Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat ener 5:agg5h1sxdw0rcv w)p n ur;x-o3(npgy?

  The amount of heat necessary*6 x qw+lxksj4 to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic ene4zd l,.0nhhkncm an1/rgy of individual molecules is referred tozadn/ 4h1nnh .,m0clk as

  A cup of water is scooped up fr3j:x3 wzeqis/ om a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T ani3w/qzs jx: 3ed the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ixl6lp9;.cyj h-ri, d rdeal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed untz2ux2lhg0 )53k nr wyeil its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energyy2k 0 uwl3rgh2en)z x5 of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inte3f5k3) bw0pc1c98 xlot sphnprnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do f.b3p.4 njq oznot vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific he e5i,wka5 h5; yveec0bat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of wae0be 55y5 iwvk,;ch eater and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated sys6jeo6cjs7 zd, tem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than doubl,jj 7 z66dsoece that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a e+tca ,+vwvf7uuru)grs 5:w ,substance from the solid to the liquid state is refer75+fra ,r w, g)sutwv eucu:v+red to as the

  The heat required to change a substance6zttrrpxs sc58a *0 2q from the liquid to the vapor state is referred tps*8 t6r5t z0qcasrx 2o as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a st):c 2 u a3ff33fcxatdzeady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes -kup/lrp/4xfvhv 0. b

  When a liquid evaporprc4 aj1i- d jnhq/g9 6j-tvv(ates

  When a vapor condenseq+ wvuc6jj7a -s

  In a cloud formation,,lk crgoic7 sb77d96 d cw,3dt water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clous6c7rd3 ,licdw t,9 cgbo 7dk7ds to

  Turning up the flame under:ep7yy5 s/ndm 5q-c lp a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of waterukv02 1x*d2qo o,lzz a at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby i .ymn4eln)d8.3psm *h7khbaheat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as.d hi47lp*8banyn.ksm)h e3 m

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot zp5.m,cocmv/a;2 j mmwhe m .mvcoc2mpm/a,5j z;n the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much clsr mz3,l. l6t-3nj7a hmst9yo* f(np older to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following phys jl tpnsz*3 fh67oml-r nla 3ts.,ym(9ical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built frorh d.05ijn(m km a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness willnj hi.5 md0(kr

  A layer of insulating material withp b,oo-vh7xp0 thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivo7h x p-pov,0bity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fr kxey3 i45/g;gmgq ncu+)7+ug s mmg2aom one place to anothermxq4ge5giyguc )kag3sn;m7m 2 /u ++g is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a po ftb;aq,2 s9w fh77:r)ky btcct of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurnc e7 kmai1xq16wq4bu8xy-k0

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importae*pc;*x5 enr;5 /cgmyno p3 ipnt to humans in maintaining suitable ypm ce* *p5;ip;g35enxc or/nbody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in aninvf64tuu x8r2*o u;s environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater,8i4*r2uf untv x;s6ou what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses bui7s2 jvax -a(txlt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the otherj(saa-x2 xvt7. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a raz:yx 2f9sl( amdiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powlfx9y(2z am:s er change?

  The process whereby hef6o/ivn9o9ga (1uxo5 edh)wk at flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm 7 pgs/l/tmkii 7f1 m,kthe Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat4 5z-rgct amw0rt dxs,3y-k*o ?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much work?2u1 ,pkl 8tssg

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 6 akcjv ak4se7:(6ps m100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tempemj t56ttzk+ *orature k5mz o*tt+jt6change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block ,bk1tzksm3lk++ hj.mis originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of mateei et 022de7hxrial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her h3 psc21d.ztq bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg otkpp5 xcj3 spo(n4:7nf copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperaturxnj(7:4pop5t nck p3se increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of 8 0jphh. hzaa8metal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cwdt2*- 0i h5xnsm gp 6a1jgigjt.*wu7opper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ai4ri5co*to1os3h inr j51 u, tt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isb 0c u91p.n hlt. pif+tg8+ifwnw)9hwolated from its surrou)8tlwpg wup ncfw+1b +99ih..ifhn t0ndings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore ) m.iud v0 (9debnz2hfthe relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a wateeuidm d vn20 bfh.(9)zrfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Njvhrs g4ntc5dce/ .z (/rrlg 9nw5f5 +iagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal esrr(r/w5hlcn.fv/j4 +5 dt9 z5eggn cnergy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long woulp * p2o);bpj*kaup5wxd it t pxuk52wp;bp*op*)a j ake to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to hea) 4 7wtl p/q.u;*vkduo -6owvzshrg*nt water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water d zrv*nvuw7*st h6wqu)o;o-/p.4 l kgfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 p3w tl-; ja,9veyjtu7 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bladetd -q cc:.3k3aqzn e1i (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liqdtgf *6ys yc+ze;z4 k9uid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requir)oh2 a i/(cq)c 57 )qzkikymkwed to melt 20)/q(q2o) c5yc) kiwkazk7i h m0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change.yx p,mbf/obka /7,kl 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of6u *a qksyxky0h:s*b2 $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice .+4mp6gd: q9ey9 ,ixw vkxjmois 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water inh.h40r9 rrj(wq x wj7 uvy;.xpitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at l2piiy:.td * jz +3ibnf(s*v m$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of watexy74j7 zrls/cf a 4ym-r at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of ipqolyy bqc41 y-zt*u3*hhzu9; k 12b xh7dv :$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 avy4 iv7f+z9rg of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot to;p4 li4w+i 6zmgq* 0cp .-dklb c2qncea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kc4 kdlqs2nx.j7fi:h968 te 2-rjr lypg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poin ks enp2dr7yx 2iq.lt8:jc-hrf46 9ljt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity 3tr yb gre6ak)ya oem:77b7 b/of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that ag lge:gzv fj11g.n8: of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of g v1a1 gg8n:efgj:. lzthe brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensionpw:40 ttk-snggeh4: zs of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp:tws -4 0zkneg4pth g:erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If ckyf e ntkvjt(5 g0e4 :/3yk0uthe outside temperjyk0 f:k3 0utvy5 /kcn4geet(ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of znz nzx2-x2er 4i ;)fkconcrete (;ni4 2 fexzzrk x)z-2n$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 callerv,le(f;vju lgsj 47c(jq9+nr:: i of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throug6fjl*;zn j/ jw-x(vmv h a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace usez2e7lfs5 .l avtw6 qr.d for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitte7f 5rlqt.2szl.v a6wed through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiati k:gya ebt5 h:aoe;6ytm5-tm 5ng energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collectq )ofq ntjz5ho+v:9k6ion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.