What do different isotopes of a given element have in comm5 8g k.vkp 0j)*xgwysxon? How are they different x8kygxvj50ksp*. )gw?

What are the elements represented by the X in the following: (a) 7iywz :hm5amj )b)z7a , stai,e9aj0c$_{2}^{4}\text{He} + \text{X} \to _{7}^{14}\text{N}$ (b) $_{8}^{18}\text{X}$ (c) $_{92}^{238}\text{U} \to _{90}^{234}\text{Th} + \text{X}$ (d) $_{82}^{206}\text{X}$ (e) $_{82}^{207}\text{X}$

How many protons and how many neutrons do each of the isotopeskqdk01 ir+av 1 in Question 2 have1q +va ridkk10?

Identify the element that has 88 nucleonyjp p,3 3pm-ag9geru1 s and 50 neutrons.

Why are the atomic masses of many elements (see the periodicog:b f9(2k tyi table) not close to y (2ob9i:ft gkwhole numbers?

How do we know there is such a thing as thebmnxcw3 zgwscz-o/ /tu- q ,86 strong nuclear force?

What are the similarities and th7t iw* 4mzpyn yep;h hd7:ef(3e differences between the strong nuclear force andthy7*( 7zime3hfd 4 y;e pwnp: the electric force?

What is the experimental evidence in favor of ra4hk9q1; slhz* 9 bvbqydioactivity being a nuclear proce1 h4szl; yq hk9b9q*bvss?

The isotope $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ is unusual in that it can decay by $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\alpha$ emission. What is the resulting nuclide for each case?

A $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to a nucleus containing how many neutrons?

Describe, in as many ways as you can, the difference atxh/) xj tv.2qqq3,n between $\alpha$, $\beta^-$, $\beta^+$, and $\gamma$ rays.

What element is formed by the radioactive decaz8t3y3-c pdh( d xeg 7/qcs:upy of (a) $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{11}^{22}\text{Na}\ (\beta^+)$ (c) $_{84}^{210}\text{Po}\ (\alpha)$? [Hint: See Appendix B.]

What element is formed by the dec0s6hwxv,/rzg(nwge/t l wcc 3+74pt yt1jqn 0 ay of (a) $_{15}^{32}\text{P}\ (\beta^-)$ (b) $_{16}^{35}\text{S}\ (\beta^-)$ (c) $_{83}^{210}\text{Bi}\ (\alpha)$?

Fill in the missing partim;alvtt 8+p ,xcle or nucleus:
(a) $_{20}^{42}\text{Ca} \to _{19}^{42}\text{K} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(b) $_{29}^{58}\text{Cu} \to _{28}^{58}\text{Ni} + \text{e}^+ + \nu$
(c) $_{23}^{46}\text{V} \to _{24}^{46}\text{Cr} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$
(d) $_{94}^{238}\text{Pu} \to _{92}^{234}\text{U} + \alpha$
(e) $_{93}^{239}\text{Np} \to _{94}^{239}\text{Pu} + \text{e}^- + \bar{\nu}$

Immediately after a zpzxq e ut-*3ee;yx/+$_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus decays to $_{90}^{234}\text{Th} + _{2}^{4}\text{He}$, the daughter thorium nucleus still has 92 electrons circling it. Since thorium normally holds only 90 electrons, what do you suppose happens to the two extra ones?

When a nucleus undergoejq *pepcp/9j;2ypj 2ms either $\beta^-$ or $\beta^+$ decay, what happens to the energy levels of the atomic electrons? What is likely to happen to these electrons following the decay?

The alpha particles from a given alpha-emitting nuclide ares/)wy00rx7 qb/h ujjp generally monoenergetic; that is, they all have the same kinetic energy. But the beta particles from a beta-emitting nuclide have a spectrum of energies. Explain the difference between these two c/xp07 yqb)rw/j0 sujh ases.

Do isotopes that undergo electron capture gener-x)yyh7crgg:( qr w2oa02kir *fv j i1ally lie above or below the line of stability inr qhyrx: 7*1wgg-220y r)ova j(fiikc (Fig. Below)?

Can hydrogen or deuterium emit nec 2-ewh ltc )(sl9mgr) ((maan $\alpha$ particle? Explain.

Why are many artificially4 ,af8bxo* w7qwnz4qvfcr- 4h(y /mfm produced radioactive isotopes rare in nature?

An isotope has a half-life of one month.vk83gce o-*dlbds.m + mt+(lp After two months, will a given sample of this isotope have completely decayed? If not, how much rem cso(lv*t8lgpmedk++3md- . b ains?

Why are none of the elementskwsfvqj-353nk5t 5m kq+ i 7ev with $Z>92$ stable?

A proton strikes a $_{3}^{6}\text{Li}$ nucleus. As a result, an $\alpha$ particle and another particle are released. What is the other particle?

