Which of the following is twhv)/erxx* (hhe smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperatu8t/g5l 5gvlm 7w qfh(nre of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is refeefw9 si z):g1lrred to if)z esl:19 wgas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming .( pgzsbzz2d) 9aj.uk pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of theg9(pz zs d bz.2)uaj.k water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas de,4 zziqao33fi pends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed unti:q,:ebx *cbpks; pf7g.6tqeil its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the geqitp sc ;gbkxfp6e*:b. 7: q,as will be

  An ideal gas with internmw )m.uf x o9ze.e4h:aal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not v x m.sbtcs)ffjt70a: 6-k5r euary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than ,/2a.a1qwk gn.5mmls o r-v(pgw0fwhiron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added ng.g0f(wpm-,2vh ok q s1a/lr.amww5to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot p) f)i 3xyd v2is4d/.uoxz wpb1iece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capac 1b4 dz w)/xivsypi. x3odu)2fity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the zm6e)*e c+ 1uowdhv*d5ial3 osolid to the liquid state is referred tow)z6di*h1o dcoa3* 5m e v+elu as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to t*h) 3;jlcbhuche vapor state is referred thbcj*) c3luh ;o as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steavl-klq v u- +rya+-p2ody rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezexkji rv;2s z:f uz9-y(s

  When a liquid evaporatesc/g8 u,jz)zlu

  When a vapor condensesy/f;cp tg2-i0lgx3gd

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses ,i 3m6 nifg1t za9qz)vinto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature f)i mat9ziq 1gz3 ,n6vof the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flamevg 4ow*uf vk*- under a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water a38g6ez*huv rjt $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flow)i kzkhimw*+8. wvrc5 s by means of molecular collisions is referred to as mzkw+vwhi5.*ic )r k8

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of jt: p-:j5 fvavan iron bar become hot when the other e-vj:jf:at5v p nd is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a pty3 k05ds*a ow:za7niiece of wood. This is du*7:ayao0i 5tzdnk w3se to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homoga(viwq q0h0m4eneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thiaw 0h0qqim(4 vckness will

  A layer of insulating material with th)e bu(lwnd0 6alpez37 ermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers hae)e 3wa d7 0(lbl6npuzve equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fro,rzt:(xjf/ 3++icc 5 u izmzgum one place to another is referred to ait iz3 f+m5,z/cxuu:c jrgz+ (s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water h(l+toh:b r7bw eated on a stove?

  Convection can occurb p, 7z; avsgh0nu)j4i

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impooo qr7su67t k)rtant to humans in maintaining suitabltosok qr7u6)7 e body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravisvnrdrn9 ji svt(p46/r7gxyi/ fmi;9 ma+,o 9ty is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caui9xr6/9 dtrf,vmm jai;is 9y+ r(s47ng/ovnpsed by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the sameejj9 ys ;hok rtx46;l/ materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to trkyo 6h;je 9/4 ;jslxbe supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor dorso(cj6vqqm3 f lb;/l rd ++,qes the radiating power chanj(3,6f;lrlsqcd +b/ r+qm vqo ge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absenci slkz6hjo-qyp27q+jo m q)03sozm:+e of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism k;l 2j) ri+;)d ixtvhx8 ewy.hdoes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivfjbd:iy qpue3*f ir +0j3 jp3.alent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to ho5ql ynxk/ed)p 2t2 ji3w much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature oi7xb ty1)* fv)vcm h7mf 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to qyw)d,z*jp1y 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature change?j q,1d* zyywp)

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orinc.jph suec (9 p vb1o2tc8)*dginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of cu+5k ,-m p/ci/6br( 5 oibp3 pkprzavmaterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat uprcw*79pdg yo- her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg o s9a5rx-p;dbc*s /cwh f copper. How much heat is added tos sh*pr9w xdacb c/;5- the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal v a yb1a:rrk)b.hl89sis heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppld4 y ;j tk(:p2psog6 vy7xz3mer, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material u m03ae9/z cypat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolat-kggr hys) w9pz60)w(v dz/bied from its surroundings. One object hawhgvdi 9szrw)yp/b -6k)z(g0 s an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to exploll m.;hcz1 i41am f9xxre the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum tem9;m fhxz4 a1i1lm clx.perature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m.rjc-ev8 ey(l6 dce*y3 z)u 9ev Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water riseevuc3* lv 6e-ydee()z jrcy89?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 k- myuvt*fl88fbjzp/ )nf. 5py W. Assuming no heat loss, how long would iv/)fy*. b 8nmjzft p5f8-pul yt take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long wigocfct.bhpy3 h2 4c0myp+4x/ll it take to heat 20 kg of water + c44pxcfhgpb2ycht3 mo/y0.from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, ekljof-9(i1aqbi)g 0$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (smca7rzh4 6 f2ofz0bu*pecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed f ozjqp55cj+e4lc e s3nlp2;l2z;qas(rom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion orjo wm xk* /qe)wi9( l4;hpvl.f 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 2004hik*pjre9l() lqomwx wv /.; g of ice?

  How much heat energy is n6* -hxz c8a zxuvfq*;ba5kn0fy/ qns8 eeded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed frvxy ,,m27bnd -n: mdn2xnrvqp *lo(y -om 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g od uy1 tk zuir39cly:st uyo 9ez5w/)u(a8mv+) f ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially akqf pc r26):g/3toel ot $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at wo8h96xea( xl$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg8bh-xxac/ nf9 of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one n n8(ca-oobhi1*qzz :0 ; tjib0rt 3vxgram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g of 4 lc5ykk/ peo7$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot teatvuyrsp(sg.n *l q h)4h2n;:l, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 50f (i vz6mhh-x.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal-vz(6 h0 fxihm/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivg 1q91g qgz0b- 11o xnjt*mojsity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is t f8w ddi/2b8v;(fwc.zag5y*b gr3ydb wice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined toget5 fwibgga8;* vbd frwz38.bd(/y dcy2her end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions we-dmpf8b+9i ) 7zeogof 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp )-dee o7 +fmbgp9i8zwerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If ys v)v0jtv3/pthe outside tempe 0vv t/vs3)jpyrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concres;hxnm:t)i0oo* uv a :te (0 im vahuox*t):;sno:$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thmgrr+ +g*)ck -pw9f4)w -mpf9bmoes jrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through3- ckd7)sbvpulh; g )h a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace use*e-)9j) zz 35wbnecyyj ildqi t3 6th0d for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitty ied whnei 56czb 9ytq3)3)*jl0jz t-ed through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the hjzt.nhei, yr/b:u./zai do-0r;e wl 7 uman body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collecz7 wj3v b2bc1bfd6 ;3 -iuy(n9vaalrftion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.