Which of the following is the*8,w rsr,u3xdyx y)8sd9x1g odzu z *g smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the t0v1, mg bsr6xcemperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetl s5(b t2( 2-jhbrdxgjic energy of individual molecules is referred to (2 (bt5lbj-sr xdhg2j as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swim9ev88 abq kcp2m:s9v aming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup andm8 9k:2a 8cveabq9v ps the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas :n s gkb8ud+)wdepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volumeq;n9 yp.l8d rnr1ag*ayq)sg 0 is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy l*0p) dqa. 1y agysqngr r;89nof the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with in3taxh/x c0q1r ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tempqw,jqfz.2q165vqk cw;pi9 2nv2 kwq weratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat w33nmtnhx/x.wengou 1wg5v n 1 /a7s* capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to xx1amvng/w3 3unnw e /oh571n twsg*.each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of::swae za 9r2d aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system tak29aazs dr:we: es to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to camb/eve2 d sw*0 orl(vq m7u-+hange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as a2rwvdl 7qv+ bseum*0 e-mo /(the

  The heat required tov:.),o ajlk as change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred ,j:a l.k )vsaoto as the

  If heat is added to a pure subst .o2wo0lu(kywance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes2vs).o hl) e dqbqi6w3oils 23

  When a liquid evaporatek qua/c/mcz2ympl+3 304 v ugfs

  When a vapor condensesgi fiai1:t1. t

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggeqk fshz8( drc(6i- dg(r and bigger until it rqfd 6 (d((ig8 r-hzsckains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan u zc*rii3n s1:of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at aso6iu/jt g) rye/83 ix3qkm 7$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is re459+rrmi c.c4 cs uf q5hoc,qlferred to al.cmrhcr c4s5qo9 fcq4 ,+u5 is

  By what primary heat transfer mechanih,d-1;gcj5qw6f qvtt sm does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a fl,wct-hqj1 g65 tvfq;d ame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch thav2vj-kr lu 01-cqtm2ln a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the followingk0crq-1 vl 2 jmvlt-2u physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material3:)xwhkstf i 2, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness wilsitf :k )3hw2xl

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placedmm5)qj(mrgus c5o o ,sal42r6cj y6w- on a layer of another656jurslmj gqr(y42-, o5ocmc awms) material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement o-*3 ((yqxwst+lny p8)m wqdsmf molecules from one place to another i s+synwq m(l8-mw*(xp)y3qdts referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water 1jy7p;dx6n o vns,c1 )48p: fm vaukroheated on a stove?

  Convection can occury ix: 9vj9dqy t5/hn7:4v h2pj6ejmih

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in ma2.w l n 6rjrgnb7n:*cbintaining suitable body temperacg. w rb:2b*jln 6nrn7ture?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration y x-qj 2qx0gg s-+tun1of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one sjn-qs-20g1 + qxgyutxide of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houw5.zg 7t5vvvy6:qg b cses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate tgt6w v z5bcq5v7.gyv: hat heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature2v :kuuha4:,t7 unqietg )/ty y ght/* of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change:,khnhy *g ite/ 7/) a:2yqvuu gt4tut?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any ,mvciwv, b1t7uw.c 0 ;kju) 7lzaq6hdmedium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun wara.s)s5p 6nivfu:f * flm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much /j*dsa8/*n4ijuq 2odpc v /ido2q u7jheat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivar+ z*v06nbyjiz 1he2m2 uio;plent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of leaxan.lptoo7 fy18( ( wad ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 k n dq)f jo6e;a+onf6p2g of water, what is the resulting temperature chafe 6da;oo +fnn)j62 pqnge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block 4z (kfq7h. sluis originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperac /c bke h8*fbzcsx6: 6mq4vq7ture of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bati2t2i8b3e yg+bcrrfp7 q8j 3d h water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper.h5ct02cxx.nf :7xvpyr r. db: How much heat is added txb.r025x7 :.ytp rc:hd fvxnco the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tok hcd8dugul gbpe580eih3u *m;91 h9p $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at rv oo1dy(su:abpp1eh4q 4 795cljj o1$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material *c:djwpa p h9* o;b3ku r1rw;eat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects 0;t )uuj8 hwlsmake up a system that is thermally isolated from its surrou j)8u;wtls0uh ndings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jamesmbag64h ih/ k1 Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Bli gh 61mhb/4kaanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dropp,6 we smz8+v.wrhf k/s a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitatimrpw 6h.wfz +8ev/,skonal energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 k,6b-i/eqag erbb qv9qs5x3j+W. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to he6gbs3 qe +x59qbivbj -/aq,erat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is use 9hz8eu7vhi17qmoo8 ld to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fr iulh vozoq1889 hme77om $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000vy2d od 39d*t2/b tx2upsvq3o g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = zqlk u-2hh)bp v1fn9r3 x*2fk: sujj6$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed hb 3ay.v8 ydn rd1r)5v0g l5yzfrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. Hotjir. i2im)l2 w much heat is required to melmj itl i2.i2r)t 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy-r,fc ,7o vvvwa-.nua is needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g o h 51q)aj fmjia 5v6//wo zoj:0e7czkrf $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal wm w/) 9wgn:muu;; mw;razb1m/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially atn cm3tgz a sg*5y km(/nr8x/ll ugr5zy 6,5gn3 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at knb4,mm h//fn bd o;-w$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ws.kv s:8xz ps/ater at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one 2y q;*ygmyu6st(3zqguze x81 gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to changfe :;1k ofqv2tv 0iv5pe 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice t*k9m6s b0 peyzea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapkib8zv34ea y4orization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting po3e z8a4k 4byviint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is fwo ,w 2ri+h:u$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of *nru q-1j l7ai1hdvd+ brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact.d ld nia117juq+ v*hr- The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If tkzt)4j sscl7+he outside temperatscs)47zj+ ktlure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. I b51o1ba22dqnu4r sxulz,:z tc3 b1r nf the outside temperature cl:rrba451q, nnu b3 d1z2xt2bsuo1zis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectionz4uw1 p, / wa*v. pnb+fyy.trz of concrete (p nft 1zy4rbw+wp/..z avy,*u $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through ace.;l0*(g zc m,w f rfwu/m8rcl79mf s $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lo urf*:kppc1 w;jk, . fel 4zcc7osp7b;st through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by .ket )2 x9fghbmeasuring th. 29ebxgk) thfe radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the huma 6h2b-rmtj)alx ej1c,n body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective colle dbv,./ jzoxv -vl9:awbl*+psction area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.