Which of the following is thf,; x e4ho;hl5 fn.jf+sie /ybe smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessarykrk6kc79ew z - to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individ;6qj5 6u(vvim)vz)xsm pds0u ual molecules is referred to xvu dmv0qsi zv(6up; m)5)j 6sas

  A cup of water is scooh51as5xjz0:l y ef es4pjd1p9ped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and 1jf0pd sh45zepas1xlej59 :ythe internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy oqlw9 .2/4pbl 3e ghjbgf an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is f*tiz lxf8 s2c uesb6e5ek.u1:irst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the kse.z5l* be8us6 tx:e ufi12c temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enero 0* bl t,0ep.pfw:ijmgy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatswwk.;uqk 8 6 fxyh4w6rx4ig3ures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heaxemx0g ;s3)/csq lt +qt capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibr msgxl+ scq/;xt30 eq)ium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a ho7p dd m/:.vxktt piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which ovp/m:.ddkt 7 xbject experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to cha e*(i0x-n+ opfkcgm.v nge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to + *ip ov0(m.kc nexg-fas the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid t9q* -emj9b9tsw*-rg rxr jz yt*7b l; uh8sfa:o the vapor state is referre*rraby87hg f sz tx99sbe9wum-;:q j*j tl *-rd to as the

  If heat is added to a pure su*x9s5pu3deyhvz0h m* kkzou:ez77r -bstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezen2 f,+-2c veu r0cshkos

  When a liquid evapor. gr-e nd69kqiut/e2 5mw6wlaates

  When a vapor condensef*3 jwl44ig kcs

  In a cloud formation, water v edoz,p 776mwvapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tom6w, ze77dvpemperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a z w28+dy9qqz l/t;eu6fmmhs g6-vg/a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wate,vya 5:w5k;ztcba3a e r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of1l msv(s3w8 mrlyjuc/o o6ad :u/+ il9htk /4j molecular collisions is referred to ajhly68md /3a l ilu/rsc1v9(kms +to4jw uo/ :s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanisj vuf5nemy);5m does one end of an iron bar become hot when thefm;ue nj 5y5)v other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch txp8d/w p4dfb 7han a piece of wood. 8bx/ppf d74d wThis is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneoqejde- pz9rzt+ ydei/ l(5sl-273ost it1t i9 us material, the rate of heat loss for a givi2 z9 r9sj5-t(do t1/i3 lqet7 seeiytpz- +lden temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conducti.pnuqp6n4fv6 xav6a , vity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What ia,xufv4 6 n6v6pn.apq s the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one plac80y l e4uanf3y3l1 yaze to another is u3yfalz y3en l1y0 a84referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism el 0z7lzo:,ps is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur09xmy6ulmp4za0 ,(syqlj uf9d z:b8 y

  Which of the following best expl zb73gin::cb pcid pf4/ *(snpains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining sui:c z34cs/bbnnp fg* pi:7idp(table body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelerationg2s2s a9df:j-5q qx*4ui goj v of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heateraxf 2 *uqd g2j-s 5:94qjgsivo, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. k,b t,*h;wfqxOne of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climawx;q,ktf , h*btic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator issnj-+w1n7enb eg1r 0 d doubled, by what factor does the radiating poj- eb7ngr1 des0n+nw 1wer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in nd; e5+ug4qe tthe absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer m;h 7 mhpx5ap/d6o:jmoechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equif(j+hoe ywyd6bg1l h j0ah)-5valent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is fplb1fj (aa-5 equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is neeahiajk;;0df;c,m tz6t1 t)nyz 5 cj 9lded to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is thcz+vn0++ rko3n x3es re resulting temperature +rnxnv e+033 zsk+cor change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orig0 ghs+: 0o-loz61 df1aazrbjwinally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the h7y 0wold9b)b8v ;.6ej rn(emd b/dhc temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heatk wxyx9:eq+e 0wgiv7ajx . 5r7 up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10/c90(jimceo9 ey foln7. ota+ kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperatur9fe(yoc0mc+ o7o.tnei9l/j ae increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of meta5beqt92qxq m+ +ole:xr9u(a k l is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiallycn ma/x .zz9 xmvmq+mtmt993 9 at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at d, iwktskj 8q9av3 iu62;g z2z$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects mwlok45n;; y ,o )pvpcfake up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial tefn4 ,vwpc)p 5lyoo;k ;mperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between h vv- a:zp(q1tpd9i*ovarious forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fdv:o19qt-(apphz*v iallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distancv yfqwf46k0 2de of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rffq dvyk6 w420ise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lossck*za p-5a zni-7s dm4kbxe, ., how long would it take to h.aixbz4m5a- , k epd7kn*cz-seat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. dl(u,evt1, 70gcec/gzmkfm2pi6 . emHow long will it take to heat 20 kg of water e7 cmu.z/ gg01 cp,kdmemt( l62 v,ieffrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m6 :5gl(djyg5+i qlk r 7qqs8sfass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife j5/tlc,pk fd0 blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to changew8r8jh 1zsg ;)3g *nn3r znqlz it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kkar(, fr / vp9 ;3a99;tdoyg+jzrgakvg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice?kj(g kzrp9vaaa3+ rg;r y9,9;otv /fd

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of -k vc1m*t.:df j3wob yice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rems11j8ns.qz kxv7 -i4qicrw, q oved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice z g /ny/zwc-1i.+sbdy at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water i5tlh;e 5u yrs:o.zi /hnitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 9hdnauc 3y 5 )y1ynt2r$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to qwmtj5w s4bpk(w9-g;change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required ttfqyb6 j)qy db py.44*o change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to ejd:pr6nr7 v4j y)bq1 change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initialj+i3ysmt ;u9f, mox)zs4u (r1oqt5moly at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead ispm k:0k94wd dv,,gc:;)qzxoc0ds saz 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and it:c q amsk,vs9 k z0d4w0:ddgzcop;, )xs melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of hah:u hgkpf78py ,61z c:y fkr5 oa62zconcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one 8n/r+hfq6ok0 kjfyr tm201 nnaluminum and the other brass) 1n fkkn00oyqf nmr h6 jtr8/2+are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outfij- j*umz7i .ukl6k 8igb)g )side temperati f ml*) .bki)zi juu-k7g86gjure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has )qrma z8n*h4kdimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturehar z8q4km*) n is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of7h7 udqc6 5u/uk oub+ xnf*z-q concrete 7k5qu hu- cnu ux+zo6 dq7/bf*($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of hecf26v*4diu cyat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaturcs o-x6 6q+uw:y5gjzw e if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temj lioseg0t1ibmoozy/ ) 9s4) -perature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitte9io/ y)bzi0 smg 1lsoo-e )4jtd through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body ra43mo+rt 6cyw ldiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector s.wn ey0e;2nz(effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.