Can $_{6}^{14}\text{C}$ dating be used to measure the age of stone walls and tablets of ancient civilizations? Explain.

In both internal con8)ufrh/ sj1) n3wobnpversion and $\beta^-$ decay, an electron is emitted. How could you determine which decay process occurred?

  A pi meson has a mass ofmk /r idqi8m s..etq26 $139\ \text{MeV}/c^2$. What is this in atomic mass units? m =    u

  What is the approximate radius ofex f. eaxy:537tp8dag an alpha particle $(_{2}^{4}\text{He})$?r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

  What is the rest mass of a bare hgdqq. c8k2*j$\alpha$ particle in $\text{MeV}/c^2$? $m_{\alpha}$ =    $\ \text{MeV}/c^2$

  (a) What is the approximate radiuhun0l v2sqz1ufb: iz,4ol/ x 3s of a $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ nucleus? r =    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$
(b) Approximately what is the value of A for a nucleus whose radius is $7.0\ \text{fm}$? A =   

  (a) Show that the density of nuclfb6 t)ibrru8 8ear matter is essentially the same for all nucle)tf u rr8bbi68i. $\rho$ =    $ \times 10^{17}\ \text{kg/m}^3$
(b) What would be the radius of the Earth if it had its actual mass but had the density of nuclei? R =    m
(c) What would be the radius of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus if it had the density of the Earth? $r_{\text{U}} = $    $ \times 10^{-10}\ \text{m}$

  (a) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's mass tha twdr-n 1e*k/lbslgj68z2) bbt is in the nucleus? $\dfrac{m_{\text{p}}}{(m_{\text{p}} + m_{\text{e}})}$ =   
(b) What is the fraction of the hydrogen atom's volume that is occupied by the nucleus? $\left( \dfrac{r_{\text{nucleus}}}{r_{\text{atom}}} \right)^3$ =    $ \times 10^{-14}$

  Approximately how many nucleons are there in a 1.0-kg object? Does wr tv *uc;t hl;q/3-gfit matter what the object is mr; tt3vuq/gcf;-hw *lade of? Why or why not? N $\approx $    $\times 10^{26}$ nucleons

  How much energy must an (cu/2gnta2p (apf r;x- tik-d$\alpha$ particle have to just "touch" the surface of a $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$ nucleus? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate th8dyp jdb +91nwkgep-w4:./z1pbgkay e total binding energy of
(a) $_{92}^{238}\text{U}$    $ \times 10^{3}\ \text{MeV}$
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$.    MeV

  Use Appendix B to calculateq ;5 vut6zf1u14ndex v the binding energy of $_{1}^{2}\text{H}$ (deuterium). Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the binding energb+tk-i5p4na6 56y tczc3k c soy per nucleon for a $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$ nucleus.    MeV

  Determine the binding energy of the last neutron in s(mi k vyusnj57 pcuer0 )k,(:a $_{19}^{40}\text{K}$ nucleus. Binding energy =    MeV

  Calculate the total binding energy, and the binding energy9, shebo3i ua; per nucleon, for
(a) $_{1}^{7}\text{H}$ Binding energy =    MeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV
(b) $_{26}^{56}\text{Fe}$. Use Appendix B. Binding energy =    GeV the binding energy per nucleon is    MeV

  Compare the average binding energy of a nucleon in jrh *b*v ee14s$_{11}^{23}\text{Na}$ to that in $_{11}^{24}\text{Na}$.
the average binding energy per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon
the average binding force per nucleon is    MeV/nucleon

  How much energy is required to removvbzai7tz b.)mgkk i6u cv4swwi,11:/e (a) a proton, Energy(p) =    MeV
(b) a neutron, from $_{8}^{16}\text{O}$? Energy(n) =    MeV
Explain the difference in your answers.

  (a) Show that the nuc*c bc7ix azf:1din ja,6q1rz+ leus $_{4}^{8}\text{Be}$ (mass = 8.005305 u) is unstable and will decay into two $\alpha$ particles.
(b) Is $_{6}^{12}\text{C}$ stable against decay into three $\alpha$ particles?  ----待选择----stableunstable 
Show why or why not.

  How much energy is released when tritie:wjh)/tw4o-a t )* l0aplg imum, $_{1}^{3}\text{H}$, decays by $\beta^-$ emission? Q =    MeV

  What is the maximum kinetic energy of an electron avgpeh2n l11,emitted in the $\beta^-$ decay of a free neutron? $\text{KE}$ =    MeV

Show that the decay kr jip(zi pgm*)ih8cw6kq3mvxe/7 (6$_{6}^{11}\text{C} \to _{5}^{10}\text{B} + \text{p}$ is not possible because energy would not be conserved.