Give a reaction between two nucleons, si/k; dc,qox-, (nvthg cmilar to Eq. 32-4, that could produce a g(- q tdcxh,knvo;,/c$\pi^0$.

  If a proton is moving at very b,d:vnkmm.)6bau o; an 3rz9ghigh speed, so that its kinetic energy is much greaterna ,r6:dbm ;) kmozb. 3nua9vg than its rest energy ($mc^2$), can it then decay via $p \to n + \pi^+$?  ----待选择----yesno 

What would an "antiatom," oztq+c2-1p- yloo54 xu 9 1ywkq/vedqz)pwt2 made up of the antiparticles to the constituents of normal atoms, consist of? What might happen if antimatter, made vw91-cu2tx 4)+l oowyzk-ztpdq q/5eoyq p 21of such antiatoms, came in contact with our normal world of matter?

What particle in a decay sigrve ;+h0inzq1z 6)js enals the electromagnetic interaction?

Does the presence of a neutrino among the decay products of a particle nehw53w zz41el6cf ij5ccessarily mean that the decay occurs via the weak interaction? Do all decays via the weak interaction produce a neutrino? Explajz5w1ech i63w4c5fzl in.

Why is it that a neutron decays via the wep s99ur+6l 09dxf4hzc v.yfx zak interaction even though the neutron and one of its decay pro +rdx9 4v9hzf.96cufpyz ls x0ducts (proton) are strongly interacting?

Which of the four interactions (strong, electro4s nxz eax.f bo 9 j4nbz6qd5.dkqh6,7magnetic, weak, gravitational) does an electron take part in? A neutrino? A proton?.bqq skn967 d, .jdxz6f4bh5 zoaxe4n

Check that charge and baryon number are conserveaf67h7iy .e(brwdzqsa 8wm)-d in each of the decays in Table 3ism8 e f()whz b.rq7y6d7aaw-2-2.

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-2 occur via the electromagnetic inte*sg5;wt. 7 perxwnmx4j p9mt6bb wi ;5raction9b.xj rt*;te bpmww75 m4;n6p gw 5ixs?

Which of the particle decays in Table u 6hbk x5z8r-tr(dhh,32-2 occur by the weak interaction?

By what interaction, and why, does (vk8e.pja3s+z u r2qg$\Sigma^0$ decay to $\Lambda^0 + \gamma$? What about $\Xi^-$ decaying to $\Lambda^0 + \pi^-$?

The $\Delta$ baryon has spin $\frac{3}{2}$, baryon number 1, and charge states $Q = +2, +1, 0, -1$. Why is there no charge state $Q = -2$?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur via the electromagnetic inteye4 rg u5*oxc oa1l++jracty+ 1+r5aj4*og xluco eion?

Which of the particle decays in Table 32-4 occur b:xsb ;mo*f)qry the weak interaction?

Quarks have spin $\frac{1}{2}$. How do you account for the fact that baryons have spin $\frac{1}{2}$ or $\frac{3}{2}$, and mesons have spin 0 or 1?

Suppose there were a kiwkbebr9 (p8o: nf;7v /yyqhw- r/u ci7q,ztu 6nd of "neutrinolet" that was massless, had no color charge or electrict/ ukp 8o7/rqcw6(z:ybr y-;fewbq hv u,9 in7al charge, and did not feel the weak force. Could you say that this particle even exists?

  Is it possible for a particle to be botb7vo hm4y wx) fx zm9oh:v-/q-h
(a) a lepton and a baryon?  ----待选择----yesno 
(b) a baryon and a hadron? ----待选择----yesno 
(c) a meson and a quark? ----待选择----yesno 
(d) a hadron and a lepton?  ----待选择----yesno 
Explain.

Using the ideas of quantum chromodynamics, would it be possible to find pr8hl)ghy :i-) mwivh+sv8(cv articles made up of two quarks +8l8 ih vhmvs-(v g h:))yrcwiand no antiquarks? What about two quarks and two antiquarks?

Why do neutrons decay um7r.l7j/fnve v29ro when they are free but not when they are inside the nucleus 7n2vo/v7 mujf.rr l9e?

  Is the reaction $e^- + p \to n + \nu_e$ possible? Explain.  ----待选择----yesno 

Occasionally, the $\pi^+$ will decay by the following reaction: $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$. Which of the four forces in nature is responsible for this decay? How do you know?

