Which of the following is the smallest unit of hea-z3 )ev 0/r b,iezjh;n 7q ewvx:rp)fyt energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to .7 g6bqvddpp (a3u5u73wqrm lraise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual t*v4g,mv1jom molecules is referred to jm,v1 t*gvm4o as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare tpoh b tlat /8p): nrwy2;dpd0/he temperature T and the internaldpw: l ;)2nydh //t8top0rpab energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gasc:sy0eel v 2 1eqp(v8w depends on

  An ideal gas at STP istb2ce 0 p*m r,-vi:yhj first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internj mpyh,vet:c2- i*r b0al energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal+/ a* 9.c4 tjextqy4toqy 6vej2bz8zl energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastic7n0cez /h; zs0qo ktn8u t;d)jally is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity th, nuh tqz2u:30gvzjo. r6n/cyan iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement isv0zuyr.o 2n qzg3j6n:/ uh ct, true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumiggg.8( edhk h8 ynl ;,z38tflhnum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of ahgt3; 8k(f dh.h8egz ly,n8 lgluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance frp6d+(wyglr e+ -q(4fi8iz huc om the solid to the liquid state is refeihd qwgi(4y z-f +cp+6uerl(8 rred to as the

  The heat required to change t2phzl,jp -/g jxd..va substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred tog- jzvjdlhp2/x. ., pt as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steadyau w9 j+dymz(0cb( dm1f,x(eh rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesq o0 f b-fiw/4v3z wq2eu.*ehw

  When a liquid evaporatesqz, gbg k n66dn6xv3 dgv5h*7r

  When a vapor condense4b4s+wwr6x szs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses intoo(. ,nsfxq i(k water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of thi(n(s oqk, fx.e air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cauzej4uw3n2 7b6essw 2 gses

  Equal masses of water aw k* s6e(cxsy8df q,iv;s- fm9t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby 3 ju.*:cwotebheat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to asje3.: otbw uc*

  By what primary heat transfer mechan) ys0gq(+o8 dv)pgpik8ue*khism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in + hpkqo8eyk (g* u08pg)vi ds)a flame?

  On a cold day, a piecqej42j9)fi 61 rovr.rm:bp db e of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical 6bprde2 vrj:1)r j ofi .mqb49property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from axzzq6/r:a7.d .jqvwn homogeneous material, the rate of. :n/d w76rx.jqa qzzv heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a l e3lah+/izm/tayer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composia 3/zmhe/+ti lte sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules 9o 1ldf1neuiu+zz. 3jfrom one place to another is referred to d .efj9u1z +1lzni3uoas

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated5kcn* fch:,p 3ewy f5v on a stove?

  Convection can occurha le9xu+u9s/kp6 ;v b

  Which of the following best explains (dsojwxpt8 8 6why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitabl6 8wsj8dxot(pe body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment 5fj3nmg)wlz;lga .v .* (dgia where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated b fdgaimg ;v)(3lz5l* awnj ..gy an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same m5f l5i8a tgrr/aterials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. r5 5/a rlf8tig Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by wh, oq o;j+5z()asp7cljk o0 ceeat factor does the radiating power ch5s,zq(0pceo+a7; cjklej)ooange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medio 8y w0jlz:u/fum is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism yg10/-ux xa9fspbm .pdoes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heaty1csp ,/ tatzb8r.l q4?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalenyc v+z+d0pgm x3 a)- so)xgp,st to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to (xr 5t.hzv( t6wsq kqlku*5/oraise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 d.suxjpp e. s,k8fh )aq20 ho,kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chang.px0aheu.,q f28pj s, oh)skde?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origiq53, mndd,teivy4ep 5 nally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature f4 mktjl9 tk 18wi5u1aof 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bac30p.k(c di wea0 zw-h nl1d)hth water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much hea4(tm(r np ygy(t is added to the gear if the temperaturrg( (4nyt p(yme increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatedtktg e;wnlx teom z8-)-s /)r edi9u00 to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, inijo e p;3u2t(hbtially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at )e b e+uj,zs-b$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermallyw)1q4vrcc1vk0 un+8 j oa )jeg isolated from its surroundings. O n)8jarvw4jo1eg+vqk1 ) ucc0ne object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore th4af6wm57+z6/ut2kc n k ro bae8iixzmx7/la 8e relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the risn ae/ia74k7 6iz x+o8 tb5 k mwzua2xr/6fm8lce of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assu0bjxo + l8cw1gxaq7s5d2-0 cm a(sgwlming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by w81wasj7l(glds qx+wb0 cc0-mxa5o 2ghat temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would vouf,8y0a a5o/zu k s--yvmc3 it tak,-va /uo-ka5v0zsu 38fmcy o ye to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg omdwyw0k p,e-9 f waterwky0wm,p-de 9 from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mastg06zj-t dqfpg*.l8gaes.ia . ; ::mcol3iyr s 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife by:q om55nz;l; 0orozw lade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must bek)a s+p;s7 khh removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 k (b/f ltej-ox7cal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g b x e7f(ot/-jlof ice?

  How much heat energy g4tyqas9v+ 4eg 3 k,rhlmi:3mis needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g o ,5x(shye.g3:t1 qp oiwr6qn of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kk0bkk + 1ni8wkg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water i90sy*t 0dr mqs-(hjlq4 h9cifnitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at-*ls r--izj*ldy* rml $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed:aj 2h0u*ugww to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one groc3kv7t 8 omjs6kby: -am of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is require*lj.6b* +q5dwsk j xjh u(*gbhd to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, init6 5l5pzxgm.rqc;m6t skrs6 j, ially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207phe n (xgpu15p cpd7up0:c;6hud py9( kcalc u5ny7 p; gdc(h9x(hu :d06upepp1p p/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete umb dy:h+hffg)p. (8wjl .al+ is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of bras(( yyr*)wgwbs)lh d6g s. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to en rw*(6)sh dyglby(w)gd in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensio7xywcl+i +)h 98v btqens of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempe+b+ iwqx8 )hvel9t7c yrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick w + 8d3 )fyc2v*a kmmmg req6g- q7xb1)a8xjdphas dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tgpae81fmr m8kxb7cadv2dg* y)6jwx q+)m 3q-emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hp: jdo/6aqt3 bs)f-a lour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (f t:l)3q pa6oda -j/sb$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal d mc :k8cgnc*,of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heatv-f9 u8zc83h cvj v)rf is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is moniy59z2 p 9apznttored by measuring5p t2zz 9y9pan the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy g5sr6e,v w b1iwhen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection 3vdkqi09oh. j;f3tl uarea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.