Which of the following is the smal65 b8gywdjlj7 lest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessaryru8rs2pv7:jyvi2 cuiy * +-g x to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individkho1p8s6 vte ,ual molecules is referred to h,spo6t8 ve k1as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swi98ay(w bu-ba t-mg+wbmming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energ-b+-bw8 9taga(bwumy y U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependsd1)cuq)qw iyg-q n;i4 on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume i ni5rv)mt:/6 pbxq;vis half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final nvxpr qm :;5)6 v/ibitinternal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energyu0xt9wl7 tsk5 U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not*muc+ zp/mj/:p,sr es vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that -x gr;rw)u op0gtczz v8+y /h3water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron tpc8)zz0 xvtr g uorgyw/-3;h+hat are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cim*:f 85 waogudn/; j.2gktqeold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermalfu egi.2mt8ojk*n5 g/ :q;dwa contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance fl4r9xizxicv2xb.5-.5t f aj erom the solid to the liquid state is referred to as2bet izx9 . i4xc5x v5ljar-.f the

  The heat required to change a substanhf(ix 3a +-6: hyggoktce from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as yk3+-aix6oht fhg:( gthe

  If heat is added to a pure substance agw0j lp+xfb4 (uwcdp0o s 4ee;q34ho(t a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeske xubd 2y9x45x4 kl5y

  When a liquid evaporo6* 2sb18db qoi b9frzates

  When a vapor condensepm q/hm ,yud1a4l eihsz6;/bq+ ob9j.s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggeraqmd;ab hco9 fbe(- m:xny)j 8 f9hn)4 and bigger unti(4m ne8ncfa o dhmj:9fb9)aqy;-hx ) bl it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causex4t,5atvje8.q ymc h;xc9 x y+s

  Equal masses of water aty yfy, xu7q+j m9,.bit $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred trf40xu0b u(goo ao4 (uurgb0f 0xs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one zpb 4(9 svwkgoafb6;7 end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a fla7kwa9b(b6 s p oz4;fvgme?

  On a cold day, a piec(tgiq-ub )jlsg2, 0krcu7f *ee of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one u ife-)j,bgg 2qk(c 70ultrs*of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a w4jz6g n)yt+x a.)kay 6 rdi1 yx72phqdall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a d d yh7a+q1 gix kyt6jzxn4y.ap) 2)6rgiven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed fquiz *k(xk0/on a layer of another material q fkkxi0(/zu*of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules frphv+r, 2n 2hjeom one place t2pjh2 he vnr,+o another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water he :x+6(tjckix v-g op1sated on a stove?

  Convection can occurjmfdg(8tiqdb7.z 0 qs--k/ud

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in u++ 3ku:jkkah5x 1teak.nl+gmaintaining suitable body temperaturj+3k xt l:eun+kkka a1+hu. 5ge?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratiodecylx* uz, doz* uz95gc5.hk.,c: nvn of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection current. ,ccdu*zkhyn .g:5zeco9lv 5u ,z*x ds caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from theg, /d l7cvvdy+ same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identicg dvvyd+c l,7/al climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, boew5(q a )pk6:-h0mcj evdfi 1y what factor does the radiating power e)d hip0 emo1q65-wcf( vj:akchange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediuae- bl l1scf7)m is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm4bwxn v6gttc*gady* a(qv4 9/ the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much hgvhi+k d(3mlur6,;x3z; kmpp eat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to+hffilmr p6l5i61s a; how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempeb1o sd;za q8d 1. *k)mivxglo/rature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resultinr u5d.g19 flp0w zvaiutze:15g temperature chp1l v 9 5fdteu01rzziu5a:wg.ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origin4*rp*d0(zwh)v tp hw mally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempe5/ ty*p,vafr vrature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.04tg-fg u)+u/lzuw r/-c/iuzy L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consiz4a7tsy f5eufam7 wx ;.la0, f (br0:ydqq,pnsts of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperaturet4a 0a 7mfpu:n;xr0 ,qzyaw (5qyfsb7.dl,e f increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heat5zc 6 r-v/vn6jub: yrued to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, in*85vz;bqe95+ evmsdrks i :n nitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atq7 9zaln4pt /14 . uhas.eoqqe $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system thatn;/ 3juxlyu1h (nh0e s is thermally isolated from its surroundingu3l(yh;/x0en u jnh1ss. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relations9cw7zr h(4hxi9p0dt s +7vlwx hips between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a s x7lh w7d+ (i4hvrcxw9p9tz0waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance o3u lgz ea32u15gnv7gof 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to3govugz l2ae73ug n 15 thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 0 n:n7s:pn+pvt* b niv2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water inv7:spi*0 nt:+np nvbn this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to he-7dc u-j rz v47jzgd6aat 20 kg of water f7cj-d4 d- jvuzza7gr6 rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas gt9ud 6pkqu s*wd:*p,s 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife (b,sg,-7t 1paj6ydq g sw2fqzblade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be rea1bnz)pj,z68e -zrcd s dw/8d/ jnjd7ffqt /) moved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requ2irt k a,:9f, pmqgwz:ired to mel,qmg9pkfr , izw:2 a:tt 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chjj/we uo35bu;df8; sqange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs tod o0 (xfpzs*8 tih5yo8 g15lhe be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of icm 5t xeap1:(hvm-,rqnf .7sgke at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiafp eg424 wdri1lly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at hece +eugr *7r(3go80p xi-jo $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is ne6(*biobal3x-a mddf ;eded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change oqv(oah0izn4wid, 9tcvyqu7 l j+ ;46vne gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to crp utoi 6i1, qhy16n; -zrcu2mhange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hmw/hp7 gv ghy.le vi.*2o45eqot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kc..2jmy -jdbbcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, ajyjd m.2c.b- bnd its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conducti)34a0meluv * *hd9pivr j (deuvity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two 6(j 2wxm)c 1wg6rqya drods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal rygmx )6d6w wj2ca1(q contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dim 2vui2o 2(fe,aupa c9i)m:vfiensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem9aci2afve2(p u :fivi2)ou m,perature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If: p,mm,zrv. vx3t5( qrfgwvt(q+lyn( the outside te3w, :ztv.(v5y(ptlx g vf(m+r,nmqr qmperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will fzl:ji. tv jd mt4* d8n;7bd7dtlow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete vtd4:ddjil7.bzn j *tm t7;d8($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 calu;qexl c32k 7p of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throug2/x gmi i 1onr0m ye.g9eu.3feh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furna. :zum3o jft1gxtnb *+ce used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant powegm zx3+utn 1*:fot. jbr emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whenmf p8rar.;w ym0gk r/ n2f:vf, it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar c b*u:w/z fv609c.oom-rzt jow0pyk )b ollector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.