of two waveleng5n za. w(,inlx0j 7zwaths, $\lambda_1\;=\; 4.6\times10^{ -7}\;m$ and $\lambda_2\;=\; 6.5\times10^{ -7}\;m$. Calculate the linear distance between the first-order bright fringes of these two wavelengths on the screen.    m

What is the index of refractionqccwi lcn/ k 0e-kn17)c6j l;o of a clear material if a minimum of 150 nm thickness of it, whenn1jn-lc)/6 w klco0c7 qkc; ei laid on glass, is needed to reduce reflection to nearly zero when light of 600 nm is incident normally upon it? Do you have a choice for an answer?

  Monochromatic light of variable w)j;nadc42juj:daw16 qz;oy s uu b,.eyc/q3javelength is incident normally on a thin sheet of y,u/jb:d.jzcnyw6 qaeqjuu;o;ja sc d2 )413plastic film in air. The reflected light is a minimum only for $\lambda\;=\;512nm$ and $\lambda\;=\;640nm$ in the visible spectrum. What is the thickness of the film $(n=1.58)$? [Hint: Assume successive values of m.]    nm

  Compare the minimum thicknewde,:izx hck;)a8 b4 sss needed for an anti-reflective coating $(n=1.38)$ applied to a glass lens in order to eliminate
(a) blue (450 nm),    nm
(b) red (700 nm) reflections for light at normal incidence.    nm

  What is the minimum (non-zero)dfk bzinxmkd+ /f k7z;:h4d* *z 5lee0 thickness for the air layer between two flat glass surfaces if the glass is t l4ei0:d k*;h znfm 5dzkbzx7d/ek*f+o appear dark when 640-nm light is incident normally?    nm
What if the glass is to appear bright?    nm

Suppose you viewed the light transmitted through a sgt(c)wdizth.g-+;a thin film layered on a flat piece of glass. Draw a diagram, similar to Fig. 24–30 or 24–36, and describe the conditions reqh-gt( d )aciwg+t;zs.uired for maxima and minima. Consider all possible values of index of refraction. Discuss the relative size of the minima compared to the maxima and to zero.
24-30
24-36

  At what angle above the horizon is the Sun when light reflecting off a smooth gk,wg x;yxat; ;m* p;nlake is polarized ,twgn;g ;;xxakp;my *most strongly?    $^{\circ}\,$

  At what angle should the axes of g,.jdg ss ktx0u7n n 0+s9/lfytwo Polaroids be placed so as to reduce the intensity of the incident unpolarized light by an additio 7xsugs,g /nnk00fld9 .s+jtynal factor (after the first Polaroid cuts it in half) of
(a) 4,    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) 10,    $^{\circ}\,$
(c) 100?    $^{\circ}\,$

  Unpolarized light falls on two polarizer sheets whose transmission ps0bg ( qq7(xledmt2+ axes are at right angles. A third polarizer is plat0expl7q(bgd2+ (m qsced between the first two so that its axis makes a 62$^{\circ}\,$ angle with the axis of the first polarizer.
(a) What fraction of the incident light intensity is transmitted?    $I_0$
(b) What if the third polarizer is in front of the other two?

Four polarizers are placed in su6fd 3p,gv :t1tqdxi,bccession with their axes vertical, at 30$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, at 60$^{\circ}\,$ to the vertical, and at 90° to the vertical.
(a) Calculate what fraction of the incident unpolarized light is transmitted by the four polarizers.
(b) Can the transmitted light be decreased by removing one of the polarizers? If so, which one?
(c) Can the transmitted light intensity be extinguished by removing polarizers? If so, which one(s)?

  A laser beam passes throqylw7/x2i 6c8 ys ,h ;kx;qtgjugh a slit of width 1.0 cm and is pointed at the Moon, which is approximately 380,000 km from the Earth. Assume the laser emits waves of wavelength 630 nm (the red light of a He-Ne laser). Estimate the width of the beam when it reaches the Moo/y hxci6g;7qt, kw l2x8y qjs;n.    km

  A series of polarizers are each ) 5oa1sz 4*kq6xby se q,bu.ltplaced at a 10$^{\circ}\,$ interval from the previous polarizer. Unpolarized light is incident on this series of polarizers. How many polarizers does the light have to go through before it is $\frac{1}{4}$ of its original intensity?   

  A thin film of soap c hor v:od8qil;eo2,+c +td6c$(n=1.34)$ coats a piece of flat glass $(n=1.52)$ .How thick is the film if it reflects 643-nm red light most strongly when illuminated normally by white light?    nm

  Consider two antennas radig8o :ip9wm 4(nzf,js/uu gpu7aqh .s1ating 6.0-MHz radio waves in phase with each other. They are puu,npg .4sw8ms a7o/ (u jqz9i1hf:glocated at points $S_1$ and $S_2$, separated by a distance $d\;=\;175m$, Fig. 24–61. What are the first three points on the y axis where there will be destructive interference? (Destructive interference in this case means that a radio receiver placed at that point would pick up no signal).    m    m    m

  A parallel beam of light contaiiaj9src6fusqwjrf gn0+ 3949 ning two wavelengths, 420 nm and 650 nm, enters a silicate flint glass equilateral prism (Fig. 24 s9uircfj69wrn 4g0jaq9sf+3–58).
(a) What is the angle between the two beams leaving the prism?    $^{\circ}\,$
(b) Repeat part (a) for a diffraction grating with    $^{\circ}\,$

  A Lucite planoconvex lens has one flat surface and one withn4 l tdhbse375 $R\;=\;18.4\,cm$ It is used to view an object, located 66.0 cm away from the lens, which is a mixture of red and yellow. The index of refraction of the Lucite is 1.5106 for red light and 1.5226 for yellow light. What are the locations of the red and yellow images formed by the lens? [Hint: See Section 23–10.]
$d_{i-red}$    cm
$d_{i-yellow}$    cm