The process shown on the T-V vr4 +)z1c wstagraph is an

  In an isothermal process, thelz/z++(ha u aure is no change in

  When the first law of nen ikhm1 2.hsgv5xz6ey d5s83vht.9 thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume wi( eio z8; 5daygub.2awth no change in its temperature. This proc eagu i2 a5w;y8.b(dozess is

  An ideal gas is compressed iw7amv1 j;tj)lsothermally from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the externaa7t) ;ljvjwm 1l mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume durin7, ki ihcgj/u4l+: itig an isothermal process. The final pressure ofkil u:+jhi cg it7/4i, the gas

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from8 lp */:z4ir (0ezc8qpaxwe ez 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Whi*elxzzz8 :earq 8/c0ie(wpp4ch of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. During the event, tws ,tx2n eej79jl80v4 i jyllk5a0z a1,qi)hghe gas exchanged no heat with its surroundings. This proy ajaw x )zh1t q lj20gs9k0 v,8e47ijilel,n5cess is

  When the first law of ;iqu7 *-p bbt)01hohajgz(uq thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume duddt6y vd),w 0+- u:ros3aq qixring an adiabatic prruw -3a0 did,oyxtv)ds6:qq+ocess. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylindeilg:fxc :u 8+ors of gas identical in all respects except that one contains f8xu o:l+ic:g$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of y)/x9 1 rm3a4eccmua 8on-poagas identical in all respects except that one contains8cc x mrapaoyn- ) a9uo41/m3e $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram ;*qz37av(orda 0roch is an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change i a8xuk g3u/mm/n

  When the first law of thermodynamics, h-bqd eu)kuqam-c:+7$Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant prxp 2 gexa/kdt 0inx+o+y5,8iqessure as heat is added to it. This process ikiq,ate5/ xp0 n y+x i8x+g2ods

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sampnfpl.;b q2ks g7dbe0rmu6fi:vcu2 ,lsf *47ule of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal epmq7bbu ;:uf06n 4* slsfrcf ki gd22v7.e ,ulnergy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV dia6a*3 i8.keoo+nobuk;qab x.a gram is

  In an isochoric process, there is no change inhjw du3ly,) 2l

  When the first law of th3n/7p hxqjytaht9x -;ermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid containebp v xu;j9bj;6r that cannot expand as heat energy is added to j9 jv;pubb ;6xit. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant j 3qw ,wt 1w)mywj(gy3volume. As a result, the internal energy of thej3 3(m wwqgw1)yjywt , gas

State the first law of thermodynamfqwib4 om ka;d4d /t8v(3+ztzics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir tufl 5t7cm p9fr++hue:n.jo 60l at5yco a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a col*/ pk ale46lezd reservoir to a hot reservoir?

State the second law mn7o1 l /+saile-ju/i.oirmey9 h(f * of thermodynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illd4l43ozla3: d1 at xuiustrated here. During one cycle, how much work is done by an li:l 33o4d4 axu1ta dzengine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined as the ratit 8/w/l:fifjz1* rwq uq(h0irt :f u;zo of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot6 9pil0yh4 mnyz-f 9ck engine is to be 100%, the heat sink musc4m69k0iyy-zhnl9 pft be

  A Carnot cycle consists odwb69:4c n aavirj-zw7 ,zv *u oa,;byf

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of thermodyn8 6)4 fbn nk 9rhxim+eas0e,nqamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigerator u nt 7s2, w2qssu.rg/cmrf 9.sis defined as the ratio o,79sustu m.w2ns/c .r 2 qfrgsf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is dnm; t)ldxv7vls +:ba *efined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, th.u3 duxn: lhs:9rty e+e entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynamics, for any process thgv8.rn4hhgi, ws y be)qsd9*h b4q -9tat may occur within an isolated system, which one of the choic htgib4*9vhqnw - y8)rbq,sh. dse9g4es applies?

