The process shown on the T-V graph is a5yh1fsltgep c6-( 2fk n

  In an isothermal process, there vq 5wa4 w2kbr ,dzf(6q:o4phtis no change in

  When the first law o bfwf3sa* bizxig j,dh08(3;yf thermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its original volume with no change in its tempaa)s3c3e ;j)z ;r0mz8mrx ey h8t8xe cerature. ej8z y 338crh0z)srac8;mxeamt;)xe This process is

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally 7zf+9cxuqt04pe -8o qsnz7lm from 30 L to 20 L. During this process, 6.0 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of94oqn zeltz8mq0+f7x 7spc -u internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volump ix; ry4q6gv.e during an isothermal process. The final pressure of the gasq;p.vxiy4r6g

  An ideal gas is expanded isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. sya4 9tw5buvl n9 w;o0During this process, 6 J of energy is expended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which ;nw tu59w0a9ybsl v4oof the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolated environment. q zv yi *fp-s syj8y2 2p4t8y8w)7xmz6kmei( r During the event, the gas exchanged r kyywmqpz724i () *t28xv zf iss8mpye86yj-no heat with its surroundings. This process is

  When the first law of thermodynamize4 l hso22:jajbo7pf cy6;5 ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is compressed to one-half f2dsqv*c5jt/ or (n-l its original volume during an adiabat 5o2-vtl/(f*cdnrj qsic process. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in aj /ia q92- oh8hpbr7agll respects except that one contains h2bp rihja98a7q /g -o$O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one containsv3che0 mj zxzw, a10c3z0a ,mc3exz1vh c jw03 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the P8bxj v ;i6kxmn3:aptez/*ng 8 V diagram is an

  In an isobaric process, there is ff) chrz7q2i*o9 cza8uhv7 s3 no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamics,iqf,+ 9ljq)vo $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat is added to it. Thi7qdtez+c+0xdn7zy+ *h8l qur s processquznh+d*ety+ r qzx0+ld8c77 is

  Ten joules of heat energy are traq f6cn3 *bt:6k +zxxbbnsferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As a result, the internal energbnzfx3k+ tb66b *qxc:y of the gas

  The process shown on5igeu(m z)w,hnz ix i8 jy--9u the PV diagram is

  In an isochoric process, thqjj;tmz/8 g 0iere is no change in

  When the first law of thermodynamicxrhi.u zc p(8m:m/ld .s, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot exp(rug2r6 g71enw g 6tcvand as heat energy is added to i6tw e n6u g(gvrcr721gt. This process is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constannej m bg -+9f-n)z3npxt volume. Aszbx+pen-nm j9 -n3g f) a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermodynam6, 98r.7 pw ljmtadxuuics.

  Is it possible to transfenyd d(j0fm -/keyr,4z4l q9lxr heat from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir tor e8r+ z3,s)m6a:gsa+i7 p,aio n6ap kid6usz a hot reservoir?

State the second law of thermodynamics according tqd.v l4m*h +2h9ql 8f4obqgyno Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated here. n p( x,bh7j-uf During one cycle, how much work is done byf,pbxj7n( -u h an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat engine is defined w3qi)x qk u0*sas the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Carnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sinsb(z upp y)*w7 - 2wlh)9feosuk must beo7(bu 2 p)yz-l)uwsph*wesf 9

  A Carnot cycle consie s 3n h :.ye.*mniu5 vyddq04n:/m2qbjr kn:hsts of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the sem7) 9s+d - hyy0/og p4yons5k.vrgdiccond law of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refr5sxxgp*sxa - +1aog; eigerator is defined as the ratio o s g 1ax*-gpeo+xx;5asf

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is o(ic1f o kiyws9t9gj27s/lpv8p;zo ( defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, the entr/ h.1inovghybf8g dzq10 62l popy of the water

  According to the second lay/c+ ;w/y4fos n1krskw of thermodynamics, for any process that may occur within an isolatsy4;/1noks/c r+ f kywed system, which one of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the seco*7) e2pdcgqhwnd law of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodynamog8c+,ugv v7 vgzj5zo /bz a7,ics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal0lh-*cx dd ou/vls2 w; process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the change in internal energ2 /ou- *sxvw;0hddcl ly?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is removed from adh7/ ;ohjpiz) uc0n v,n ideal gas. What is the work done in the process?oh7 0d)c; ,jhz/n uvip

