Which of the following is th7,e4e* ead:-n vk+g- frrv0jo8zqlopa z q -d)e smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessa.lv ,h9yxb.5d2 ;;neb n q1rsenh7xtfry to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the avpec/y(v(nomwu wzk8u*,. +u werage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred tow+,u /uw yuvepk( (o8c*z .nwm as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimm);xlga vb; )ipi9gv0bing pool of water. Compare the temperature T and ;l) 9iv;pgx b0g)ia vbthe internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideo1bcxg(k/1d g al gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compress*tb azq0g49 vzaemal8zz5l:iv;) d,yed until its volume is half the initial voluzz yvq 8ta;bilv:g)4adzal *,e90m5z me, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interc ysll 9hn2bu vm4f.(tj.v2/y nal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically 48,w:kkul:)ab 1mljdtn*bte is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity tha,fh u))rc)0k uub.ik yn iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statemefu0)iukkrbu yh) ,).cnt is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a coldw+qfek 3r0.td8br ( xw piece o fw+0krbrdx3.t (wqe8 f copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change lt v (t1x0q( 4aeazg+ha substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as thlx0hg4(e(1a+zt qvta e

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapors hv vr* 7n,ensh j66,-eh, injj-hw)m state is referred to avs )wnn,nh,hhjjmree -h,-i v 7 6js*6s the

  If heat is added to a pure substance)mv+u )2zlnycdf6ah0 -sny.x- npi)o at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze 8 n0 mt)nigw8*urv.aus

  When a liquid evaporamsbz;t,nf lioine+ 7k-,d 9f. tes

  When a vapor condensewi ji0ml8),qxedj 29qs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wat /pwiau69zr7scz,7,pr9 fdu9taxq m )er droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will ca6 ac,/ z dmxs9 piar7,)7ruuz9fqtp9w use the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under au 1sf+ m52yuzi pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water a off ;72ismlp0 0c7wgbt $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred toj )ixv7ds i8+,y0 h/;vnvqep j assj8p)vvn 7/jqv +h;y ii0exd,

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does ;vgpk dh)d e+yq.us7o3.ui p.* p bk7yone end of an iron bar become hot when the other end isd+vo*; qkhys7u pdubk3)e gy.7pip .. placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much coldq8o*bqe) uucah5+z f- er to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which +qhzua8obc*fueq - 5)one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a eb)8ocy07sdk69k phn wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the tbo8hps 0c) n97kdk6eyhickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal condu.axk33 hfzsu cf,6 3mictivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivit f3x3chzim3afs,u6k . y 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from o*5 mv+c6uzc3r.lirn0 xx ztw:ne place to another is referred twzr5 l3urvn06mx:xc+ tz.* i co as

  By what primary heat transfer,g6 g 7ukjtb.g mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur4g;a egfqbn- ;

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humb3t0z4/ 5 (ypeb :cnul(ogdonans in maintaining g( lb0ue/4z( o cpt3:o dn5ynbsuitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration ofdjx c 8cmc yezygd: qo*m 1bwlv06 ji-+.(a/b- gravity is esse(: mbd.y cc+cjx lv*dqbomywz1ej /8 a0-gi-6ntially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. Orl3m) ble,-h qne of the houses has twice the length, l)m3,ebh lrq -width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubledyzy.-cdk8 ,s:n tvu tmt+f 1z9, by what factor does the radiating p+.tzkct t-y m8n:v9 sf1uy,dzower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referue;:c zjse3 0(iki4hjred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mew)qp h -,-jqqgchanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivai *1 1yca()tu ajvd onc5iw6.alent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalen77fxmj; a8j.7tm wc5set wj2yt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 10fs/qt8 k01cs8z c48qze :wzq a0 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what 8g:i0lr9flpg2nj.ad is the resulting temperature change?20l .p a:idg8fr9jng l

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallyg8g2 kfso1*dt at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2 bxz,1fs 0kej10li2v u.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of ofx-u+ :v)cx7+ aoyq jwater at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists o oc**;y3mgd:1fnujlof 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increasem:ljug ;n o**docyf1 3s by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is ho )4s+xycv(su eated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, init7skox3dn :u xr5ts43x ially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atl-db5j-a k r7p $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system t 5jw;+ )iiq*b etyg:jhhat is thermally isolated from its surrounjt bi;+)5* :ijgqyhew dings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the rej 0 ja97pbxub)vw9s0flationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterf07us9) v fwb9b0axj jpall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming 5)yfnqeatd:r+(3zb3o6 o svnthat all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does nqdobz3st +oy n)3afr(e :56vthe water rise?

  A 200-L electric wat vlug9a w1o +dn-d60kzer heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank frov-ad9 d1lu ng0wko6+z m $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long wihh 70i 7k8h8bbom l6sz2uc4,e; xdrsxll it take to heat 20 kg of water fbrlcx;ub 8h67z0e7 4,dos h sixh2k8m rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (ma4iznd.0 z9 hsh g4ffc.ss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kndg2k5v jomf s 0a8jsh3dp 14q z0l8tz.ife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from st;q(pzgr,km4bu88k e 7rv z -saeam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is+b 1yq4v :jrd1 i dne8q3((reiwtss; z required to melde ;indve+j(:41wzi1 8 b tsy q3qs(rrt 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at cnufn1b8r 6h03tdq4m $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to bezwxv /wbl.-jqc3k e26tsj*y ,k19rly removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice t2dzc:(r6 6fcnc/wzcl 0oq m (at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiaz8iv(qi ikn 41lly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at afqnt+i oa)yw 3jn5 vnq9/n*sl +g wlr/(2zt($0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is a3r-wgop 0)pldj i g.1needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gra /f,mmu,)skq e; vjh.un/n:x tm of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100)iph/ 2 *iyzejhudy: 0 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice teakyy g u 1)vmdm.zx4(iga4mss5h2+1 mqd;igq8 by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of va *ua6tco127m r ,wlflbporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melti b,ot6ull1w72rfa*cmng point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductiv8 mp/b9*vzr5 fu2 u ts.9 m6cwqbx1zliity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Twoh6f*e eji-3 kx rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of t-h 3 fkjxi*6eehe brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-2v7 7zldyzb/d52 gjjj cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatuy775bj z2j jgl /2vzddre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If thuif 50/p14zptsm8: y (dsci cu li;,ale outside tumcsczf(:i5 ity,0;pl 1das8 p uil4/emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flofobux-keh+ xl.c8oz(x7)m w1)l o i1qw in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (7.1)x )xqocxmu fbh -lo8 le1(+zio wk$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throug pu*r4cd c8bu)w/ qw:sh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost througy i5*6k iakii(g l(fif l/e:a/h a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is mo1l;hd2 4z zu83hfxfvcmn o x3 w*(( btxu/d(minitored by measuring the radiant power emitfz mi3hoz;h3(duldn1t8( x*4x(xm /c2wbvu fted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the scgi pgv1 tiq9h)tx)8e 7-)qdhuman body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection m t*nw3ut4:k iarea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.