  What is the total energy of a proton who o-whfb;j a:r; *bj cegcg6t60se kinetic energy is 6.35 GeV?    GeV

  Calculate the waveleo8hdu3i0s/-ut g4 az4;l ct i+hoi az8ngth of 35-GeV electrons. E =    $\times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  What strength of magnetic field is used in.f*sj8 ;qty d vil:n9u a cyclotron in which protons make $2.8 \times 10^7$ revolutions per second? $f$ =    T

  What is the time for one complete revolution for a very high-k(5: 9(o)al 8 tas nmz) gaq)bzyzs3puenergy proton in th5s(gaza8zzy mt3u bo ():)al9knq) s pe 1.0-km-radius Fermilab accelerator? T =     $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{s}$

  If $\alpha$ particles are accelerated by the cyclotron of Example 32-2, what must be the frequency of the voltage applied to the dees? $f$ =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{Hz}$

  (a) If the cyclotron ofkyv; ;swl1cv 8 Example 32-2 accelerated $\alpha$ particles, what maximum energy could they attain? What would their speed be? KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(b) Repeat for deuterons ($^2\text{H}$).KE =    v =    $ \times 10^7\ \text{m/s}$
(c) In each case, what frequency of voltage is required? $f$ =    Hz

  Which is better for picking outj (15c,8:sroymn6b ;xscuk it )s4bso details of the nucleus: 30-MeV alpha particles or 30-MeV protons? Compare each of their wavelengths with the size of as5b y 1ubkx)ct,6i4 ms orso n;jc:(s8 nucleon in a nucleus.  ----待选择---- alpha particles protons 

  The voltage across the dees of a cyclotron is 55 kV. How many revolutions do)b6zs 5 zrmqs0 +a )fxbw7uz-d protons make to)7b)smrwx-qb 6z+5dz0a sfz u reach a kinetic energy of 25 MeV? $\approx $    $\ \text{revolutions}$

  What is the wavelength qtsz r:rx6n1+($\lambda$, maximum resolvable distance) of 7.0-TeV protons? E =    $\times 10^{-19}\ \text{m}$

  A cyclotron with a radius of 1.0 y7i(cerc ,.8epya ze -2d*gfz m is to accelerate deuterons ($^2\text{H}$, mass $= 2.014$ u) to an energy of 12 MeV.
(a) What is the required magnetic field?$\approx $    T
(b) What frequency is needed for the voltage between the dees?$\simeq $    Hz
(c) If the potential difference between the dees averages 22 kV, how many revolutions will the particles make before exiting?$\approx$    $\ \text{revolutions}$
(d) How much time does it take for one deuteron to go from start to exit? $\Delta t$ =    $ \times 10^{-6}\ \text{s}$
(e) Estimate how far it travels during this time. distance =    m

  The 4.25-km-radius tunnel that will be used to house the magnetq;w,l9wbn 6loxwv b 5cki.0r9s for the Large Hadron Collider kvb0bx ;own w.c,l6q9riw l59 (LHC) calls for proton beams of energy 7.0 TeV. What magnetic field will be required? B =    T

  The 1.0-km radius Fermilab Tevatron li r0hgbrpx* j++yl8/takes about 20 seconds to bring the energies of the stored protons from 150 GeV to 1.0 TeV. The acceleration is donelji+pgh yr bxl+*08 r/ once per turn. Estimate the energy given to the protons on each turn. (You can assume that the speed of the protons is essentially $c$ the whole time.) Energy/revolution =    MeV/rev

Show that the energy of a */m6 iom z dle:dfj*je-sc )k40whl(k particle (charge $e$) in a synchrotron, in the relativistic limit ($v \approx c$), is given by $E\ (\text{in eV}) = Brc$, where $B$ is magnetic field strength and $r$ the radius of the orbit (SI units).

