Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat enev 9+-qf9l ykvoqnt* 3.gt5xc krgy?

  The amount of heat necessary tob1t0 d k3,zbat raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy oe/k9d* mvlv 4 x,ar3cof individual molecules is referred to av3 a,4k/9dove* lrmc xs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare thyrs) dnh/r:u4 e temperature T and the internal energy U of the water,ry 4h :u/sdr)n in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depek iu4:4 nhfh;usvv+o(nds on

  An ideal gas at STP is f d7j8jf o0cww7cc k+:wirst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial prew :+w07d kw7co 8jfcjcssure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal ka 58;*m j)rmcpk+kr hf1 qr3yio),vlenergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temper1yaokhi d02 t0atures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specif8x:(n rottfn/) hu) o3mbaxq5ic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statemenqtn)m f5b)nx8:3au /h(oo xtr t is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a ct )r85eyxx0bj. feo6jold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal eqyr xx fe.6ot8 b50ejj)uilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chjzd(q6i+e c gje +(dc/ange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referr(dzj+ eqc6(jei+ c/gd ed to as the

  The heat required to change a subsygxp+ q5.s b +j8plrj7k* n*qr,qud1 ctance from the liquid to the vapor state is rejy8jbxr+,kqpc7l5n1 dq q+rgu .**s pferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steart e 3ys,gy u01ct,t5qdy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze86*t uvi+5wqsz0sqxpq: j/ey* y8t his

  When a liquid evapor* fean) o0f5- hwn9hjfie,58 pwrru,lates

  When a vapor condenseqlvs2a ov;:g4ynk 72es

  In a cloud formation, water vapoa ;my5k ) (lpi2edg;o/kze3aor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air k/doe5 (m;gl)2o3 ea ;pyaiz kin the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under jn4(.pw eooca 1d 4s*ya pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of watekl15.dkm mlulb5h5c 0d sa)e 1r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collision e9c29iwa0fz4 7xbg vys is referred to asvci7e0 fx49y wazgb92

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism d a o0ro) e.fq/u3q)mnosr*g5noes one end of an iron bar become hot when the other endmn. f3 orurg)seo q50*n q/)ao is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch3odo:gls/ z 9vg8.gn o than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following p8 l/:odgog9. n vz3sgohysical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mateh0a-if t8g ee8rial, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difgt88a-i0e f heference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with *fg 4okft9f( hs /nev1thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of theg(9f4kvt1o*e / shffnrmal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows-.*aqwytmo +g ul5d z- by the mass movement of molecules from one place * luamg5oy -qt+dw -z.to another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated y2nsgxz -ti9:46 ktpson a stove?

  Convection can occurmzei28 :fki84q;0dxcvu fy j*

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in main h9x8 cize1*nzguv, h0skr /1xtaining suitable b1g i*1x0vzex8 /uh,krnshc 9zody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an ugp9p*s;wnkp.bsvos y*uq *6sa:1/ p environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is b*q6s1un/.ak gpp o:u 9*s*wp;sysvpheated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. One 5iz-o33cbou04u uwe; 1*zt s zfvci4vof the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate tha04c z3-4;1i3iu5sfu uebzzvo vo *cwt t heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is dot* l .r2gp:scw fxru.xz 2c0j,um3s*aubled, by what factor does the radiating power changu2m zscug.** 03s.,2x:c rjxpr atlfwe?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of anyt7+ af9e(l o;+9veuwfy9p cr8c0otm w medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the S5ny w e;nq,a+ lpzku1,un warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mu 20;aw+f+x gad k/bb kkp2s0dqch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is esahs t1cg-n z2+bt/em(mj-7tx,b k ; cquivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature ofh)g bhmlg31s + 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperat q0orym:ejc* t*ov(/cyul1 i 9urt:v o/y9 e c*molj10c ru*iyq(e change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block isqm o za qd 35v-69brek6lpt91s originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of 1czro bt*j ku(wpfz( u0 6cuao-,, i(vmaterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bathdb9cy:2+*z,ry a :h46ft7wpmts xccl water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg m 0l(c/;pkzs6 fur9flof iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases by6mz ksr9fu/0 fc;l l(p $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heat l sah*lgai6: (y-ph+ced to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initmo r3p4m(3fvyially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at isy 5f hp gp48nc,8e giv5p3o($100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isoladcn5s6a)/htghom/ j -ted from its surroundings. One object has an initiathh-g/5d n s)aocjm/ 6l temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between var.t+w hy6dk bz-ious forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mkywt b.d+hz 6-ount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dro*8ev8bnwi3j:mfq e stag/+ ,sps a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energ nqg,e3bi:ta* 8 +s/ j8vfeswmy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long woui5h/ :e me,p.zv/oz jwld itv,5:ow ezze/phmi /.j take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long wruqzz nh*; b6n5i-y wqz7+ou7pq 6e7zill it take to heat 20 kg of wateryn5e7oupz+ zb7w7r6;h6qi q uqn-z z* from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masss-lcmh ( y77j,ck zoicw7 f,k+ 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife f1+w(qnomm5 gblade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remo6/l n:tfb(t wf.da,g gf*)som ved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusio j*y teqjozf*+1zn:o i 1-s-exn of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of iceojzzfyt j-1o* -:1ix+n s*qee?

  How much heat energy is needhd*)cjv4* xftfg.ka9/q . e rwed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be repf4gc d,t*nn ,zk:2v fmoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kb3vo60lps )xug f 3+pucal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at ;0t-qq hpml9n$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at9 x6 jfir:*qgh $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 nb)pjrc.wt8emb+0mtk z9g 0,kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chany 1k5cl4xs xjqru(r 66/t u/koge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to changn2oi;bp(u f x 3zu -5;rsy.gale 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg o :7ks l rg9+enn g7slnt,aq39rf hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heoo1 j, 68wvtl4eascb8at of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and it8je l8atcsv,wb4o 6o1s melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete i z en*e 8qucjp oxx;(3z-tun+2s $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one h37 +x hrrjy1valumin7yh3 h 1jrvr+xum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If 4i e1y/fgozui)9nsg 2 the outside temper1in f yo i4/ugsgz9e2)ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the7/ iw5dx1 movh5n 9tgc outside temperature is h5dcgin517 /w t9vmxo $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.tp -zw8 cs5ve: jslv 9io28;oj0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 9l5ci vtpweosz82vos;:j- j8($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through *:sse xq7jioto g:o 2w;k7 d5ra $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throupchj wi:oo ; yb3fim 5- (jyoa u+(fuy,-+(jprgh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refitu:rpv0ab+ i-zjc * kp- 2dl v,vgi8q)ning steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holev2 iql8z* jr v+pk:c,idatv u0 )-gpb- of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is 7vqy16 m-b3iuu ,yxgr at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists insi9urxg55k jzx t7rw5dd4o/0lwde a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.