Give a reaction between vq9q-lwa ((gq5sa :ovtwo nucleons, similar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a ( v5(s-qoala:g v qqw9$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very high speed:ppf58-y-kgxhtf27l z1qr y n 6 pj2ci, so that its kinetic energy is much greater than its rest energy (:h7p8gpn yqx tz-6f-1 fljy 5rcp2 i2k$mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatotho6 s;eo/bg3ozd:pym +pd *3m," made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normao * m 3yzp:e+3ds6p ooht;gbd/l world of matter?

What particle in a decay signals the electromagnetiq2sqqq+ ,:zpc5 gv/0a.ftqux c interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the denpx5p0n/b c. 4r7 ufg hx9otc,cay products of a particle necessarily mean that the decay occurs viarxbhccxt g,p .n4o0f 9n pu7/5 the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explain.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the weak interaction even thougl j9) my:jj;beh the neutron and one of its decay products (proton) are strongly interacti:e9b;)j ljjy mng?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electromagnetic, weak,dle8i0d.5fb wemo; 5; ibj0sp gravitational) does ae b;580s dbjeldi im0w 5.po;fn electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?

Check that charge and baryon number are conserved in each of the decays inho6 6qy5zr+ j-kxkv a: Table 32-2+aqk6ko- yh: z 5rxj6v.

Which of the particle dec;w najd 37tr1yg;r 3rzays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic interaction?zarj ;tngy37 rr1w;3d

Which of the particlvim-vj601u+ yeccvv 4e decays in Table 32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does n) c1vc 8u77i mmv)aoo$\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4eb4hlw. s2)w 5crrc1oc6lfz( occur via the electromagnetic interactiof6rr.o(b)5wh s2cl41ce cwzl n?

Which of the particle decays in Tab*gv)x ne4ey4ale 32-4 occur by the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kind of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had;eqk bsdc +rbp .7ys7; no color charge or electrical charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists7.e7r;b qsk cysd ;bp+?

  Is it possible for a particle to 2hg4m;c -vn/dxgtgs mg rmcwg f:*8p7)q *k(m be both
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible1d6 vqap dk.9l to find particles made up of two quarks and no antiquarks? What about two quarks and kq.6advd 91pl two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay when they are free but not when theog/hp*q(bj uf ;9 vb0qy are inside the nucleubb u o; qqf*jph(v9/0gs?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic ene/ )bfixww)qu(b*a* ya*rrt f) rgy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the wavelength of 35-r az6-s3 bw)jrGeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in a cyclotron in which protons mh +n0 q(xefqwk+,yx* 4xny(hjake $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution f*o sbebbm/0rw0bf yi ,:8 w9m, 7nwwthor a very high-energy proton in the 1.0-km-radb weo0m8*9ibw0t 7,nbw fw/rbyhm ,s:ius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron of Example 327lov j/tr;.o k-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking out details of the nucleusg ;(kwd8dr2t7e/ p,h7vtfy bk : 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with thv,ewdp8/ th b;k r7g72yktd(fe size of a nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 5+bbhgr8dv)2.hpi)q. r c( l wo5 kV. How many revolutions do protons makhc8iglr)2bw(ovq r bh+.p.) de to reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelengtt,w4+f apm5x1j4viks(; tnt rh ($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 m ggo-jj:ggo l;-mc 2u 4is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that nhc +y/p-uxg(b0* vpawill be used to house the magnets for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 g0-p y +vahn/pucxb (*TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron takes about 20 seconds to bring thedm2nu: 8ev:)qb62vxhp yd v0c energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is done once per turn. Estimate thmb 2e :qyh :)60vuv8ddvcx2pn e energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a particw(ul (-m v 16ftm( j)ondexwv5le (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is xwp 9xyqwlx*2n0-cf, needed at the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.0-TeV protons- ,x09xx lcpnyqwfw *2? B =    T