  The work done on an ideal gas system in an isothermao;oq7m-;ogc r l process is -400 J. What is the change in interno r;o-qc om7g;al energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatically. What is th)wn abr x4+y6ga4 k te/i-fqz6e change in internal energy of yiktfg a/x4b 6) -n64+qerz wathe gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic process while doinggn8(gvu,temm h4 pp.- 25 J of work. What is the change in internal energy?p .(8vm-uemgnpt ,h4 g

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a syste(x m30nsglm,fm decreases by 50 J. What is the mlx,s mgn3 (f0work done?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases l)td (4cddnv1-1t v znthd0eb8 sf31xby 50 J. What is the h4 e0hld cs83 v-vxntb)zfd1 (tdtd1n1eat exchange?

  A certain amount of a monatomic gas is maintained at constag: msi ht a2th+y.21vznt volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accoy .atvz ih g2:+shtm21mplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is done by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volhz)1wzce)1,rt a* boyom n/6yume when 831 J of energy is removed from it. How many moles of gas arewot1 6))z/1y n,oehy ram *bcz in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 kg of w jkhnbur g;/r ua;e4qj6t1f7 3ater at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receives 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. Whcpfc7:lt*haqrorn .xr4+ 7l1 at is the efhqr.* 1fa:pnrc4 clr77x +tloficiency?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat perar 09838eiob 9ea 2 heolxkr:p cycle. How much work doesxbia a89p2o 0hreol: 9rk3ee8 it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives l0 t9e85 h7b5lqexhsz150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaxz0h9 hq7 el8le bst55ust in each cycle?

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calchiqb3q9b( b7nx5 ;ej y6+al h; ce dy-*lvy6rmulate the effici;m(9+5lhy6a 3 ;y ey xl h6n r*ivjd-cbq7eqbbency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of )l6g(zi 78 xw1wz;2t0v)vewzigp d chheat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calculate the worcw)z)pvd ; h2lxgvi(7i t1zz ge 860wwk done each cycle.

  One of the most efficient engines.z)* )w3ofdb sh*tdjhme i(z/ built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temperatud *3h*w.d /(sozhjfimt bz))ere = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following charac wuh hfxc,lim07; 31d zk7ft5iteristics: combustion chamber temk fi 7 z07wl3fmd ctux15hi;,hperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engine1xqh5+ z9s 2fz72 /evjhfcp yrs built so far has the following characteristics: combustion cha7h2r/h9ys f + e 5qc2vzfzj1pxmber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. The plant usesgstsm 6 tbqb4a:5n4)r $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generatesqo e4na+:h wxd:s)k2k 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electricsdl/50ls; z t*kq;efu power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency of an v1-zs/1+rnu* n v,16n pdjred9abollengine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operating bet f mgzhagu)3s/)g ;3ejwhs/f3jza )3 egum)g; geen $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is the temperature of the co+ k quv3yu, cq46emm6,bwgc)q ld reservom6b q,qcuek , )vyguc3q46w+m ir if the temperature of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating bet28ht1,3jmj fwx p3 *yoilqcp8ween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing coo)mc- s+;chsz4 +u2jwpxs maj5 0/y+j.brbx ympartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 2; jwj0s xcsz 4p m+b-xhj)c/5yu+boam2+ syr.4 kJ into a room per cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heaby )yrdr(pnw;,mg,bt4)ok b 2t from the freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 p)b w,n(bm,t)bry;d2ro 4ygkkJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performance?

  During each cycle of operation, a refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from th;yhh fr+j.*ymbn g d-z9r *i1be freezer and r z y.nj9dfbg h** ihb+r1ym-;expels 356 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 50 g of ice melmxoum2 y* j2,ot at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice freezes, the chang3oxa2 uu elxie /io2;yu+sszbu,p4 ( 1e in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP und+*t6uthl+vobh tg8s;ergoes an isothermal expansion and its entroptl68h+g bsou ;v+t* hty changes by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at v ,oafe9z6k4 wv 3shu5$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.