Which of the following is the smae hxcz96, g7p a)m4z*wmzzp r-:+zg j24rovklllest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary ) vow3ifyx8q1 zo(il:to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of in1 wjyna. w;a0cdividual molecules is referred to.yajc1w 0a nw; as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimmij : af4/knndv9qz91kby0y )bh+zwv (ing pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cun19b9av0+zd byi (: y qn4f )hjv/wkkzp and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas del2.2kjj)v6p;xk u+)gf+ wi ax qdpc)rpends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial vo0y-++tg/rwx l:p esv mlume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature +emxwr l+:yg- vs/0ptconstant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with int*m1 x* nxu nvlrha.oe/0dbg vu,sx6+7ernal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dgsgi6 g3 (txd4)us:lc rkw j-0rastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron2wzv2g,fay2 o j,ga6e. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibriuj voz2fae2 ,gwg62,aym. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made cknw:s2aj:wycy x+ (- up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the great a kj -::ywcnwx+(y2scer magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the l .qmsh q8a 95/by9gtmliquid state is referred to as tha 9g/ sy mq5.t9m8bqhle

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquidwx . o9tmnd6e6 to the vapor state is referred to a6m6t .9wed xons the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady raterp zqq2zmt*h/e+ygd5, p(t (x,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes)v-x q *7ne*v(ssbjps

  When a liquid evaporatp:si rq7i* qvo4kuq1x y; 5fz+bt)o w0es

  When a vapor condensesa6sp nl/lz i)a-l3k ltw3 8:en

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condens- 3pmq(gl-aglouj+1c jpo1/cs r+ py0es into water droplets which get bigger andas(r + -l1 yp/gmo u 1pqojl-jccgp3+0 bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of ;iq-pqs lyg6p r5c(lzgq,p 9xl,he ):boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water b3tzota3q9 ubkctrid44 ,i* (at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of m1b qbp6rye5ayec:33 rolecular collisions is referred to as1e:eb5a p3 y3cy6rbrq

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot w,nds n+ -1mtzd5d4map +vac/lhen the other ent pdd- mm5z 4/+1a cnan+,vldsd is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wyhf/ipyxya60y w h;zj94x5y(r xc v01ood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following phy9y;(xah4/j1fyrcyxy w 0 v hxi 605yzpsical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the3bg(eyd e*2g f rate of heat lossegbey(f3g2 *d for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thy6y /cxj9d;+eg nehftn(x9.i ermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thhxi xd.et/;+ c9egy(n 69 nyjfermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby hu3,tmd (2sw daeat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred2w ut(dd mas,3 to as

  By what primary heat transfer m4r/l 2yky(vp dechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurfq zrwzclo ,.z k +-2x3ou*gv yvm25u7

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impo 5uzvo45 q/a;y;yhwwn rtant to humans in maintaining suitable body tem qv/y;nh4a5;ywzu o5wperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of g bc58/qrgdc mcu:2xz5 ravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about x2:ccdgqrcmb55 z8 u/the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the samenw a 67rs2f7bk materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger housenr6 fab72k7w s would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does thex 2fu4 9rps *aziasp7c./ln) g i:p1ez radiating power chn92 :i /izl a1 4f7cxusrzas.ep) *gppange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the sgu 5 1zcdr9 ykv7pu.)absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eas/duqkwvp/ * w 7kwyuw:;7jn. rth?

  1700 J of work is equivalensn*1bsb 4wc7 ot to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equmw0 t **xyyv/2k,zslwivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 8e y q9a.2.npc ywxux7qu:vx5g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0iinny.w* fk* n5e(p8n kg of water, what is the resulting temperaturf*n(w 5piyn k*8e.inne change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is 7t4v grgm 5+jq.v1. 8plq ,ld)xd mnpyoriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material.+x6b2zmx)ai2bbwq d by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath w6ekhzi.:z3 udater by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron andvf9l+/fv /l xb 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases by9v+/f/lbfx vl $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heqiy v729: yzdeated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at ffir+-5 buh) xye-kins25+mj6iw2j 3 arjl 0h$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material p9z+ bp3u5odk+q6ioy at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syst0bxik0* i2q)o *dsrei em that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperats iq) r*obi0dei*k0x2ure of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attig plp3cz20 -tempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rptp2l0iz-3g cise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops63ovhjtgu + wh.k)*nd a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temph+ ho .kn)6*vu3gwtj derature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater us38mg u01zq5 jcfj-bdqnfg b mf k(22x:es 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would i:z22kfu50n mc-g qxdjmbfq 8b31 ( jgft take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used toz;od30 t 4kerb5yqp 7c heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water f;c3 47kzo 5 te0dybqrprom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass qj95uhx+xqy(rv0 z+b 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = x/y /ib bxwho1943mz,r+pxi c$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chan:o*syi (aw+dltmsl8ng8 om69ge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusitela d rs.6 gjjs2:tv;k ov/2ufp) h)n6;*bbion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200ah;))o .e6fbu ngj 2 vj:rtitsd /b;pslv*26k g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 109yz+s2+ayd er g.ffj0 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remchdy y5hnsafdd138c (xk 06i7oved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice 0sxyo6zeulax.**k 1b at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initug wt zlta 4z:3*cq)p(ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ad:kq d gf6c j)g3pi.x- eb;/hst $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water gros0+gorc 3 g+lr -4uat $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requirednr qph 0s95(xe to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 7zt iu0tj9j9w 0x1coj.o3i yn100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially a8qr ae5xbolvqf1vy.b ih2 4+cw;p7hph)my/ 2t $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of zc 7p+rtq..ggvaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting.p +gg.r7cq zt point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete id02wfw n(9)4ym u)5 fgdjqgvj(dj q4 vs $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass.yuo mdklis) :kyza ;ul1++ykf,6p:i9 Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass y +6:;ki :9kyualilzuy ,m1)ok+sp d frod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-k7k9uf*fhh)92,d6 i o yapowt cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature u p9 f *kdyhhtoi7,)6wfa9o2kis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensiontn67xxye/ hn4s of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside txh76yt/e n4x nemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 e(42b tcgifnbkh zca7iu/*88m section of concrete eu8t8/2bz*aic k hbif 7n(4gc($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of )lh h89 xt4ngkheat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temp;m9 /mqlhpjnrcou) z; p e1;7fy)3lkm+7 kaew erature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitoq) nefzr09m7 z1ho2s ared by measuring to279nzar0 efz1 hm)qshe radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human b3h)uwmo 9f ;a ,7tcwb i:ddrl,ody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists czh18kawns+x (c ds+0inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.