  What magnetic field intensity is needed at the 1.0g,wozy 4 xb.q3 x m4,pn,p ,.uwxj7wrm-km-radius Fermilab synchrotron for 1.u j..zpbxoq,ny4m7 w ,pwg,mx ,4w3rx 0-TeV protons? B =    T

  How much energy is released in the decay7 5+tl * jzda5obpjpvwumb257 $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$? See Table 32–2.    MeV

  About how much energy is released w ;s kj)p*z2zc ja00;hxo uh;cchen a $\Sigma^+$ decays to $n + \pi^+$? (See Table 32–2.)    MeV

  How much energy is required to produce a neutron-antineutro/n8nq 0yycugr, ,;ca dn pair?    MeV

  Estimate the range of the strong forc1-:xxwk+/r z ljscw . +ipq zo7xc+ro-e if the mediating particle were the kaon instei -loxj+rws oqc+- zprx 7ck/z1+x.:wad of the pion. $mc^2$ $\approx$    $ \times 10^{-16}\ \text{m}$

  Two protons are heading toward each gjvq(g c 1k84;gw1ixwother with equal speeds. What minimum kinetic energy must(4i x1 jvq1;gkwc8g wg each have if a $\pi^0$ meson is to be created in the process? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  What minimum kinetic energy must two neutrons each have i90kfj+ b t6g(hcasrf4f they are traveling at the same speed toward each other, collide, and produce a k bgf +9hst0(a4rfj6 c$\pi^0$ pair in addition to themselves? (See Table 32-2.)    MeV

  Estimate the range of the weak forap-lpn -ehf;am5 m 9.ice using Eq. 32-3, given the masses of the W and Z partin a5 9lm.ehi;p-mfpa- cles as about 80 to $90\ \text{GeV}/c^2$. $mc^2$$\approx $    $\times 10^{-18}\ \text{m}$

  What are the wavelengths of the two photons produced wycj6 iy1efl1 6hen a proton and antiproton iecyl j 611f6yat rest annihilate? $2m_0c^2$$\approx $    $ \times 10^{-15}\ \text{m}$

The $\Lambda^0$ cannot decay by the following reactions. What conservation law is violated in each of the reactions?
(a) $\Lambda^0 \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $\Lambda^0 \to p + K^-$
(c) $\Lambda^0 \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$

  For the decay $\Lambda^0 \to p + \pi^-$, calculate (a) the Q-value (energy released),Q=    MeV
(b) the kinetic energy of the p and $\pi^-$ assuming the $\Lambda^0$ decays from rest. (Use relativistic formulas.)
$KE_p$ =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

Show, by conserving momentum and ek70vl64dfan bkjrm z7+f 90a+il) pu vnergy, that it is impossible for an isolated electron to radiate only a single photon. (b) With this result in mind, how can you defend the phrkkd++vvu7fnb 4i67 9z a)mp0 jl0lafoton exchange diagram in (Fig. Below)?

  What would be the wavelenll1 +v i3t6ggy1w+ xwr o7hk1,wb+ nrtgths of the two photons produced when an electron and a positron, each with 4w3 1wvrthgl+r kt 1,+gnb6 ow7l+1xyi 20 keV of kinetic energy, annihilate head on? $\lambda $ $\approx $    $ \times 10^{-12}\ \text{m}$

  In the rare decay $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$, what is the kinetic energy of the positron? Assume the $\pi^+$ decays from rest. $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$ =    MeV

Which of the followinz h a0io:ii:h;g reactions and decays are possible? For those forbidden, explain what laws are i h::z;haoii0 violated.
(a) $\pi^- + p \to n + \pi^0$
(b) $p \to e^+ + \nu_e$
(c) $p + p \to p + e^+ + \pi^+$
(d) $\pi^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$
(e) $\mu^+ \to e^+ + \nu_\mu$
(f) $p \to n + e^+ + \nu_e$

  Calculate the kinetic energy of eanheiya5, os 6ebo(q-.ch of the two products in the decay $\Xi^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^-$. Assume the $\Xi^-$ decays from rest.
$\text{KE}_{\Lambda^0}$   MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$   MeV

  Could a $\pi^+$ meson be produced if a 100-MeV proton struck a proton at rest? What minimum kinetic energy must the incoming proton have? $\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of the electron in the(;k0ljx jkb -amv 1yh2 decay $\mu^- \to e^- + \bar{\nu}_e + \nu_\mu$. [Hint: In what direction do the two neutrinos move relative to the electron in order to give the latter the maximum kinetic energy? Both energy and momentum are conserved; use relativistic formulas.] $\text{KE}_{\text{e}^-}$    MeV

