Which of the following is ,a +uuyi9lqg iend7y3(e* 1zdv) j+dtthe smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 z/vk1yxc9m i x)4;ylmr o* ,(iifk9km gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy o ktw3a 1qmych7 kq56;qf individual molecules is referred to k3 tkq1; c6aqm7qyhw5 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool odz.8n c t1eke62kxxj ,f water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the waterk 8jed,x6 k.e 1xnt2zc, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends o wixut h(6wt*4n

  An ideal gas at STP i+,(u/ ,8fr ;i8xtjcpc fh mnjys first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial in+ymx,n( 8,tj f8 r/jfuhcp;i cternal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy Uyggl3(+pw2 va at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures jq*,tiy t2s;nl/n:cpg* tno, do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water 6.r5,qgttr3p.)sgf/hxw n aqhas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is tru6ar/ ggpw qtt.3hsf q x).r,5ne?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piec.iv,uc vvd29p e of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilvvcd2pi,9 v u.ibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solretc8 o tut;83id to the liquid state is referred to teourt t3c8 8;as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is p)uz61,;vlk : q.9yjn1 su zueh onf(mreferre)z.hoz6( fv l pnk9 ,1ju1;uns:ue ymqd to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substancu 5:- z/azthfbg/gz*zkw +ql 0e at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze8ou*mf98bt ;c:fa km xs

  When a liquid evaporateskzt8+8b 8 ys8:pawyu r5ttge8

  When a vapor condens8k 6 r2ooql-wzes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets whic 8wx08-xbyrbfs)ppy *fpt9 s,h get bigger and bigger unti,0 bws*px9 )8xrby-tppsy8ffl it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pai; 5q9:v pa7id5; dvsbc. hvxzn of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at ys 5htd:8* vuta:1q sp,gyt/i$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to a*w 8xfgqx7u6 p*8u qxgw xp76fs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of96u7 o2ac ssji an iron bar become hot when the other end is 2so c6i7 sj9uaplaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feedbmdak ls r:+z99yu6 ,ls much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the follm99ds l+yk b:z,6urad owing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the ra- gr;tvrh6zj+5gu qk /te of heat loss for a given temperature di6rvg;j5zh+q gutrk/- fference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductp7asbpag) 8k4/cb3dr8 m3 qjmivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is ther4d 8a qc7mpgk b383mpj/bs) a effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules froxcem7t(ahzlr :. 7i3y 2)qlbv m one place teh3 7yc).izqt rx7bv:l(m2alo another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism icn.m lm hh/*1g8bh)gg s a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur* iob xfmf;gqqr/,,qyc)pd3 .

  Which of the following best explains why t 6:qm;5yno rdsweating is important to humans in maintaining sum;don 5ty6 qr:itable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of grav.w1 pxmjl*m:1z,jh xa-) hddsity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true abouh -s1.:djj*mxwdzp x,a hl1)mt the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular ho yy2axo-m7p( juses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to(ymjp7 -x yo2a maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what vb e. w).qpluk 29yt)efactor does the radiatingk2t9 .quwel) .pyv )be power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to asm zz(ul2tiem 041vh 5 kt*n-ei

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does toekr ja2(97 l,7n nklphe Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mda k ut3f/nmz+sin22v 8*pi(huch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equi+i pff 7g4f.uzvalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g o6ok33a, :rtd f 1ie)jesrw2ctf lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 1zr:vkxm oyu:rn(. d.2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chanz1(xu:v nyokr. :d.rm ge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originaq (hy qd( *7dkt4rtj7ylly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of mv5*(a twjt2 j*kaq 8zaaterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wateunv7d65 :rg 97; dl oehrs/eqer at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How m;my+j* . guo4t .:a-x sezmigxuch heat is added to the gear if the temperature incre :gotz-s.mjyg.a x; umi+ xe*4ases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is h: t j(c;qi-jco i5s0lreated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, i i ty8ujp:r7-9dgsag ;*yi2ja 9gva3znitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at lmh h0j62o5);blpu-5krfrzg $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolriweavu/w xyl02i : tf*8 h/pp5,x4)uj scsc +ated from its surroundings. One op4 8p/ lyeii/vcf s*w usx2c+au wx),rjth:50bject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationshhnh f0y, 0xg3.n5juxuh9mx/ glkf) 1r ips between various forms of energy byh3 fy0 1 hh kgx)unufj5x /0rn.9lgxm, measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops)kw dyayvj:,twx6j 3 0z+w4q6stjsv4 a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy ijv ksv30swxw6+:ta, ywdtq)z4y4 6jj s converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wqm4qnt t5bx 3je,w,lb(qgoc y0(( 8l eould it take4y8x(3q5b,0ebtm gq, lo ltcq(nw ej( to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used0ov 1(igvn 2*joqw e/t to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wa* 1/jivo tv(g0nqo2 ewter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, f-m*9dv jko+ y)xb ;.lb yede9$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = t1g1 5 *wzeiyb$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed ff smwif.(9w+6f 7 tzmp7es7gqrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to u sb+ ihcqq3/7osq6,p melt 200 +s o 7,/3c us6qibqhpqg of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to gh*pa/mtoj8rbyz4 (+ change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to bedbcb 9(3xfue qy1xs8( removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Wy3ozrp nk1f/b8w5 v-s1pk l* khen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiall9x1/dn 1jqy c7ynte 9yy at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water am9;8kp-ka yx6d aivn1t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed y imai+b vhe(47h0(id to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required 0auqb b)g j2uwv ela89.zro 6,to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required t ao- 923rk;phrhawu(eo change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially ulrlg* 8iuh 8p-ti),rat $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead sj/h: bczj87jt mm3.pis 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its m7s m/b8jmc:zp h.jj t3elting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivi 8 wghkka;4v3vr/ i 5tzn/:czwty of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of br.p1h ;h8sm bhak vu3vc(: s-(6mdlfmjass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excead;p v6c 3 s8jhm((.kv l1f-mbuhsh:mllent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the3*ahksi dc-yr 5j3- ab outside te5a3is -k-r bh*3 cydjamperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outk)* l1rfwt i1 sl9hdf2stpn byz 9(p,)side temperp19nzsw )92 , r( yhtdli1t)kp*sbfflature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour throu6qmgv .5mv1y:wc o;yy gh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (vcoqw 6;y mm:5yg1.y v$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throu: cr1 xl*rua3dgh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throuz)acxf,k+i e4lsb 47zgh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refiningk6f mo9d/98siq5bepjf*6 i ar steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitjsaoqrfi9 pe65 *6k ib8/9fmdted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when , t20n vd0(/ch szcnzdit is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effeu+l*gz 4) s*iollmqg 1ctive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.