The process shown on the T-V gg:9uyn,e1sbqq 5ta;.usaud9 raph is an

  In an isothermal process, there is no change z;c9p;kfbovv:7 e9c o in

  When the first law of thermodynam(-5ue17 q ta;vcsij*ezfo*wdics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isothermal process,

  A gas is expanded to twice its orui: 00txbrl)(er ok0ae vf- ;biginal volume with no change in its temperature. This process b f:x ior (0 vkel)r00;b-eutais

  An ideal gas is compressed isothermally from 30 L to 20 L. Duw8 8 3:nesj c;xktwvi0ring this process, 6.0 Jwv : 0kwej8 t3;cx8isn of energy is expended by the external mechanism that compressed the gas. What is the change of internal energy for this gas?

  An ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volutno 0heo,yo 3lemp* u) x0u00mme during an isothermal process. The final pr*euno m0tey 0x3m00hlo , po)uessure of the gas

  An ideal gas is expande7hfi4fwax, 7 p)*9joob i 1ejw+ idin*d isothermally from 20 L to 30 L. During this process, 6 J of energy is jw)i7 eiod*p 4,ia1fxi7w fjnh+o *9bexpended by the external mechanism that expanded the gas. Which of the following statements is correct?

  A gas is quickly compressed in an isolgi+nmd .3.hpkpt(z;ti* k ;bwated environment. During the event, the gas exchanged no heat with its surroundi*3 (bkpz;+mwnig;ki d pth..tngs. This process is

  When the first law of t5vp:y-1-z3*/wmqo z av i,z3en rbfuvhermodynamics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an adiabatic process,

  A monatomic ideal gas is ct3 /,jbvo6elwompressed to one-half its original volume during an adiabatic procesoj6, 3 vbt/ewls. The final pressure of the gas

  Consider two cylinders of gas identlydedh*w 6ih2eji+.3 ical in all respects except that one containsyi+2jidhh 6 e3 we.*ld $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater temperature increase?

  Consider two cylinders of gas identical in all respects except that one cy yn kp ;bey1s(35;e0bicsb; fontainssi e3 ;n ;ef; kbsycyb0p1b(y5 $O_2$ and the other $H_e$. Both hold the same volume of gas at STP and are closed by a movable piston at one end. Both gases are now compressed adiabatically to one-third their original volume. Which gas will show the greater pressure increase?

  The process shown on the PV diagram iyu5*hnog g;km8 5*;6dmmh cams an

  In an isobaric process, there is no change x/ jt0y4bspo; in

  When the first law of thermodyn;l5hi1 o6ttdsd.f w.e amics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isobaric process,

  A gas is allowed to expand at constant pressure as heat ihndiy 0wo+1a,.ac3dc s added to it. This procy .ica0,dw3oh n c+a1dess is

  Ten joules of heat envu ultix1h4a b-k,,3 mergy are transferred to a sample of ideal gas at constant pressure. As 4,-xlu m3i ,kavt1hbua result, the internal energy of the gas

  The process shown on the PV diagr vqx p01fk-xj6m (u1umam is

  In an isochoric process, there is no chanv9 (.-k2ie hze wsoalo5 kp;:ege in

  When the first law of thermodynams6r nukthn 7l :i+hdlf8(dt(7ics, $Q = \Delta U + W$, is applied to an ideal gas that is taken through an isochoric process,

  A gas is confined to a rigid container that cannot expa,e dyyl16ikc 0jdqc.pm :/do (nd as heat energy is added to it. This processmd(d0.le16j/ ,: c yqiokcypd is

  Ten joules of heat energy are transferred to a sample of idealjq9vg -t/rg )t gas at constant v tgq/9gjv-t r)olume. As a result, the internal energy of the gas

State the first law of thermod4s u(r1)8q e;x/givitl x qn7synamics.

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a hot reservoir to a cold. xzofdb(g +rh2y zc6- reservoir?

  Is it possible to transfer heat from a cold reservoir to a h 8pp097fqwg fhot reservoir?

State the second law of therl24o z3qh w(hx dpr2ysg7 5ubnyfd73 /modynamics according to Clausius.

  A gas is taken through the cycle illustrated herex *gell y.jcn*,vv-kig4o 5:7*pjl tv. During one cycle, how much worj gn,*vtxo-7y:c*k v*pl i.e5l gjv4 lk is done by an engine operating on this cycle?