  Use (Fig. Below) to estimate the energy width and then the lifetime of thk6vt26-zscoju:;u u3j n3; o*bav d che $\Delta$ resonance using the uncertainty principle.
$\Delta E$ =    MeV
$\Delta t$=    $ \times 10^{-24}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width of 20e vz4pnul;6bz(b jxthe $\Upsilon$ meson is 88 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  The measured width o5w g6r83dsy4fb0ph13jyv bbo f the $J/\psi$ (3685) meson is 277 keV. Estimate its lifetime. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{-21}\ \text{s}$

  What is the energy width (or unce cqake+38hgy8 rtainty) of
(a) $\pi^0$, $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV
(b) $\Sigma^0$? (See Table 32-2.) $\Delta E$$\approx$    keV

The $B^-$ meson is a $b\bar{u}$ quark combination. (a) Show that this is consistent for all quantum numbers. (b) What are the quark combinations for $B^+$, $B^0$, $\bar{B}^0$?

Which of the following decays are possible? For tb y (6*3w)b qcdjcsc.ehose that are forbidden, explain which laws are violated. bwcc (e 6j3.*qcsb )dy
(a) $\Xi^0 \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^-$
(b) $\Omega^- \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^- + \nu$
(c) $\Sigma^0 \to \Delta^0 + \gamma + \gamma$

What are the quark combinations that can form (a) a neutron, (b) an antineutrozw7 -62jbb 4r sxc-dcw4u2ey sn, (c-4 w7er 6b2y2sbswzdc4u- xcj) a $\pi^+$, (d) a $K^-$?

What particles do the following quark combinations produce:g d7;e8g/ klhihpnu/9 (a) $uud$, (b) $uu\bar{d}$, (c) $u\bar{s}$, (d) $\bar{d}u$, (e) $c\bar{s}$?

What is the quark combination needs2o/zt3 pbo/6bi qodp. dd0 a0ed to produce a $D^+$ meson ($Q=B=S=0, c=+1$)?

The $D_s^+$ meson has $S=c=+1, B=0$. What quark combination would produce it?

Draw a possible Feynmanfl( sk/o g5s,zw1rw1 m diagram using quarks (as in Fig. Below) for the reaction g ,m (wrl1fso /kwzs51$p + \pi^- \to n + \pi^0$.

Draw a Feynman diagram f 1h) .1dkqrwu9wk6 lmlor the reaction $n + \nu_\mu \to p + \mu^-$.

  What is the total energy of aj6wc8ryqqv46v ivd-ox78; f k9ss5xy proton whose kinetic energy is 25 GeV? What is its wavelengt7-f8rv ivs j9;yx46qow8svcyd x5k6qh?
$\approx$    $ \ \text{GeV}$
$\lambda$ $= $    $ \times 10^{-17}\ \text{m}$

  Assume there are $5.0 \times 10^{13}$ protons at 1.0 TeV stored in the 1.0-km-radius ring of the Tevatron.
(a) How much current (amperes) is carried by this beam?I =    A
(b) How fast would a 1500-kg car have to move to carry the same kinetic energy as this beam? v $\approx $    $ \times 10^2\ \text{m/s}$

  Protons are injected into the 1.0-km-radius Fermilab Tevatron with g bibl)j6joqq5bvw6 67 ci:+han energy of 150 GeV. If they are accelerated by 2.5 MV each revolution, how far do they travel and approximately how long doebj7wigqb6v6q+lo6:5) ij c hbs it take for them to reach 1.0 TeV? d$\approx $    $ \times 10^9\ \text{m}$

  (a) How much energy is released when an elect pmvs;y +ujv6)awzr/ xji36q5 ron and a positron annihilate each owjvmjy3 qaxs/5 zr piv6+;) u6ther? $E_{\text{total}}$=    MeV
(b) How much energy is released when a proton and an antiproton annihilate each other? (All particles have $KE = 0$.) $E_{\text{total}}$ =    MeV

Which of the following rewrrtc0 ,dm 7,jactions are possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, expldmcr,w7,j r0t ain why.
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^+ + \Sigma^-$
(b) $p + \pi^+ \to K^+ + \Sigma^+$
(c) $p + \pi^- \to \Lambda^0 + K^0 + \pi^0$
(d) $p + \pi^+ \to \Sigma^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $p \to \pi^+ + e^- + \bar{\nu}_e$