  How much energy is released in rdma ls+ ypd)) bz9)g1the decay $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released when ;ky s;hfk(i7ccdgnq d.-* aw 9a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron6ulqpvs.(lz dt.bik;fkw8 k :/wj1f; -antineutron pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong force if the mediating particle were the kaon iv)ddaw7z,mr rhr 9 c7-nstead of the pion. -md97c )r,v rrz7hdaw $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each other with 4 -:pbyln0 et-ptw /j ,gvfi0aequal speeds. What minimum kinetic en: --g,ea p0bpjy4 iwt /vf0tnlergy must each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two 7wc4tx kw3s a5y yy:p4neutrons each have if they are traveling at the same speed toward each ot4yaw: kps wx4c357tyy her, collide, and produce a $\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak force using Eq. 3kn wgw,p-4 ow+2-3, given the masses of the W and Z particles as about 8onwgw4+k p,-w 0 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths q 1v2)i2z h xqjq(bbwkweo67h6/ago/of the two photons produced when a proton and antiproton at rest annihilate? h/io)v a27qq /j bgwkb61(6 zwohexq2 $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and energy, that it is impossible fas *t 895lnnz 85rezcwor an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how ca 5rn8ls9 z*etcwzn5a8n you defend the photon exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelengthsrb9uf4v8i 1ds of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 420 keV of kinetic energy, annihilates9f1b rv iu8d4 head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions and decays are possible? For those forbtqg ,8 hxkmobul768h)idden, explain what laws6txb878)hlkhugq ,m o are violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of each of tv l dxg59am;17h -czb)yt0 hpnhe two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinefp9 wmmi9s5 * jr7rz1btic energy of the electron in the decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then t y07mi hrmp:w8(ia.cjti 6k 3bhe lifetime of the $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of vejfr zwdb :h/)fekxwv11k )l92n/4kthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of thqa n oz/2;amu 6zt82on42 bimbe $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or/tt ,dss-kqj 2 uncertainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For those that are forbix(mfbdbzu,hos5 l: 9+3id kr+dden, explain which laws are vi3hzm df(bi,ux ++:b kds5olr9olated.
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations th(rae60 n9 q,/vl yind7k cae*iat can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutron, (c) aec, *d ny0lrn( 69iv eq/k7aia $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combq6 rig2;o gmj)inations produce: (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needed to produce 7dn(:l4pu xd6h5j njnp wm 8v-a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynman diagram usin6 wgl.a- o.sjxg quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction 6o-al.s. xw gj$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram fora j;fveq:s: h1m)egl 2 the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of a proton whose kinetic energy is 2xyp 18+k chaf65 GeV? What is its waveleah+ 6c8p1fxky ngth?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron wit2fv tk0r 6:kroh an energy of 150 GeV. If they are acceleratek :2vk fto60rrd by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long does it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is r,j8i*fl/ tyw oeleased when an electron and a positron annihilate each oth/oj ifl8yw ,*ter? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following reactions are possible, and by what interaction cman7//6j3jiw er;6g 2l h5pkm p6rp zrould they occur? For thosg jje;36wmm ri 7lra /pknphz p62r5/6e forbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following ref77ktoh,lst7cl a6d+ w (pv1 yactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those ff7+ c , 7ltlwd (hyaotks1v76porbidden, explain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for axsz k588 5lmynxb9:of9o d+rjy 9qn, f $\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs id)ddxixi51-n n the electroweak theory at about $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions,szxu;ty1 -0lw/f2 t-ix+c:m lzd9ykt Eq. 32-4, for producing a pion. yk2iy1 mwx fl-ttx- u+z;9 0ls/tz: cd $Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-valuv q491v .s x))m-28p) ultm rmmh1xejoqu6z tye for the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are theretzr g1p) . xhahcs,xqu2:us+3 in a water molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate eachc :*y5ag iu:ap other at rest and produce two pions, u :5a g:cyia*p$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unification distq z 7z a3fzb,l7had6+mance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in terms of proper time, measured iw:6 )zzwt)ko/tkzhl1 n a reference frame where the particle is at rest. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, i6zk)/w zwo:thkt lz1) gnoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missingvmut2 -gq k6e7 particle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to describe the reacyz*5 uoy,3amgtion $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the speed ofchd+pwck+ 6gbwx, hf5ezy)47wy )x(3 yc7n zv light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?