  The efficiency of a heat e /35slj5* az-pnttwl mngine is defined as the ratio of

  If the theoretical efficiency of a Ciaj4gy olqkt4 n ,y,-ekrm;9gkgx;9,arnot engine is to be 100%, the heat sink must bj goi 9-k9;yg4,l k xnaery,kt;g4, mqe

  A Carnot cycle consists u3imv03 x.wui 6+ull1x6 zfkf of

Give the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law wdcb5t0j9 mr (of thermodynamics.

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a refrigv37(+ ipulg2 orj cat(erator is defined as the ratio oc+g3pu r(a(v7o ti jl2f

  The coefficient of performance (COP) of a heat pump is o97vz,c: hm sip8*qmm defined as the ratio of

  When water freezes, tk-v+lv yb8 l.rxm ge4cxu.z56he entropy of the water

  According to the second law of thermodynl l mg.*wj, v)ncbp,j-amics, for any process that may occur within an isolated system, which o* g)vbjcmln,w, j.- plne of the choices applies?

Give a general statement of the second lawr6c 4ym zi+d*o:uf c4l of thermodynamics.

  The second law of thermodbn5 .qq,.hws iynamics leads us to conclude that

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J mu2 ;r*m1 geb(.4v8w ykzdcsbof heat is removed from an ideal gas. What is the chm gv1r bsw; .*(uzk e42cd8bmyange in internal energy?

  During an isothermal process, 5.0 J of heat is remove o)7tr.1o wu9vn wkf7fd from an ideal gas. What is the worr9 v onf7w7 .uwft)1okk done in the process?

  The work done on an ideal gas system in a jf w9a9 gd.te ohg69yd8cp-j)n isothermal process is -400 J. What is the change inh 9jp8- tdajo9wg9y d6.f)egc internal energy?

  200 J of work is done in compressing a gas adiabatical2* i6juhgrz*mly. What is the change in inte* 2*ijzu hmg6rrnal energy of the gas?

  An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic pro).(vtx fcbkm(jinxva3xaf( w6afi s889m z)(cess while doing 25 J of work. What is the change in internalw 6in x(f.3sfm av(vtcifzj 8()akb 8x)axm9( energy?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases01f d;tdr r olha6rrs4u /(mh, by 50 J. What is the work done1r ot,rlhfud rm/rd;0sh4 a(6 ?

  In an isochoric process, the internal energy of a system decreases by 50 J. W) fxy8f8 +m:op dr-hqihat h +opffx:r-88qdmy)i is the heat exchange?

  A certain amount of a molg:/2/n s rzqlbsg:vd.;/ i vvnatomic gas is maintained at constant volume as it is cooled by 50 K. This feat is accomplished by removing 400 J of energy from the gas. How much work is do l . z::sgv g/rldiv/q;n2s/vbne by the gas?

  A monatomic gas is cooled by 50 K at constant volume when 831 J of vc-wn 6,b5)p vcm7wo-b pt5+jib6u rzenergy is removed fromrwo+c-ij 5, m tp pbn5vv6)-wb7zbu6c it. How many moles of gas are in the sample?

  A system consists of 3.0 k l d(p94msh-8erd7 jrgg of water at $80 ^{\circ}C$. 30 J of work is done on the system by stirring with a paddle wheel, while 66 J of heat is removed. What is the change in internal energy of the system?

  A heat engine receive4sx e;uabcdysj 2p0/ *s 7000 J of heat and loses 3000 J in each cycle. What is the efficiencyy2b0djs/ xp4 sea*uc ;?

  A heat engine has an efficiency of 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per b: ig8 c sh+pr33my7r8 2wvezhcycle. How much workms3 8c: +3p hg72vbwzerhi8yr does it perform in each cycle?

  A heat engine has an efficiency spavwybpxv 6x*i:w287oj cgg54k ac,re. , *uof 35.0% and receives 150 J of heat per cycle. How much heat does it exhaust in each cycle?xrg*p5 xwc , .g,ieu 2a876bvsow 4pvjkyc:*a

  303

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal. Calcbkv051b + bccuulate the b5bk+10vubc c efficiency of each cycle.