Give a general statement of the second law of j(a7 sgzu3e(0vpmo41h( ( pq nezv9sg thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamics leads us to conclude thatytop7e1:ksvd:wb9 yv .z)cd (

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an idea9zkmuuuxh)95tut1el4 tlya;otd/8y m3 q d, 1l gas. What is the change in internal ent3y8u/4 d5zq9,hm 9met1; 1ud)atu uy ot kxllergy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas.9c)vtj b/oi4ei y8zns6-cp d(u2cgn 6a**t v d What isb z(6cdctev * /s au*d-vijny9c )np i2ogt468 the work done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermal prom7dbbxa4(e; b2yl6lvv6:w w ocess is -400 J. What is the change in int4b v66bm 2b wyx v(le:aodwl;7ernal energy?

  200 J of work is done i 5)u*l qn;fospn compressing a gas adiabatically. What is the change in internal ;)f5*npqlsou energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process whilab y8s54 ,k-zrocito.e doing 25 J of work. What is the change in in.8c4okis b5yr,ta-o zternal energy?

  In an isochoric process, the r1.hp6)j09n c*ai * bjvsqg glinternal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. What is the work pj*g ha* gqrsbn.)0 i v691cljdone?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system *mq8zsraluh4 36c hn/decreases by 50 J. What is the heat exchan*hhslm4/ qr a8 n3zc6uge?

  A certain amount of a -xdmh-39us tu monatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done b9uh3 dt -xmsu-y the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K e2 m1txg1,c i4rsxe.0c 6pd weat constant volume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many6.41x0mc2stdip ew 1r , cegxe moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of yv0 +p94 mq tsm52rasawater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J o1y wlgw(pwoj **87dxhf heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the e jg*dhlwyp1 w*ow8x(7fficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heag2tpalg+.2v lpn )f1 yt per cycle. How much work does it perform in each cycle?g fyg1a+ nppt2v )2ll.

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and re5:4:j9la f rtke eop*a7t1rwrceives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each kro5:afw lr7 t9 *4jt:peer1acycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 k;eanz-k ( *d, ;lpbjnncal. Calculate the efficiency of p,n;d (kjz n*;able-neach cycle.

  A heat engine absorb e++ ebjg8:f dkhhiz *b:cc,p)s 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the work done eachz h+f8hcjb: ) kbidc,*+eg e:p cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has 70+e n)nyn5pm4 hg zagthe following characteristics: combustion cha neag nh+y7pmn5)0z4g mber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far h/:x 6rf y w1t *dw42pmt 2kzj6uav6eozungb++as the following characteristics: comb1gtuk+j6 2e*br/ + 2:ptdwvfwyz6o zan6mu x4ustion chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficg / m 6lr uxio*vo b6m-lj/cbu4y3;*osient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperaturmolj4gi*uoy/6l*svur ;b- /6mb 3c xoe = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant use:jvt.ul i*p u-s $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generatm8 ab3xh+a1*r ywz.k(tp 6e kpes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant:1 mhnah6+zap8qr6q 7 :oeiuh uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficieny ram1l7g,qifg24mmrf0d ;x / cy of an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum tzitf8(ch -f+fh6x 8z oz73cpcheoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating between8zc7i-+f pf ot8hf3cx zz (hc6 $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine i8 c ;wpmhv e+zah)743c9 iu*2myisgnts 35.0%. What is the temperature of the cold reservoir if the ;s7w c c pzm*8ny+4v2i umth9e3a igh)temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating between 6) 1zh/i9hmh iqnrp4z $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freeo+ q,5 grb by7yj--r j-6zkqdqzing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work isjq-6gj7kd- obr ,+rbyzq- yq5 required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freek,qz ,jll-5(uo);ro : 65fiq geegklq3kg7 bkzing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of e )g b;fl7q5-e,l( kri qo5k:kz g glq6uk,jo3performance?

  During each cycle of operation, gh.:(,al iiju5psj2ra refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is requirpgiij 2rlau.s:,jh5( ed in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 n1 sx:1h ev.;l lfb9gqa m7 kysi(w*l;i8vk0f g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the change in entropy oc21u.h o1v/dm z z. ,thscs-jis

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoeowv;ely vzwh2 -(y9dag(h j( .s an isothermal expansion and its entropy chang da 9w h;j( eo-(zghlyw2(.vyves by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at l453ekyh:glmahb 7;db sp((t $80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.