Which of the following reactions a,cg xw1x1 mbxu3).b jxmtv 6d8re possible, and by what interaction could they occur? For those forbidden, explain why. 1dt m,3 wv.1xxj)8uc6xmb bg x
(a) $p + \pi^- \to K^0 + p + \pi^0$
(b) $p + K^- \to \Lambda^0 + \pi^0$
(c) $n + K^+ \to \Sigma^+ + \pi^0 + \gamma$
(d) $K^- \to \pi^- + \pi^0 + \pi^+$
(e) $\pi^+ \to e^+ + \nu_e$

One decay mode for a uibqj0.23cj 9r j hsb46lckr2$\pi^+$ is $\pi^+ \to \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$. What would be the equivalent decay for a $\pi^-$? Check conservation rules.

  Symmetry breaking occurs in the electroweak theory at abo,b7 cwr8hov.f ,nxo3g ut $10^{-18}\ \text{m}$. Show that this corresponds to an energy that is on the order of the mass of the W boson ($M_W c^2 \approx 80\ \text{GeV}$). $mc^2$$\approx$   GeV

  The mass of a $\pi^0$ can be measured by observing the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \pi^0 + n$ at very low incident $\pi^-$ kinetic energy (assume it is zero). The neutron is observed to be emitted with a kinetic energy of 0.60 MeV. Use conservation of energy and momentum to determine the $\pi^0$ mass. $E_{\pi^0}$ =    $MeV/c^2$

  Calculate the Q-value for each of the reactions, Eq. 32-4, for pr 3u6g sesn;.mzoducing a pion. m 3z 6eusng;s.$Q$ =   $MeV$ or $Q$ =    $MeV$

  Calculate the Q-value 9q)yzb/go dfjt// ,umfor the reaction $\pi^- + p \to \Lambda^0 + K^0$ when negative pions strike stationary protons. Estimate the minimum pion kinetic energy needed to produce this reaction. [Hint: Assume $\Lambda^0$ and $K^0$ move off with the same velocity.]
Q =    MeV
$\text{KE}_{\pi^-}$ =    MeV

  How many fundamental fermions are there in a wat6 5vo5)bk1xe4vl +khid3zi ieer molecule?    fermions

  A proton and an antiproton annihilate each other at rest and produce two c un.nvnww(4 0tci m+9pions, wc 9+ icm(n.4nvn uw0t$\pi^-$ and $\pi^+$. What is the kinetic energy of each pion? $2m_pc^2$ =    MeV

  (a) Show that the so-called unifikw/ q*(8gr rx4 ldtm(jcation distance of $10^{-31}\ \text{m}$ in grand unified theory is equivalent to an energy of about $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. Use the uncertainty principle, and also de Broglie's wavelength formula, and explain how they apply. $\Delta E$ =    $ \times 10^{16}$GeV E =    $ \times 10^{15}$
(b) Calculate the temperature corresponding to $10^{16}\ \text{GeV}$. E =    $10^{28} K$

For the reaction $p + p \to 3p + \bar{p}$, where one of the initial protons is at rest, use relativistic formulas to show that the threshold energy is $6m_p c^2$, equal to three times the magnitude of the Q-value of the reaction, where $m_p$ is the proton mass. [Hint: Assume all final particles have the same velocity.]

  The lifetimes listed in Table 32-2 are in+kftkl* q1y cf k9+q:z terms of proper time, measured in a reference frame where the particle is at re z*ykc fkq:+9tfk1lq +st. If a tau lepton is created with a kinetic energy of 450 MeV, how long would its track be as measured in the lab, on average, ignoring any collisions? $\Delta x_{\text{lab}} = $    $ \times 10^{-5}\ \text{m}$

Identify the missing parh0kz5gu+(88mi nbifu ticle in the following reactions.
(a) $p + p \to p + n + \pi^+ + ?$
(b) $p + ? \to n + \mu^+ + \nu_\mu$

Use the quark model to des sf3i 86wz1vydi,r) yzcj bx;ltb2)1qcribe the reaction $p + n \to \pi^+ + \pi^-$.

What fraction of the spe vpgge4bcl30 8ed of light $c$ is the speed of a 7.0-TeV proton?