  A heat engine absorbs 64 kcal of heat each cycle and exhausts 42 kcal,pd7onn(6gf f-mt kj:. Calculate the work donejp g-mf n:(n,d6fot7k each cycle.

  One of the most effi71h4rnm+cuy ,da.k c ofxc9o5cient engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustion chamber temp,c+9oc m xf.ohr 17dukyac54nerature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the actual efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficient engines built so far has the following chcyp3 dp.a hh,ylj:f3 kc:p(+raracteristics: combustion chamb3 ,ph:+h.dfly(kcpp carjy :3er temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the Carnot efficiency of this engine?

  One of the most efficienav+,sxl s:0grk2:g1 pxq qfy5t engines built so far has the following characteristics: combustio20x1 5sqvrlg kp:qsf x+ ,:gyan chamber temperature = $1900 ^{\circ}C$, exhaust temperature = $430 ^{\circ}C$, $7.0 \times 10^{9} \; cal$ of fuel produces $1.4 \times 10^{10} \; J$ of work in one hour. What is the power output, in hp, of this engine?

  A coal-fired plant generak me.tjdv4n/ ;tes 600 MW of electric power. The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the overall efficiency of the plant for generating electric power?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power.7zn)nc uar8es4e y+1:zrfcn7 u d t(:i The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. What is the Carnot efficiency?

  A coal-fired plant generates 600 MW of electric power. s*4g7 j; f)eecvuuh7x The plant uses $4.8 \times 10^{6} \; kg$ of coal each day. The heat of combustion of coal is $3.3 \times 10^7 \; J/kg$. The steam that drives the turbines is at a temperature of $300 ^{\circ}C$, and the exhaust water is at $37 ^{\circ}C$. How much thermal energy is exhausted each day?

  What is the Carnot efficiency o263e:t7sakewcz jxf 6 f an engine which operates between $450 ^{\circ}K$ and $310 ^{\circ}K$?

  What is the maximum theoretical efficiency possible for an engine operao e nk;qz17j.oting betweeez. qjn1; 7ookn $100 ^{\circ}C$ and $400 ^{\circ}C$?

  The efficiency of a Carnot engine is 35.0%. What is4)knj4kl y54xus(: +w bpxrq*u.vxif the temperature of the cold reservoir if the temperaturesu+pfvk: x4 u.bkyx5r4xl 4)q iwn(j* of the hot reservoir is $500 ^{\circ}K$?

  A heat engine operating b:z9h;wv yqa5/ lfiyxuol66o.etween $40 ^{\circ}C$ and $380 ^{\circ}C$ has an efficiency 60% of that of a Carnot engine operating between the same temperatures. If the engine absorbs heat at a rate of 60 kW, at what rate does it exhaust heat?

  A refrigerator removes heat from the freezing compartmeey q7sm r:pe,a:zuw. (nt at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per ry:w e,emus(7pzaq .:cycle. How much work is required in each cycle?

  A refrigerator removes heat from thtp;ag5r d*ih3 e freezing compartment at the rate of 20 kJ and ejects 24 kJ into a room per cycle. What is the coefficient of performang;htdipa35r* ce?

  During each cycle of operation, a 4:89f p2wqqi4ylt2dgiv5frh refrigerator absorbs 230 J of heat from the freezer and expels 3f gw 4idqit5 98:f4ql pr2y2hv56 J of heat to the room. How much work input is required in each cycle?

  What is the change in entropy when 5xjne tdr4n:9)uvk9:y 0 g of ice melt at $0 ^{\circ}C$?

  When 0.50 kg of ice free-npl.7: jhztujj 3mur3h83apzes, the change in entropy is

  1.0 kg of steam at $100 ^{\circ}C$ condenses to water at $100 ^{\circ}C$. What is the change in entropy in the process?

  A container of ideal gas at STP undergoes an isothermal kjox rc+u7** qn5h*d lexpansion and its entropy cn*5 hu*+xq o*7ckl jdrhanges by
3.7 J/e K. How much work does it do?

  A piece of metal at ay d2:v;0yhu t$80 ^{\circ}C$ is placed in 1.2 L of water at $72 ^{\circ}C$. The system is thermally isolated and reaches a final temperature of $75 ^{\circ}C$. Estimate the approximate change in entropy for this process.